Load Flow Study using Tellegens Theorem

Mini Project Report submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering in accordance with the academic requirement for the award of the degree.

SUBMITTED BY
AD SRIKANTH

05841A0232

LVS KARTHIK

05D91A0210

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Auroras Technological and Research Institute
(Affiliated to JNTU)
Parvathapur, Uppal, HYDERABAD 500 039

-1-

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project work titled

Load Flow Study using Tellegens Theorem
submitted by AD Srikanth and LVS Karthik of EEE, Auroras Technological &
Research Institute, Parvathapur, Uppal, Hyderabad in accordance with the academic
requirement for the award of degree Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, is a bonafied work carried out by them from May 2008 to
June 2008 under our guidance and supervision. The project report has not been
submitted to any other University or other Institute.

Project Coordinator

Project Expert

Head of the Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It gives us great pleasure in acknowledging the help received from various individuals
in completing the project and presenting results. We are gratefully beholden beyond
words to express deep sense of reverence and gratitude to our guide Mrs. Madhuri
and her

meticulous guidance, valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and

wholehearted co-operation throughout the mini-project..

We are thankful to Mr./ Mrs. (Name & Designation of the Head of the
organization where the candidate had done the project) for allowing me to do the
Project work in (organization Name and address).
We take immense pleasure of dedicating our thanks to our principal Dr. Alka
Mahajan for her moral help and encouragement during our project.

Project Associates
A.D.Srikanth
L.V.S. Karthik

INDEX
1.
2. Chapter 1

Abstract
Introduction
1.1

Classical Load Flow Techniques

1.1.1 Limitations of Classical Load Flow methods

1.2

Load Flow Study of Distribution Networks

1.3

Objective of the Thesis

1.4 Generalized form of Tellegen Theorem

3. Chapter 2

Load Flow Solution formulation using exclusive

methods and Tellegen Theorem method
2.1 Introduction
2.2

Description of the radial Distribution network

2.3

Load Flow problem formulation using

tellegen theorem method
Distribution Network with main feeder

2.4
4.Chapter 3

Case study and analysis of load flow solutions methods

3.1 Case study: Load flow analysis of distribution network

with main feeder using Tellegen Theorem Method
3.2 Algorithm for the Distribution networks with
main feeder using Tellegen theorem method
3.2.1 Flow chart
3.3
Software Used (MATLAB)

5. Chapter 4

3.3.1

Introduction to MATLAB

3.3.2

Starting MATLAB

3.3.3

Entering Source code in MATLAB

Conclusions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conclusions on exclusive load flow methods
and Tellegen theorem method

Appendix:
X
X.1

Source Code
Result
Bibliography

ABSTRACT

The present day distribution networks are enormously growing to meet the rapidly
increasing demand of electrical power, but with a less attention towards its optimum
growth. Due to this erratic and unplanned expansion, the real power losses have
become appreciable, constituting the major portion of the overall system losses and
with effect that, the operating voltage profile has become very poor. Such unplanned
distribution network performance can be analyzed using an efficient load flow method
and a solution to optimize the growth of the network can be obtained. Hence the
distribution load flow study has become a vital tool for the analysis of Automated
Distribution Systems .
The radial structure and the high resistance/reactance (R/X) ratios of the branches of
the distribution networks, made the conventional load flow methods, like Fast
Decoupled Load Flow ( FDLF ) and Newton-Raphson ( NR) unsuitable to provide
the reasonable solution. Due to the topological specialty of the distribution networks
and the non-applicability of the conventional load flow methods, the researchers
preferred to develop exclusive load flow methods, are either loop-based or branch
based methods, depending on the complexity of the distribution network.
The main principle involved in the exclusive load flow methods, is the principle of
power conservation at a node of the network. The principle is that , the amount of
power injected in to the node is equal to the sum of the power dissipated in the series
branch and the power fed to the load. The principle of power conservation at the
entire network level is known through an elegant theorem called Tellgen Theorem.
The new load flow solution called Tellegen theorm method is developed on a
distribution network with main feeder having 12 and 18 buses and on an another
distribution network with main feeder and laterals having 28 and 33 buses. The
voltage profile had chosen for the above networks are 440V and 110V.

