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IC Workshop Materials 09 - Construction Drawing Practices PDF
IC Workshop Materials 09 - Construction Drawing Practices PDF
IC Training Modules
Construction
Drawing
Practices
ICPROFESSIONALTRAININGSERIES
Last updated at AUGUST 2009
Copyright reserved by INDUSTRIAL CENTRE, THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Objectives:
9
9
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IC Professional Training
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.
Introduction
2.
3.
Drawing to Scale
4.
5.
Graphic Conventions
6.
Orthographic Projection
7.
8.
Isometric Projection
Perspective Projection
Oblique Projection
Construction Drawings
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
Site Plans
Floor Plans
Sections
Elevations
Assembly Drawings
Component Drawings
Structure Engineering Drawings
Service Drawings
Freehand Drawings
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Introduction
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GETTING STARTED
At this stage you should have the following equipment to assist you.
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
1180 x 840
840 x 590
590 x 420
420 x 295
295 x 210
Fig. 2.1 Different Sizes of Drawing Papers
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Head
A2
Working edge
Blade
Fig. 2.2 Check contact of T-square head with drawing board edge.
All construction lines should be drawn first, followed by all final lines.
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DRAWING RECTANGLES
Begin by drawing the construction lines for the 4 rectangles on the bottom left
hand corner of the sheet. For each rectangle first draw two horizontal lines about
30mm apart and about 75mm long. Join the ends of the horizontal lines by
drawing two vertical lines about 60 mm apart forming a rectangle 60x30 mm.
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TH IC K A C TIV E LIN ES
defining m ain outlines of stru ctures
in section
TH IN A C TIV E LIN ES
defining ou tlin es in p lan
and elevation
H ID D EN LIN ES-TH IC K O R TH IN
show in g w ork not visible or
w ork to be rem oved
31
32
33
34
A
A
14
13
12
11
10
29
30
1 : 10
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
up
STA IR S
RAM P
arrow indicates
d irection of fall
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Drawing to Scale
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Top guideline
A BCDEF
GH I J K LM
N OP QR S T
U V WX Y Z
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 0
Middle guideline
Bottom guideline
0.7 H
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DIMENSIONING
It is important that all drawings are fully dimensioned, so that the builder and
others know the required size of every part of the building. It is sensible however
not to duplicate dimensions, as this makes the drawing unnecessarily crowded.
Dimension lines should be unbroken lines. They can be terminated at their ends
by open arrowheads, solid arrowheads, oblique strokes, dots or circles.
Thin lines called projection lines, or projectors, should extend from about 2 mm
away from the part of the object being dimensioned to just beyond the
dimension line termination.
If any dimension is not drawn to scale, the letters NTS (not to scale) should be
written after the dimension.
HORIZONTAL DIMENSIONS
Horizontal dimensions should, where possible, be indicated on plans rather than
on elevations. Where feasible dimension lines should be located outside the
building or object rather than inside it.
D IM E N S IO N
L IN E S
200
O pen
A rro w h e a d
200
S o lid
A rro w h e a d
200
O b liq u e
S tro k e
200
70
65
65
70
135
200
D im e n s io n s
R u n n in g
D im e n s io n s
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VERTICAL DIMENSIONS
Vertical dimensions should, where possible, be indicated on sections rather than
on elevations. All vertical dimensions of a building should relate to a site datum.
The site datum is a fixed vertical level on the site, and for convenience is often
set at the ground floor level of the building under construction.
DIMENSIONING BY LEVELS
Different members of the building team tend to follow different practices
regarding the measuring points for vertical dimensions. The client is concerned
with clear storey heights i.e. the dimension between the finished floor level and
the finished ceiling levels. Architects will invariably give the finished floor level
(FFL) on their drawings. Site staff work initially to the structural floor level (SFL).
Structural engineers need to know the structural floor level (SFL), and their
vertical dimensions will generally be measured from SFL to SFL.
