Permanent mold or die casting

In the last two processes, each casting has its own

mold, which is destroyed after solidification in order
to recover the cast part
Permanent mold re-usable made of tool steel,
copper, or graphite

(Dantzig)
(Dantzig)

Continuous casting

(Dantzig)

Crystal growth processes

The Bridgeman crystal growth process

(usually
Ga)

(Dantzig)

(Dantzig)

The Czochralski crystal growth process

(typically used for Si cyrstals employed
in electronic applications)

Welding
One of the most common methods for joining
materials

(Porter book)