Chapter 1
General Introduction
The electricity utility system is usually divided into three subsystems, which are
generation, transmission and distribution. Further the distribution system is commonly
broken down into three compenents: distribution subsations, distribution primary and
secondary. At the subsation level, the voltage is reduced and the power is distributed
in smaller amounts to the customers. Consequently, one substation will supply many
customers with power. Thus, the number of transmission lines in the distribution
systems is many times that of the transmission systems. Furthermore, most customers
are connected to only one of the three phases in the distribution system. Therefore, the
power flow on each of the lines is different and the system is typically unbalanced.
This characteristic needs to be counted for in load flow studies related to distribution
networks.
A distribution circuit uses primary or main feeders and lateral distributiors. The main
feeder originates from the substation and passes through the major load centers. The
lateral distributors connect the individual load points to the main feeder with
distribution transformers at their ends. Many distribution systems used in practice
have a single circuit main feeder with wide range of resistance and reactance values.
Thus a radial configured distribution network has a main feeder and a number of
laterals emanate from the nodes of the main feeder.
The present day automated distribution systems are under continuous reformation.
They are performing a number of jobs, like configuration management, continuous
voltage control and routing of power through feeders by effective utilization of tieswitches and sectionalizing switches.
Since the distribution networks are under continuous expansion program to meet the
present demand of power, but unfortunately a less attention is paid towards to the
optimum growth. As a result, the real power losses have become appreciable and

voltage profile has become very poor. The load flow analysis is the solution, through
which any network can be analyzed to improve its performance.
The bus voltage angles are omitted in the problem formulation, because the radial
loads use the voltage magnitudes as the most interested variable, and voltage phase
angle is usually, less important compared to the magnitude of the voltage. Besides the
difference among voltage phase angles in a feeder do not exceed a few degrees.
The Tellgen Theorem principle is applied to the radial distribution network,
developing an objective equation, representing the total real and reactive powers
injected in to the network. The equation is observed to be containing only the node
voltage magnitudes, and the series-branch parameters, resistance and reactance. A
proper bus and branch indexing scheme is implemented to read and retrieve the bus
and load data.
The objective equation developed using the Tellgen theorem does not have either
any higher order terms or any trigonometric terms. With effect that, it is observed
that, the computation time and memory requirement is very much reduced. Further, a
flat voltage profile assumption, which is used to initate the iteration process, has
solved many other initial parameter assumption problems, that arose in the other
solution techniques. It is proved that the memory requirement is reduced by 33.78%
and the execution tims is saved about 35.44 %.

1.1 Classical Load Flow Techniques:

The classical load flow study methods used are guass seidal load flow method (GS)
Netwon- Raphson method(NR) and Fast Decoupled load flow method (FDLF).
(a) Gauss-seidal load (GS) method :
This is most primitive method of load flow study. A recursive expression
for bus voltage Vp is developed from the load current flowing Ip through the
bus p and the power Sp injected to the bus.
The expression for the bus voltage magnitude Vp can be written as
Vp^(it+1) = ((Sp* / Ypp) / (1 / V*(it)p)) -

Ypq / Ypp * Vq(it) -

Ypq /

Ypp * Vq^(it+1)
The iteration process begins with aflat voltage profile assumption to all the
buses except the slack bus . the bus injected powers and the series branch
admittance parameters are known and hence the bus voltages are updated
using the eqn. A convergence check is made on these updated voltages and the
iteration process is continued till the tolerance value is reached.
(b) Netwon Raphson (NR) method :
This method load flow study is a land mark in the load flow solution methods .
the recursive power flow eqns for real and reactive powers (Pp , Qp) are used as core
eqns.
The bus voltage vector is considered in two forms mainly rectangular form
(V = e + jf)
And polar form (V=|V|angle).
If the rectangular form of voltage vector is used , the load flow method is called
rectangular coordinate method and if the polar form of voltage vector is used , the
load flow method is called rectangular polar coordinate method.
( c ) Fast Decoupled load flow method (FDLF) :
It is observed that , from the Netwon Raphson method , the changes , the changes
in real power are very much influenced by the changes in load angle only and no
influence due to the very magnitude changes . similarly the changes in reactive power
(Q) are very much influenced by the changes in voltage magnitudes and no changes
takes place due to the load angle changes . This formed the basis for the Fast decoupled
load flow method and this method is called Approximate Netwon method.

The iteration procedure is same as the NR method and the memory and storage
requirements are reduced considerably , the solution is a converged with the decoupling
condition that the series branch conduction that the series branch conductance (Gpq)
should be smaller series branch succeptance (Bpq).

1.1.1 Limitations of the classical load Flow methods :

The main limitation of the NR method is the large storage & large solution time.
It is due to the repeated Formation and triangularization of jacobian matrix. Then by
making certain approximations in the jacobian element values , an approximate
network method , also called Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) method came into
existence. It has been observed that the computational efficiency and reliability of
FDLF method is higher than NR method and has been used as a main mathematical
tool to compute load flow of transmission networks of power industry . The negative
aspect of the FDLF method has been observed that the method failed to give
converged solution for a network having high (R/X) ratios.