ORIENTATION OF PLANS
North points are generally shown on key plans, site plans, block plans and
sometimes floor plans, to indicate the position of north relative to the site or
building. The point of the arrow should be drawn to face north.
N orth point
SSL
Level on plans
FFL
Level on plans
FFL
123
Level on sections
and elevations
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Graphic Conventions
REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS
In sectional views of a building, the parts of the structure which are cut by
section plane may be hatched to indicate the nature of the materials used.
Common examples of hatching for construction materials.
Brickwork
Blockwork
Concrete
Plaster/Render
Timber-planed
Subsoil
Topsoil
Granular fill
Damp-Proof Membrane
Metal
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DOORS
There are standard ways of indicating on plans the opening methods for doorsi.e. whether they are swing doors or sliding doors-and the direction in which they
open.
DO O R SY M BO LS
S i n g le le a v e s
o p en in g 9 0
S i n g le le a v e s
o p e n in g 1 8 0
T w o le a v e s e a c h
o p e n in g 9 0
S tr a ig h t s lid i n g
WINDOWS
The opening methods for windows are generally indicated on the elevations.
WINDOW SYMBOLS IN HORIZONTAL SECTION
Any type
With frame
Hinged at side
Hinged at top
Sliding horizontally
Fixed
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SYMBOLS
There are wide range of standard graphic symbols available to indicate the
position of various components, and related information. Some common
examples are given below, but reference needs to be made to BS 1192 for full
details of the recommendations for symbols and other graphic conventions.
Electrical
distribution
board
Direction of span
w.c close-coupled
Seat
One-way
switch
Two-way
switch
Socket outlet
Switched
socket outlet
Circuit
on plan
Pipe valve
Non-reture
pipe valve
Meter
Bath
Sink
References:
BS 1192 Part 1 and 3: 1987
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Orthographic Projection
Buildings, and the materials and components of which buildings are constructed,
are three dimensional. That is to say they have length, width and height. It is
possible to draw a picture of a building or object to show these three
dimensions. Generally however in construction drawing the method used to
describe buildings or objects pictorially is called orthographic projection. This
method uses views termed plans, elevations and sections, which have only two
dimensions.
VERTICAL PLANE
END VIEW
HORIZONTAL PLANE
W
VIE
ION
AT
V
LE
TE
RN
FO
FRONT ELEVATION
END VIEW
PLAN
FRONT ELEVATION
PLAN
END VIEW
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PROJECTION SYMBOLS
In order to indicate the angle of projection to be used, the symbols has to be
printed on the drawing (Fig.6.2). Examples of Orthographic Projection are shown
in Fig 6.3.
Projection
Symbol
1.25d
30
First angle
Third angle
Plan
Side elevation
Front elevation
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SECTIONAL VIEWS
Objects with little interior detail can be represented satisfactorily in orthographic
projection by exterior views, the interior construction being shown by hidden
detail lines : When the interior detail is more complicated, then the hidden detail
lines may be confusing and difficult to interpret correctly. In such cases the
draughtsman imagines the object to be cut by a plane, and assumes the part of
the object between his eye and the plane to be removed. This exposes the
interior detail which can then be shown by full lines instead of hidden detail lines.
The position of the cutting plane is selected by the draughtsman to show the
interior of the object to the best advantage. For an object which has internal
details that are not on one line, a staggered section may be appropriate. When a
revolved section of an object is required, it may be drawn directly on the part
under consideration.
Front elevation
Section plan
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The example below shows the offset cutting plane of the staircase, this practice
should be continued to the top landing; each step should be drawn but once.
The top landing will look much as it would with a normal cutting plane. The view
down the stairwell would show the down flight as it would normally appear in
the stairwell. The limit line shows where the stairs break between floor plans in
the same location on the plans of each floor. Double limit lines are used to
separate the up half from the down half where they meet in plan.
