2014

(Bio Oxidation )





 



































O2






ATP











 1 
























.(2)

(Free redicals)



















   















 





(3)























 Gershman)


EPR) ( Electron paramagnetic Resonance













.(4)
Ageing


(Harman

 




 






Super Oxide Dismutase) (SOD) (Fridovich ; McCored)

(Murad;Mittal

 















(Reactive Oxygen Spesies





.(5)(ROS)

 )(Sources Of Free Radicals In Plant

.

)(Internal Sources

. )-:(Mitochonderia
 

















)ATP
).(6
. )-: (Plastid






photo-oxidation







(photo system I




)photoiysis



 


















catalase
Calvin Cycle )(7
. )-: (Peroxisomes
40
Oxidase
Oxidase
) (8)(ROS
.

- 1 -

 . )-:(External Sources

) (stresses ) ( ) (Drought stress
) ( 9
) (Heat stress
) (HSP) (Heat shock proteins
) (10
) (11
) (Heavy metals ) (cold stress
). (12)(salinity stress

)-:(Type Of Free Radicals


















 
 


) (ROS) (Reactive Oxygen Species

 

(RNS) (Reactive Nitrogen Species



)(ROS
.

) -: (O 2

O2
) (NADPH Oxidase
) (Semi- upiquinone

) (Primary Ros
) (secondary Ros

) (Auto Oxidase ) (E.T.S

 Fe+2
) (Iron-sulfur protion 2
)(12
NAD Oxidase

.
2O 2 + NAD++ H+

NADH+2O2

. )-:(H2O2)(Hydrogen peroxide radical

O2 O2 O.2
) (Superoxide dismutase

)(13
H2O2

O2 +2e +2H+
H2O2 + O2
O.2 + O.2+2H ------------- superoxide dismutase

. )-:( OH.) (Hydroxyle radical

Fe+3 O.2 Fe+2

ONOO.
/ 10-9
)(14
HO + HO. Fe+3

Fe+2 + H2O2

-:(ROOH organic peroxide) .












.(15)

-:(RO ALKOXY AND ROO Peroxy) .

(16)

-:(ONNO.) (Peroxy Nitrate) .






 NO. O2.













.(15)
O2 .+ NO

ONNO.

-:(HOCL) (Hypochlorous Radical) .





















Myloperoxidase)
.(15)

-:(RNS) (reactive nitrogen species)






























NO.








Nitric Oxide Synthase) (NOSS














.(16) nitrosative stress

-:
(Interactive between ROS and NOS )































. NO.
NO.+O2.
ONOO.
Fe+2














gunylate cyclase




(17)
Fe+2(sGC)+NO.
Fe+2(sGC)NO

-:(Inter Action of Free Radicals)

-:(17)
 








 -: -













RH
R+H

RH
R+OOH







 -: -

R+O2
RO
ROO+RH
R+ROOH
ROOH
RO + OH
RO +RH
R+ROOH
OH + RH
OH+H2O
(Termination stage) -

R+R
RR
ROO+ROO
ROOR+O2
RO+RO
ROOR
ROO+R
ROOR

-:









19) ( 18


phytotoxicity 






-:

-: -




















  


LOO





















 LOOH

. LO LOO

-: -





 

































Glycine
. denaturation

-: -
















 




 




 























.

-: -






















O2.































 
ROS


20




disulfate isomerase





..

-:
(salt stress





(21)


(Apotposis


























DNA





caspase


.

-:
(stresses






RNSROS


.

.

-:

 . )-: (Glutathione Enzymes

) (L.Glutamyl L.Cysteinglycine
) (


) (GSH reductase
).(22

)(Glutathione Reductase) (GR

) (GSSH ) (GSH
) (NADPH ) (GSH
).(23

. )(Glutathione peroxidase


(Selenium)
(GPX)

).(23

(catalase) .
















































500

 




.(24)
2H2O2 ----------CAT---------> 2H2O +O2

(Thirodoxine enzyme TXR)
















 





















(thirodoxine reductase

 





.(25)( NADPH)

(super oxide dismutase SOD)













MnSOD


CU/ZNSOD






 NiSOD 


.(26)
O.2 + O.2 + 2H
M(N+1)+ SOD + O.2
MN+ SOD+O.2 +2H+

H2O2 +O2
M N+1 SOD +O2
M (N+)+SOD+ H2O2

(Non Enzymatic Antioxidant)


 


 




































non radical product)
-:
: Ubiquinol .











 








.(27)
:Uric Acid .
 

















(28) Xanthine Oxidase

:Melatonine .

































.(29)
:( - Liopic Acid) .
-Dehydrognase 





 




 



DHLA) dihydroliopic liopic acid   C

.(30)
: Ascobic acid (vit C) C .









C



 Enediol







 2,3

































Dihydro ascorbic acid
 













.(31)
:(Vitamen E) E .















8











 TOCOTRIENOLS,TOCOLS




















.(32)

R.+AH
2AH.

RH +AH
A+AH2
(AH)=Tocpherol
: (Carotenoid) -





 A













 
Polyisoprene



procarotenoids

















O2














1000-250





Ultra 













.(33) Violate Ray Stress

:(Flavonoiods)






 




tannic acid


myricetin
 quercetin








 chrorogenic

liopoxyygenase 









Heat
stress









.(34)
: Phenolic compound -



















 shikimic acid






caffeic acid








Lipoxygenase cyclooxogenase


salicylic
acid
super catalase 













 oxide dismutase
.(35) Water-Water cycle
: -














(36)malvidin cyanidin

: Zinc -
super oxide 

 


 
.(18) dismutase
: Selenium -

















 



.(37)

Intraction Between antioxidant
















 sparing effect












E





C



 E










 










 
.(38) E

Relation

between

free







radicals and antioxidant











super oxide 




 

 



Thyrodoxine catalase Glutathione dismutase
 


























































39

. mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)

2-


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.