1.2 Load flow study of Distribution networks :

It is well known that the efficient load flow method is one of the most
important and highly demanded software in the power industry, through which any
9

network can be analyzed . The analysis of a distribution network has become an

important area of activity for present day power system engineer.
The conservation of power principle at a node level was the main principle used in
the load flow methods. The principle says that , at any node the power fed into the
node is equal to the sum of the power dissipated in the series branch connected to that
node .The distribution network is considered in two configurations namely
distribution network with main feeder only and the other is distribution network with
main feeder and laterals.
In the case of distribution network with main feeder only, the bus and branch
numbering is simple and direct. In this method , the node voltages are computed
iteratively. Initially the branch power flows are assumed to be zero. The branch power
flows are computed using the power flow equations and the terminal node voltages
are updated and in turn the branch power losses are updated . A tolerance check is
made to the updated branch power losses and the iteration power losses is continued
till the convergence is obtained.
In the case of distribution network main feeder and laterals a proper bus and branch
numbering scheme is used to read and retrieve the branch parameters and load values.
In this configuration each lateral is treated as a main feeder of distribution network
and the iteration process is continued for each lateral. Since the iteration process is
carried in the forward direction of the power flow, the method is named Forward
Sweeping Method.
In another method Dist Flow method, the distribution network is reduced to a
single branch network and by using the power flow Eqns , the real and reactive
powers injected into the reduced network are determined in an iterative way. If
convergence is not met , a new equivalent network is determined with the new
parameters and the process is continued till the convergence is achieved. Then the
node voltages and branch power losses are computed. The main advantage of this
method is the efficiency is achieved by avoiding repeated computations of node
voltage magnitudes.
.

1.3 Objective of the Thesis :

10

The thought for the development of new load flow method for the distribution
network is initiated, when an attempt is made to find the load flow solution for a
radial distribution network using the classical load flow methods. The majority of the
classical load flow methods have problems, like non-convergence, high memory
requirement, and large computation time. In that crisis, to overcome some of the
problems, some of the exclusive load flow methods for distribution networks are
studied. It is observed that the power conservation principle is used in all the
exclusive load flow methods. If the same principle is applied to distribution networks,
a better load flow is developed. Also it can be understood that, the conservation
principle is a known reality and when it is used to find a new load flow solution of a
network, that new load solution could also be a real and near to the practical solution.
The power conservation principle for the entire network is designated as a theorem
called Tellegen theorem.
Hence, a part of the objective of this thesis work is to develop and formulate an
efficient solution algorithm for the distribution networks using Tellegen theorem.

1.4 A Generalized form of Tellegen Theorem :

The electric network properties are analyzed from the impedance functions
without a detailed knowledge of the circuit diagram. But certain properties like
energy consumption and reciprocity of network could not be analyzed with the basic
impedance functions. Usually the inner structure of the network is always taken into
consideration for the energy distribution in the network . Hence a general theorem
called Tellegen theorem has come into existence .
Among the theorems of circuit theory , Tellegen theorem is typical and
solely depends upon the kirchoffs laws and the topology of the network . The
theorem applies to all electrical networks that obey kirchoffs laws whether they are
linear or non-linear.

Time invariant or time variant , reciprocal or non reciprocal. The excitation is arbitrary and initial
conditions are also immaterial. When specific assumptions are made concerning the network
elements , the excitation and the initial conditions , tellegen theorem reduces to many useful
network theorems .
11

The general Tellegen theorem is stated as followed

In any network configuration , Imagine branch currents "I " such that for every
Node

I=0, Assume branch voltages V such that for every mesh

for every branch let

V =0 and

the Positive Direction Of 'The Current be from the "+" to the

"-" Denoting the Positive Polarity Of the Voltage Fig. 1.1, Then

VI = 0 Where the

Summation Is Over All The Branches.

The theorem is represented mathematically in a basic form
v b Tib = 0
Where b varies from 1 to Nb where Nb is Total Number Of branches
For any mesh , the Kirchoff s Voltage law says that the sum Of the instantaneous Voltages are
Zero i.e..
v = 0.
Let the Potentials of the arbitrary nodes 'M' and N' are Vm and Vn respectively and voltage
across the branch Connecting 'M' and *N' nodes Is Vmn = Vm - Vn
Let the Current flowing through the branch Is I mn
Then the Product Of Voltage across the branch and Current flowing through the branch is
called instantaneous power,
Vm Imn = (Vm Vn ) Imn = Vm Imn Vn Im
The Eqn [1.48] is applied to all the branches of the network , whose one of the node voltage
is Vm and collect all the terms containing Vm.
vm Imn = Vm

Imn

The Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) Is applied to the Eqn.[1.49]

Imn = 0
The eqn.[ 1.49] Can Be Written As
Vm Imn = 0
Hence the Tellegen theorem gives the Idea that the Inner Product of the branch voltage current
vectors is Zero . Specifically the sum of the products of Voltage & Current In across each branch of
a circuit is always equal to Zero .