FOURTH FLOOR
4
3
3
2
2
1
FIRST FLOOR
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7.1
Isometric Projection
10 0
60
20
20
120
20
44 0
20
120
20
215
1 20
20
o
120
o
120
120
30
30
SOLID CONCRETE
BUILDING BLOCK
HOLLOW CONCRETE
BUILDING BLOCK
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50
82% OF THE
ORIGINAL SIZE
40
Natural scale
30
x
20
x
10
30
20
40
45
50
Isometric scale
30
10
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
Fig. 7.2 Comparison of Isometric Projection and Isometric Drawing & Construction of
Isometric Circle
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7.2
Perspective Projection
A perspective is a view that is normally seen by the eye or camera, and is the
most realistic form of pictorial. All parallel lines converge at infinite vanishing
points as they receded from the observe. There are three basis types of
perspectives are: one-point, two-point, three-point, depending on the number of
vanishing points used in their construction (see Fig. 7.3).
One-point perspective: The one-point perspective has one surface of the object
that is parallel to the picture plane: therefore it is true shape. The other sides
vanish to a single point on the horizon called a vanishing point.
Two-point perspective: A two-point perspective is a pictorial that is positioned
with two sides at an angle to the picture plane; this requires two vanishing
points. All horizontal lines converge at the vanishing points, but vertical lines
remain vertical and have no vanishing point.
Three-point perspective: The three-point perspective utilizes three vanishing
points since the object is positioned so that all sides of it are at an angle with the
picture plane. The three-point perspective is used in drawing larger objects such
as buildings.
VP
Hor
ONE POINT
VP
Hor
VP
VP
Hor
TWO POINTS
VP
THREE POINTS
Abbreviation:
PP= Picture Plane is the plane on which the perspective is projected. It
appears as an edge in the top view.
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SP= Station Point is the location of the observers eye in the plan view.
The front view of the station point will always lie on the horizon.
CV= Center of Vision is a point that lies on the picture plane in the top
view and on the horizon in the front view. In both cases, it is on the line
from the station point that is perpendicular to the picture plane.
VP= Vanishing Point is all vanish line (VL) Converge at infinite vanishing
points as they recede from the observer.
Hor.= Horizon or Eye level is a horizontal line in the front view that
represents an infinite horizontal, such as the surface of the ocean.
GL= Ground Level is an infinite horizontal line in the front view that
passes through the base of the object being drawn.
Different views can be obtained by changing the relationship between the
horizontal and the ground line (Fig. 7.4). An aerial view will be obtained when the
horizon is placed above the object in the front view. When the ground line and
the horizon coincide in the front view, a ground-level view will be obtained. This
would give the view that would be seen if your eye was looking from the ground.
A general view is one where the horizon is placed above the ground line and
through the object, usually at a height equal to the height of a person.
VP
VP
VP
VP
GL
GL
GENERAL VIEW
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7.3
Oblique Projection
SI
ZE
FU
LL
FULL SCALE
L
HA
CA
LE
VARIES 0--90
30
FS
30
VARIES 0--90
TRUE SIZE
CABINET PROJECTION
CAVALIER PROJECTION
HA
LF
TO
L
FU
LS
CA
LE
30
VARIES 0--90
TRUE SIZE
GENERAL OBLIQUE
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Construction Drawings
8.1
Site Plans
A site plan is a location drawing, and like most plans is a view looking
downwards. It supplies a birds eye view of the shape, size and layout of the
entire site.
The purpose of a site plan is to
provide a general picture of the site, including its shape and extent;
locate the buildings and other elements of the project - e.g. roads, garden
walls and landscaping- both horizontally and vertically ;
GRIDS
The use of grids to which sizes and locations of building components may be
related, is helpful in preparation of all types of drawings and particularly so when
modular coordination is applied to design and construction. Grid rotations
should be used as appropriate for each form of grid. Most common grid rotation
is using letters to define the lines on axis and numerals to define the lines on the
other axis.
8.2
Floor Plans
Floor plans are generally the most useful, and the most used of the location
drawings. They are really sectional plans because they show the view obtained by
cutting horizontally through a building at some point above the floor level. It is
assumed that you move away the top part of the building and look down at the
plan of the remaining bottom part. This plan view will not only illustrate the
arrangement of the rooms and spaces and their shapes, but will also show the
thickness of all the external and internal walls.
