DISTRIBUTED

FORCES
Group 4

CENTERS OF MASS
For all practical purposes
these lines of action will be
concurrent at a single point G,
which is called the center of
gravity of the body.

CENTROIDS OF LINES, AREAS, AND

VOLUMES
1. Lines

CENTROIDS OF LINES, AREAS, AND

VOLUMES
2. Areas

CENTROIDS OF LINES, AREAS, AND

VOLUMES
3. Volumes

AREA
When the density of is
small but has constant
thickness t, we can model it
as surface area of A. so the
mass of the element
become

Again, if and t are constant over the entire area, the

coordinates of the center of mass of the body also become
the coordinates of the centroid C of the surface area. The
coordinates may be written

EXAMPLE QUESTION

Determine the distance h from the base of triangle of

altitude h to the centroid of its area!

So, the two sides of the triangle have the same

result and considered a new base with corresponding
new altitude. The centroid lies at the intersection of
the median. Since, the distance of this point from any
side is one-third, the altitude of the triangle with that
side considered the base.

VOLUME

THEOREMS OF PAPPUS

BEAMSEXTERNAL EFFECTS
Types of Beam
Beams are structural

members which offer

resistance to bendingdue to
applied loads.
Most beams are long

prismatic bars, and the

loadsare usually applied
normal to the axes of the
bars.

DISTRIBUTED LOADS
The Formula

BEAMSINTERNAL EFFECTS
Shear, Bending, and
Torsion
The force V is called the shear force
the couple M is called thebending

moment
the couple T is called a torsional

moment.
These effects represent the vector

components of the resultant of the

forces acting on a transverse section
of the beam as shown in the lower
part of the figure.

CABLE
Flexible Cable

Parabolic Cable

Catenary Cable