The network is viewed as pairs of terminal nodes and an element exists between. the terminal pairs
and elements are called as branches of the network .
If positive senses of current and voltage of terminal pair is considered, as shown
I n the fig. 1.2, the Tellegen theorem can be written as
12

V1 i1 + V 2 i2 = Vm1 i m1 + Vm2 im2. + Vm3 im3

where the term v1 I1 + v 2 i2 is the power fed in to the network through the sources and
the term vm1 i m1 + vm2 i m2 + Vm3 Im3 is the power dissipated by the series branches or
loads in the network.
In general if the network has 't' terminal pairs and 'b' internal branches, the can used as the
power
absorbed
by
the
internal
branches
is
equal
to
the
power
delivered to the network through the terminal pairs.
Vi ii =

Vj I j

Where "I ranges from 1 to t and j ranges from 1 to b.

This is also called as the "Energy theorem" of the networks.
The Tellegen theorem is basically a statement of the conservation of power. If I and V are the
complex. quantities representing sinusoidal branch currents and voltages of the same frequency, then it
can be written as
Vi Ii* =

Vj Ij*

Where the asterisk * denotes the complex conjugate of the vector quantity.
Where I ranges from 1 to t and j ranges from 1 to b.

Chapter 2
Load Flow Solution formulation using exclusive methods and Tellegen
Theorem method
13

2.1 Introduction:
The topological properties of the distribution networks are exploited to device
dedicated exclusive power flow methods and at each stage the power conservation
principle at each node is extensively used. The chapter presents the description of the radial
distribution network and the importance of the bus and branch indexing in the load flow
solution process is explained. Later the load flow problem formulation of a radial
distribution network using the typical exclusive load flow methods "Forward sweeping
method" and "DistFlow method" and a new load flow method Tellegen theorem method"
with necessary detailed derivations is presented.

2.2 Description of the radial Distribution network:

In general, the structure of the distribution network has to be properly explained, so the
load flow problem formulation becomes easier. The notation of the node and branches used and
the various electrical variables used for the power flow equations.
The distribution network is considered in two configurations. They are the
Distribution network with main feeder and other distribution network with main feeder
laterals.
The network has Nb nodes and Nb-j branches. The node and branch of the
main feeder or laterals are indexed such that data storing and retrieval are easy. The node
is identified with the number in the square brackets "[ ]" and the branch is identified with
the number in normal brackets "( ) ". It can be observed that the sending end node and the
corresponding branch connected to that node are identified with the same number. The
branch "j" is represented with resistance and reactance Rj , X r .The load at node "i"
is represented with PLi , QLi
The power flow equations are represented as a set of equations and unknowns, by
which a solution methodology can be developed. These equations and unknowns are
organized through a particular node ordering. The number of equations and number of
unknowns at each node are reduced with a proper bus and branch-indexing scheme. As
the distribution network is radial nature, the indexing of bus and branch should be
proper , such that reading and retrieval of the branch and node data is easy. Hence
a, proper indexing scheme is demanded by the load flow solution method.

14

The main feeder nodes and branches are indexed first and then lateral nodes and
branches are indexed. The main feeder is treated as a "lateral 1 " (L- l) and the actual
laterals are numbered from 2 to NLat (L=2,3.... NLat) .The first node of the main feeder
or my lateral is defined as a "source node SN (L) . The second node is called as the
Nodc just after the source node. LB (L)" and the last node of the main feeder or lateral js
called End node . EB (L).

2.3 Load Flow problem formulation using Tellegen theorem method :

A new load flow solution technique for distribution network using the Tellegen
theorem is presented . The distribution network considered has two configurations ,
one is the main feeder only and the other is the main feeder laterals . The basic
Tellegen theorem principle is effectively utilized to develop the core power flow
equation for the load flow method . The power summation principle at a node is also
used to determine the power flowing through the terminal node . Since the node is
voltage angles are omitted , a simple linear equation for the node voltage magnitudes
is derived .
2.4 Distribution Network with main feeder :
The power flow equations are developed using the basic Tellegen theorem and
the distribution network is treated like a ladder network .
The distribution network with main feeder is as shown It is converted in to a ladder
network for obtaining the power flow equations . The distribution network with
main feeder is in the ladder circuit form is as shown.
The ladder network elements are like sources, and series branches with

(r, x)

and with (PL,QL).