The level at which you cut horizontally through a building is commonly assumed
to be 1metre above the floor level. This has the advantage of passing through
most of the windows and doors, which means that dimensions giving the
positions of all openings can be given. An example of a floor plan is shown on
Fig. 8.1.
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6600
800
2100
1450
900
W4
1350
W3
800
D2
4100
1100
S.F.L.
+5.650
W2
900
KITCHEN
W1
900
1200
16 Risers
up
D5
1350
DINING
BATHROOM
D4
9100
2100
950
4100
1300
900
9100
750
LIVING
W5
D1
100
D3
900
D6
4100
W9
BEDROOM 1
3100
BEDROOM 2
900
3800
1650
2300
W7
W6
1350
900
600
900
W8
600
900
1350
6600
ELEVN
Thick lines should be used to define the inside and outside faces of external
walls, and both faces of the internal partitions.
Where cavity walls form part of the construction the cavity may be indicated
by thin lines, but it is suggested you omit this detail on the 1:50 floor plan.
Hatching is often used, particularly on larger scale plans. Where floor plans
show existing walls, they are often filled in solid.
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WINDOWS
Windows will be positioned laterally on the floor plans. Their positions within
the wall thickness will be shown on the assembly drawings if these are
provided. However, where the scale of the floor plan is 1:50 or larger, it is
sensible to locate the windows in approximately their correct positions
relative to the wall faces.
DOORS
At each door position it should be made clear which way the door is hung.
OTHER ITEMS
The most important thing is that the lettering should be easy to read.
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8.3
Sections
Thick lines should be used to define the inside and outside faces of external
walls, and both faces of the internal partitions.
Where cavity walls form part of the construction the cavity is often indicated
by thin lines.
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Thick lines should be used to define both faces of concrete floor and roof
slabs.
Thick lines should also be used to define the faces of other structural
elements, such as foundations and beams, when these are viewed in section.
U.Roof
ROOFING
(detail ref. to
other dwg.)
1200
100-110
2835
200
45 FALL
125
R/F
125
250
2675
25 THICK 1:3
C/S SCREED
1/F
Earth
S.F.L.
+5.650
G/F
1000
BLINDING
1000
50
400
750
D.P.C. ON 150
THICK HARDCORE
150
150
1050
2675
1250
100
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8.4
Elevations
An elevation is a view you get if you look in a horizontal direction at the vertical
side, or face, of a building or object. When drawing an elevation you need to
take the horizontal dimensions from the plans and the vertical dimensions from
the sections. An example of a elevation is shown in Fig. 8.3.
The purpose of a location elevation is to (a) show the external faces of the
building; and (b) locate the door and window openings and other features of the
building.
Dia. 25 PVC
Drain Pipe
1445
2835
U.Roof
2675
75-80
R/F
50x230 CERAMIC
WALL TILE
1/F
S.F.L.
+5.650
150
25-30
2675
100
G/F
Elevation of House
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8.5
Assembly Drawings
200
min.150
125
2 0 x 2 0 re c e s s
3 8 th .c o n c .r o o f tile
FA LL
2 5 th .1 :3 c /s s c re e d
w / g .i.m e s h r e in f.
5 0 th .th e rm a l
in s u la tio n b o a rd
2 5 x 2 5 1 :3 c /s
c o r n e r fille t
125
2 0 th .a s p h a lt c o a t
a s p h a lt m a t
m in .2 5 th .1 :3 c /s s c r e e d
la id in fa lls
100
d ia .2 5 g r o o v e
R o o fin g D e ta i l
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8.6
Component Drawings
45dp.timber core
4x45dp.lock
blocking
3th.plywood facing
to both sides
12th.teak lipping
to all edges
DOOR D1,D2&D5
Fig. 8.5 Component Drawings of Wooden Doors
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8.7
STRUCTURAL DETAILING
The process of preparing working drawings for structural engineering work is
generally referred to as structural detailing. The general principle followed is to
break down the total structure into individual elements such as columns, beams,
floor slabs etc., and then to detail each element in turn.