The ladder network, as shown in the fig has single port through which the
power is fed to the network and the series branch elements and load elements
dissipate this power.
The expression for the complex power in terms of the node vollage magnitudes
and the node currents is written using the Tellegen theorem and the eqn. [l .52]

V1 I1* = ( V1 V2 ) I 1 * + V2 IL2* + (V3 IL3* +.. + (Vnb-1 Vnb ) IL nb * + Vnb ILnb

15

The left hand side term Vj I j * is the power injected to the distribution network
through the substation node. The complex power injected in the network is resolved in
to two components: real power and reactive power.
V1I1* = Pp + JQ
Where
Pp =
Real Power injected into the network
QP

Reactive power injected into network.

The term (V1-V2) I1 is the power consumed in the power consumed in the series
branch element between the nodes 1 and 2. This is called as the series branch power loss
(V1 V2 ) I1 * + (V2 V3 ) I2 * + .. + ( Vnb-1 - Vnb ) Inb* Is the summation of all the
branch power loss.
( V1 V2 ) I1 * +( V2 V3 ) I2 *+ + ( Vnb-1 Vnb ) Inb * =

(Vi Vi-j ) Ij *

Where the term (V1-Vi+1) I j is the general series branch "j between the nodes
the nodes i and"i+l"
The power loss of the branch j' between the nodes the nodes "i" and "i+1 is given as
LPj

= Re ( Vi Vi+1 ) Ij *

LQj

= Img ( Vi -- Vi+1 ) Ij *

The impedance of the branch "j" between the nodes "i" and "i+1" is

Zj = rj + j

Xj . The current flowing through the branch "j" having potential drop of (Vj Vi+1)
is
Ij *

(Vi-Vi+1) /Zj

The complex conjugate of the current vector I j is

Ij *

(Vi-Vi+1) /Zj*

On simplification
Ij *

= (V i Vi+1 ) (r j+jX j) / (r j 2 + X j 2 )

The eqn. [3.56] is substituted in the eqns.[3.52] and [3.53]

LPJ

= Real, part of {((Vi-V i+I )(Vi-V i+1 )) (rj +j Xj ) / ( r i 2 + xj2)}

LQ J =

Imaginary part of {((Vj-Vw) (Vi-Vi+1)) (rj + j Xj )../ (rj2 + Xj2 )

16

The term V2 lL2*.is the power consumed by the b load connected at the node 2. The term
V2IL2* +V3IL3* +is the sum of the powers consumed by the loads-connected

at all the

nodes. Hence
V2 IL2* + V3 IL3* +...V nb I Lnh * =

ViILi*

The load power at a node I' is resolved in to two components real power
power QLi .
PLi + j QLi

PIJ

and reactive

Vi ILi *

The phase angles are omitted in the problem formulation. The reason for this omission
is that node voltage phase angles do not vary much for the distribution network

and the power

flowing through the series branch are effectively dependent on the voltage magnitudes only .
Pp

Qp

( ( Vi Vi+1)^2

(rj /((Ri)^2 + (Xi)^2 ) ) ) +

2
2
2
( ( Vi Vi+1) (rj /(ri + Xi ) ) )

PLi

QLi

The eqns.[3.60] and [3.61] are the linear algebraic equations for the real and reactive
powers injected in to the network ,in terms of line parameters and voltage
magnitudes. It is the objective function for the load flow solution using the Tellegen
theorem method .
The equations .[3.60] and [3.61] are the power flow equations used to determine
the total Power injected in to the network.
The power balance equation at the node ' i+1" is written as
Pj+1

Pi LPj - PLi

Qj+1

Qi LQj QLi

Where
2

LPj

LQj

2
2
( ( Vi Vi+1) (rj /(ri + Xi ) ) )
2
2
2
( ( Vi Vi+1) (Xj / (ri + Xi ) ) )

The Eqns.[3.62],[3.63], [3.57] and [3.58] are the power flow equations used to
determine the exact power feeding through the terminal node and the branch power
losses. The current flowing in the branch " j " between the nodes ' i " and " i+1"
2

2
17

Ij

( ( Vi Vi+1)

/ (ri + Xi ) )

The current flowing in the line j'

magnitude .

in terms of node injected powers and voltage

Ij ^2
=
(Pi^2 + Qi^2) / Vi ^2
from the equations [3.64] and [3.65 ]

|3.65|

Vi+1 = ( Vi ^2 - K3 ) / Vi
Where
K3 = sqrt (( Pi ^2 + Qi ^2 ) ( ri ^2 + Xi ^2 ))
The eqns.[3.66] and [3.67] are the power flow equations used to determine the
node Voltage magnitude of the terminal node.

18

Chapter 3
3.1 Case study: Load flow analysis of distribution network with main
feeder using Tellegen Theorem Method :
In the 'Tellegen Theorem Method", the theorem principle is applied to the
distribution network with main feeder, a linear expression is developed and is treated as an
objective function. The function represents the real and reactive powers injected to the network.
The iteration process begins with initial assumption of flat voltage profile to a i l - the
nodes of the distribution network.
The new powers fed in to the nodes are determined using the eqns. [3.62] and [3.63].
The terminal node voltage magnitude is computed using the eqns. [3.66] and 13.67]. .
The branch power losses are updated using the eqns. [3.57] and [3.58].

The updated voltages and the branch power losses are used eqn.[3.60| and [3.61 j and
then powers injected in to the network are updated.
A tolerance check of 1 kW and 1 KVAR is applied on to the new powers injected in to the
network. If convergence is not met, the above process is repealed till the convergence
is obtained. Once the convergence is obtained the updated voltage magnitudes and the
branch power losses are printed out.

19

Table 3.12 Load flow results of Tellegen theorem method : Voltage magnitude in pu , branch
real reactive power loss 18 bus , 440 V distribution network with main feeder.
Number Node voltage
1
1
2
0.981
3
0.9598
4
0.9476
5
0.9399
6
0.912
7
0.8927
8
0.8832
9
0.8672
10
0.8481
11
0.8361
12
0.8309
13
0.8177
14
0.8075
15
0.8015
16
0.7973
17
0.7936
18
0.7924

Real Power Loss(KW)

32.7106
33.0682
18.0104
10.5739
35.2935
22.6388
10.0685
15.4245
16.5198
9.4573
3.5163
7.5706
4.7139
2.1479
1.0375
0.6101
0.1019
0.0000

Number of iterations:

Execution time:

2.65

Memory Requirement:

3190

Total Real power loss:

223.4637KW

Total Reactive power toss:

89.0503KVAR

20

ReactivPower Loss(KVAR)
13.6115
14.0692
7.4944
4.3655
14.6862
9.4204
4.1896
6.4184
6.8742
2.6736
0.9941
2.14
0.9773
0.552
0.4400
0.115
0.0288
0.0000

Table Load flow results of Tellegen theorem method: Voltage

magnitude in pu, branch Real and Reactive Power loss -18bus , 11Kv
distribution network and main feeder

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Node Voltage
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997

Real power
Loss(KW)
0.0399
0.039
0.021
0.0122
0.0397
0.025
0.0109
0.0167
0.0176
0.0098
0.0036
0.0078
0.0049
0.0022
0.0011
0.0006
0.0001
0

Number of iterations : 4
Execution time: 2.66 minutes
Total Real power loss: 0.2521388KW
Total reactive power loss: 0.1009080KVAR

21

Reactive power
Loss(KVAR)
0.0166
0.0166
0.0088
0.005
0.0165
0.0104
0.0045
0.007
0.0073
0.0028
0.001
0.0022
0.001
0.0006
0.0004
0.0001
0
0

3.2 Algorithm for the Distribution networks with main feeder using
Tellegen theorem method.
Step 1: Read the substation voltage magnitude V(1), Line data (R,X) and the load
data (Pl, Ql)
Step2: Assume a flat voltage profile.
Step3: Set OldPP, OldQQ to previous iteration real and reactive powers injected in
to the network at zero
Step4: Compute new powers injected NewPP, NewQQ in to the distribution
network using eqns 3.60 & 3.61
Step5: Compute the differences between (OldPP and NewPP) , and ( OldQQ and
NewQQ)
Step6: Check for DelPP & DelQQ less than the tolerance
Step7: If the tolerance is not met, increment the iteration count.
a ) Set the OldPP = NewPP and OldQQ = NewQQ
b) The real and reactive powers injected and end node voltage magnitudes are
calculkated by using the eqns 3.62, 3.63, 3.66 and 3.67 then go to step 5.
Step8: If tolerance is met, print the results.