STRUCTURAL STEELWORKS
The three main groups of drawings for illustrating steelwork structures are
general arrangement drawings, fixing details, and details of individual members.
General arrangement drawings include steel framing plans, elevations and
sections. Fig. 8.6 is an example of a steelworks floor framing plan. Steel framing
plans indicate the positions and sizes of beams at a specific floor or roof level,
together with the positions and sizes of columns. Elevations and sections will
show columns and beams as well as additional members such as wind bracing.
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This system enables each member to be identified. Columns are given a mark
related to the grid intersections on the plans. Thus the top left hand column is
given the mark of A1 because it is located where grid lines A and 1 intersect. The
marks for the beams are a combination of the floor reference and the grid line
letter and number. For example in Fig. 8.6 the horizontal beam in the top left
hand corner is marked as C-1A. The letter C indicates it is a second floor beam;
the figure 1 denotes that the beam is located at grid line 1; and the letter A
denotes that it begins at grid line A.
1
4000
4000
4000
457x152x67kg UB
457x152x67kg UB
457x152x67kg UB
(C-A1)
(C-A2)
(C-A3)
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
(C-B1)
(C-B2)
(C-B3)
(C-4A)
Ditto
(C-3A)
Ditto
(C-2A)
Ditto
(C-1A)
406x178x67kg UB
5000
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
(C-C1)
(C-C2)
(C-C3)
(C-4B)
Ditto
(C-3B)
Ditto
(C-2B)
Ditto
(C-1B)
406x178x67kg UB
5000
(C-D1)
(C-D2)
(C-D3)
(C-4C)
Ditto
(C-4D)
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
(C-3C)
Ditto
(C-2C)
Ditto
(C-1C)
406x178x67kg UB
5000
Ditto
Ditto
(C-E1)
(C-E2)
(C-3D)
Ditto
(C-2D)
Ditto
(C-1D)
406x178x67kg UB
5000
Ditto
Notes:
(C-E3)
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FIXING DETAILS
Fixing details provide information on the fixing of members to each other, or to
different parts of the structure. Examples are the fixing of a column to a
foundation, a connection between a beam and a column, the connection of one
beam to another beam, and the splicing of similar members to each other. Fig.
8.7 is an example of a fixing detail showing the connection between a steel
column and a concrete base.
3 0 5 x 3 0 5 U n iv e rs a l c o lu m n
150mm concrete
encasting shown
by broken line
fillet weld
s te e l le v e llin g w e d g e s
grout
removable bolt
bores of plastic
form, p.v.c. tube,
etc.
R .C . fo u n d a tio n
h o ld in g d o w n b o lts g ro u te d
afte r fin a l le v e llin g
1 0 0 x 1 0 0 p la te w a s h e rs
R e in fo rce m e n t b a r
The various steel members -universal beams, universal columns, rolled joists,
rolled channels, tees and angles- are fixed together by welding or bolting, either
in the workshop (shop connections) or on the construction site (site
connections). Fig. 8.8 is an example of details of connections.
2/100X75X10
grade 50
2/100X75X10
grade 50
Truss shoe
Eaves beam
229X76 grade 43
Roof leg 305X127X37 UB
grade 43
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1/A-B
1/B-C
50x300
450x300
4000
C/1-2
450x300
2/B-C
450x300
C/2-3
2/A-B
450x300
450x300
B/1-2
150
450x300
A/1-2
450x300
150
3/B-C
450x300
450x300
4000
3500
1500
3/A-B
150
A/2-3
450x300
B
21T10-7-200T2
C
21T10-8-200T2
21T10-7-200T2
1
21T10-10-200T1
18T10-11-200T1
21T10-1-200B1
21T10-1-200B1
21T10-3-200B2
18T10-4-200B2
21T10-12-200T1
18T10-13-200T1
2
21T10-5-200B2
18T10-6-200B2
3
8T10-9-200T2
10
8T10-9-200T2
8T10-2-200B2
7 11
3
1
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2T20-4
2T10-5
4T20-6
Links 18T10-10-200
2T10-7
Links 16T10-10-200
4T20-1
3T20-3
4T20-2
4000
3500
150
6
450
6
450
5
9
7
450
150
Beam 3/B-C
150
Beam 3/A-B
2T20-8
10
1 1 11
2 2 22
33 3
Section 1-1
Section 2-2
Section 3-3
REINFORCEMENT IDENTIFICATION
Standard abbreviations are used to provide information about the reinforcement.