22

Star
t

3.3 Flowchart

Bus x = flat
voltage
profile

Old Pp , old
Qq R=X=0

NewPp , New
Qq are
injected

OldPp+New Pp
OldQq +New Qq

Del Pp ,Del Qq
< tolerance

Toleranc
e
<0

Print the
result

N=n+1

Old Pp=New
Pp
OldQq=New
Qq
A

stop
23

3.3 Software Used :- MATLAB

3.3.1 Introduction to MATLAB:MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling,
simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific
and engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface
building
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does
not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing
problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the
time it would take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C
or Fortran.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written
to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and
EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS
libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and
advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB
is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called
toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn
and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of
MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve
particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal
24

processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and
many others.
The MATLAB System:The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:
Desktop Tools and Development Environment. This is the set of tools and
facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are
graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window,
a command history, an editor and debugger, a code analyzer and other reports, and
browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.
The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library. This is a vast collection of
computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine,
and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix
eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
The MATLAB Language. This is a high-level matrix/array language with control
flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented
programming features. It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create
quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the large" to create
large and complex application programs.
Graphics. MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as
graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level
functions for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image
processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level
functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to
build complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
The MATLAB External Interfaces/API. This is a library that allows you to write
C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling
routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational
engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
25

3.3.2 Starting MATLAB :On Windows platforms, start MATLAB by double-clicking the MATLAB shortcut
icon on your Windows desktop.
On UNIX platforms, start MATLAB by typing matlab at the operating system
prompt.
You can customize MATLAB startup. For example, you can change the directory in
which MATLAB starts or automatically execute MATLAB statements in a script file
named startup.m.
3.3.3 Entering Source code in MATLAB:When you start MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop appears, containing tools
(graphical user interfaces) for managing files, variables, and applications associated
with MATLAB. The following illustration shows the default desktop. You can

26

customize the arrangement of tools and documents to suit your needs.

After entering the source code we can see a window Figure opening which shows
the resultant Plot after executing the program

Chapter 4
Conclusions
4.1 Introduction:
In this chapter, the first part presents the conclusions and remarks made on the
exclusive load flow methods Forward Sweeping Method, Dist Flow method and
27

the new load flow method Tellegen Theorem Method, are presented in the form
tables. The conclusions are with regard to the performance criteria execution time ,
memory requirement and number of iterations.
4.2 Conclusions on exclusive load flow methods and Tellegen theorem method:
The classical load flow methods namely Netwon-Raphson (NR), Fast Decoupled
Load Flow (FDLF) have projected problems like non- convergence , high memory
requirement , and large computation time. When a load flow solution is attempted for
a distribution network. It is found that , the (R/X) ratio and the radial configuration of
the network are found to be reasons for the non- convergence and the large
computational time. The circumvent same of the aforesaid problems a modified FDLF
method was proposed. In that method, the network parameters are modified by adding
certain compensating devices. Even then, the load flow solution was not a fully
converged one and hence the exclusive load flow methods are developed for
distribution networks.
The power summation principle at a node is used as a general principle in power
flow expressions formulation. The power flow equations are the mathematical
expressions for the real and reactive powers flowing through the branch and the
voltage magnitude of the terminal node.
In Forward Sweeping Method, the iteration process is initiated with the initial
branch power losses assumed to be zero. The substation node voltage is known at the
beginning of the iteration process. The power flow equations are used to compute the
branch powers and the voltages of all the nodes of the main feeder as well as laterals.
The branch power losses are updated using the updated voltages. A tolerance check
of known value is applied on the branch power losses and the iteration process is
continued based on the convergence achievement.
The main problems faced with the method are the order of the expression for the
terminal node voltage magnitude and computation of the exact power feeding
through the terminal node. The iteration time has become large and as the size of the
network increases, the number of iterations also increased. The exact power feeding
through the terminal node computation is very tedious process and the complexity
increased as the size of the network increased. In the case of network with main
feeder and laterals, the solution process demanded large memory requirement and
resulted in to a large computational time.
28

In dist Flow method the same power balance equations are utilized, the
distribution network is reduced to a single branch network with an equivalent
resistance and reactance. A convergence check is made on the real and reactive
powers injected into the equivalent network and the iteration process is continued on
the convergence achievement.
The main advantage of this method is that, the repeated voltage computations are
eliminated unlike in other load flow methods. But the major disadvantages are that the
power flow equations used are of higher order and of reduction of network into
single line equivalent.
In the Tellegen Theorem Method of load flow study, the basic principle is
applied to the distribution network and a simple linear objective expression
representing real and reactive powers injected into the network are obtained. Since the
node voltage angles are omitted, a simple linear expression for the voltage magnitude
is resulted and a flat voltage profile assumption has relieved from no furthur
assumptions to make to obtain the solution. The main performance criteria considered
for the comparison purpose are iteration count, execution time, and memory
requirement.
The main problems faced in the forward sweeping method and dist flow
method, namely the high order nature of the expressions and the large number of
iterations, are partially reduced and the memory requirement is drastically reduced.
Since the power conservation principle is a true and real phenomenon and exists
irrespective of the circuit nature, the load flow technique developed is also near to
reality.