21T10-10-200T1, this means that there are 21 bars, which are of high tensile
steel, with a diameter of 10 mm, and an bar mark of 10. The bars are spaced
200 mm apart and placed near the top face of the concrete.
Links 18T10-9-200, this means that there are 18 stirrups, which are high yield
bars, of diameter 10 mm and bar marked as 9.
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8.8
Service Drawings
USE OF GRIDS
In projects where a structural grid is used, the services elements should be
related to this grid. In other cases the plant and equipment will be shown on
services drawings in relation to a modular grid.
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GENERAL LAYOUTS
Copy negatives (transparent copies) of the architect's 1:100 location drawings are
often used by the building services engineers and technicians to show the
general layout of the pipe work, ductwork, trunking, cables etc. It is advisable to
obtain these copy negatives from the architect at an early stage before too much
detail is added. However, where this procedure is adopted, it is important that
later revisions to the architect's drawings are taken into account on the copy
negative. A simple example of a general layout is shown on Fig. 8.11 which is a
wiring layout for lighting in a bungalow.
KITCHEN
DINNING
BATHROOM
LIVING
BEDROOM 2
BEDROOM 1
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IC Professional Training
8.9
Freehand Drawings
Freehand or sketch drawings are used for a variety of purposes. They may record
or explain the appearance and construction of an existing building, or sketch in
outline a designer's ideas for a proposed structure. Often freehand drawings will
be used as preliminary constructional details, or to clarify on-site details which
have not been made clear by the production drawings issued to the contractor.
Freehand drawings may also be used as presentation drawings. This type will
need to be of a high standard and will often incorporate advanced drawing
techniques, including perspective drawing, shadow projection and rendering.
DRAWING TECHNIQUES
In order to produce satisfactory freehand sketches of existing structures the
draughtsperson will need to gain experience in the art of observation-sometimes
referred to as training the eye. They will also need to acquire the ability to draw
straight and curved lines of an even quality. Thirdly they will need to gain the
ability to draw in proportion.
Draw everything first as fight construction lines, and only firm in the lines
when you are satisfied that everything is drawn accurately and in
proportion.
2.
Where feasible, divide what you are drawing into a number of simple
geometrical shapes.
3.
4.
Draw in the main geometrical shapes first. Then add the detail.
5.
Draw horizontal lines from left to right, unless you are left handed, in which
case you will probably find it easier to draw them from right to left. If the
line to be drawn is a long one, you can draw it as a continuous line made
up of a series of shorter fines about 50 mm long.
6.
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7.
Ensure that lines which are at right angles to each other are drawn as exact
right angles.
8.
In the case of circles first draw the axes, and mark the points on the axes
where the circle is meant to cross.
9.300
13000
9.500
5500
7000
2000
9.700
9.700
PROPOSED
HEDGE
HOUSE
9000
EXISTING
F.F.L. 10.000
9.850
9.850
8000
COSSLES
PROPSED TREE
10.400
10.300
3500
1500
5000
1000
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References :
1.
2.
3.
Dennis Neeley (1996), CAD and the Practice of Architecture, New York, N.Y.:
J. Wiley
4.
5.
6.
Jude D.V., (1983), Civil Engineering Drawing London ; New York : Granada
7.
8.
9.
10.
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IC Professional Training