SOURCE CODE
function tellemfeeder(casefilename)
% tellemfeeder performs load flow study of radial distribution network using
tellegens theorem. This program works only with a main feeder.
29

% r and x are resistance and reactance values of xx-bus system pl and ql are active
power load and reactive power.
% nb represents numer of buses
% vr represents substation voltage
% the output arguments represent
% v -- node voltages
% tploss -- total real poweer losses
% tqloss -- totl reactive power losses
[r,x,pl,ql,nb,epslon,vr] = feval(casefilename)
% the above function gives data for R , X , pl and ql, nb, epslon,vr of 18 bus system
vpu(1)=1,v(1)=vr,tpload=0,tqload=0,k=1,oldpp=0.00,oldqq=0.00,counter=0;
for j=1:nb
tpload=tpload+pl(j);
tqload=tqload+ql(j);
end
for j=2:nb
v(j)=v(1); % assuming flat voltage profile
end
while(counter==0)
tploss=0;
tqloss=0;
for i=1:nb-1
term(i)=r(i)^2+x(i)^2;
k1(i)=r(i)/term(i);
k2(i)=x(i)/term(i);
term1(i)=(v(i)-v(i+1))^2;
ploss(i)=k1(i)*term1(i);
qloss(i)=k2(i)*term1(i);
tploss=tploss+ploss(i);
tqloss=tqloss+qloss(i);
end
30

ploss(nb)=0;
qloss(nb)=0;
p(1)=tploss+tpload;
q(1)=tqloss+tqload;
newpp=p(1);
newqq=q(1);
delp=abs(newpp-oldpp);
delq=abs(newqq-oldqq);
if(delp < epslon && delq < epslon)
counter=1;
else
k=k+1;
oldpp=newpp;
oldqq=newqq;
for i=1:nb-1
j=i+1;
p(j)=p(i)-k1(i)*term1(i)-pl(j);
q(j)=q(i)-k2(i)*term1(i)-ql(j);
term4=(p(i)^2+q(i)^2);
k3=sqrt(term4*term(i));
v(j)=(v(i)^2-k3)/v(i);
vpu(j)=v(j)/v(1);
end
end
end
clc
fprintf('Tellegens Therom results are as followes\n the number of iterations are =
%d\n the total load = %9.5f kw\n total reactive load = %9.5fkvar \n total real power
losses=%9.5fkw\n total reactive power losses =
%9.5fkvar',k,tpload,tqload,tploss,tqloss);
v/440
return;

RESULTS
Tellegens Therom results are as follows:
The number of iterations are = 10
The total load = 1410.00000kw
Total reactive load = 810.00000kvar
Total real power losses = 223.46564kw
31

Total reactive power losses = 89.05121kvar

ans =
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000

0.9810

0.9598

0.9476

0.9399

0.9120

0.8927

0.8832

0.8672

0.8177

0.8075

0.8015

0.7973

0.7936

0.7924

Columns 10 through 18
0.8481

0.8361

0.8309

The above mentioned array indicate the voltage at different nodes on the bus
/ Update and verify/

Bibliography
1. B.D.H Tellegen A General Network Theorem Applications Phillips
Research Report

32

2. Tripathy sc, durga Prasad. G.Mallic.OP , and Hope. G.S Load Flow solution
for ill-condioned power system by a network like method IEEE Trans, PAS
101 October 1972.
3. LAFM Ferreira Tellegen Theorem and Power Systems New Load Flow
Equations New Solution Methods Trans. Circuits and systems vol 37 No.4
April 1990.
4. GS Jasmom LHCC Lee Distribution network reduction for voltage stability
analysis and load flow calculations Electric Power and Energy Systems
vol.13 no -1Feb 1991.
5. D.Das , Nagi and Kothari New load flow technique for solving radial
distribution feeder- Main feeder case IEE proceedings -73 October 1992.
6. D.Das, Nagi and Kothari, A Kalam Simple and efficient method for load
flow solution of radial distribution networks Electrical power and Energy
systems Vol 17, No 5 PP 355, 346 ,1995.
7. GS Jasmom LHCC Lee Stability of Load flow techniques for distribution
system voltage stability analysis IEE proceedings- C vol 138 no.6
November 1991.
8. SF Mekhamer, SA Soliman, MA moustafa, ME EI-Hawary Load flow
solution of radial distribution feeders: a new contribution Electrical power
and Energy systems.

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34

35

36