Chapter 28A - Direct Current Circuits

AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University

2007

Objectives: After completing this

module, you should be able to:

Determine the effective resistance

for a number of resistors connected
in series and in parallel.
For simple and complex circuits,
determine the voltage and current
for each resistor.
Apply Kirchoffs laws to find currents
and voltages in complex circuits.

Electrical Circuit Symbols

Electrical circuits often contain one or more
resistors grouped together and attached to
an energy source, such as a battery.
The following symbols are often used:
Ground

+ - + - + - + -

Battery

Resistor

Resistances in Series
Resistors are said to be connected in series
when there is a single path for the current.

R1
VT

R2
R3

Only one current

For
For series
series
connections:
connections:

The current I is the same for

each resistor R1, R2 and R3.
The energy gained through E
is lost through R1, R2 and R3.
The same is true for voltages:

II == II11 == II22 == II33

VVTT== VV11 ++ VV22 ++ VV33

Equivalent Resistance: Series

The equivalent resistance Re of a number of
resistors connected in series is equal to the
sum of the individual resistances.

VT = V1 + V2 + V3 ; (V = IR)
I

R1
VT

R2
R3

Equivalent Resistance

ITRe = I1R1+ I2R2 + I3R3

But . . . IT = I1 = I2 = I3
RRee == RR11 ++ RR22 ++ RR33

Example 1: Find the equivalent resistance Re.

What is the current I in the circuit?
2
3 1
12 V

Re = R1 + R2 + R3
Re = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
Equivalent
= 66

Equivalent RRee =

The current is found from Ohms law: V = IRe

V 12 V
I

Re 6

II =
= 22 AA

Example 1 (Cont.): Show that the voltage drops

across the three resistors totals the 12-V emf.

RRee == 66

2
3

12 V

II =
= 22 AA

Current I = 2 A same in each R.

V1 = IR1; V2 = IR2; V3 = IR3

V1 = (2 A)(1 = 2 V

V1 + V2 + V3 = VT

V1 = (2 A)(2 = 4 V

2 V + 4 V + 6 V = 12 V

V1 = (2 A)(3 = 6 V

Check
Check !!

Sources of EMF in Series

The output direction from a
source of emf is from + side:

+ b
E

Thus, from a to b the potential increases by E;

From b to a, the potential decreases by E.
A

AB: V = +9 V 3 V = +6 V

3V

BA: V = +3 V - 9 V = -6 V

9V

Example: Find V for path

AB and then for path BA.

A Single Complete Circuit

Consider the simple series circuit drawn below:
D

15 V

4
3V

Path ABCD: Energy and V

increase through the 15-V
source and decrease
through the 3-V source.

E =15 V - 3 V = 12 V

The net gain in potential is lost through the two

resistors: these voltage drops are IR2 and IR4,
so that the sum is zero for the entire loop.

Finding I in a Simple Circuit.

Example 2: Find the current I in the circuit below:
D

18 V

3
3V

E = 18 V 3 V 15 V
R =3 + 2 5
Applying Ohms law:

E 15 V

I
R 5

In general for a
single loop circuit:

E
I
R

I=3A

Summary: Single Loop Circuits:

R2

Resistance Rule: Re = R

Current :

E
I
R

Voltage Rule:

E = IR

R1

E2

E1

Complex Circuits
A complex circuit is one
containing more than a
single loop and different
current paths.
At junctions m and n:

I1 = I2 + I3 or I2 + I3 = I1
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule:
II (enter)
(enter) == II (leaving)
(leaving)

I3
R3
R1

E2

I1

R2

E1
I2

Parallel Connections
Resistors are said to be connected in parallel
when there is more than one path for current.
Parallel Connection:
2

Series Connection:
2

For Parallel Resistors:

V2 = V4 = V6 = VT
I2 + I4 + I6 = IT
For Series Resistors:

I2 = I4 = I6 = IT
V2 + V4 + V6 = VT

Equivalent Resistance: Parallel

VT = V1 = V2 = V3
IT = I1 + I2 + I3
V
Ohms law: I
R

VT V1 V2 V3

Re R1 R2 R3

VT

Parallel Connection:
R1

R2

R3

1
1
1
1

Re R1 R2 R3

The
The equivalent
equivalent resistance
resistance
for
for Parallel
Parallel resistors:
resistors:

N
1
1

Re i 1 Ri

Example 3. Find the equivalent resistance

Re for the three resistors below.
N
1
1

Re i 1 Ri

VT

R1
2

R2
4

R3
6

1
1
1
1

Re R1 R2 R3

1
1
1
1

0.500 0.250 0.167

Re 2 4 6
1
1
0.917; Re
1.09
RRee == 1.09

1.09

0.917
Re
For
For parallel
parallel resistors,
resistors, RReeisis less
less than
than the
the least
least RRi.i.

Example 3 (Cont.): Assume a 12-V emf is

connected to the circuit as shown. What is
the total current leaving the source of emf?
VT

R1
2

R2
4

R3
6

VT = 12 V; Re = 1.09
V1 = V2 = V3 = 12 V
IT = I1 + I2 + I3

12 V

V
Ohms Law: I
R

VT
12 V
Ie

Re 1.09

Total current: IT = 11.0 A

Example 3 (Cont.): Show that the current

leaving the source IT is the sum of the
currents through the resistors R1, R2, and R3.

VT

R1
2

R2
4

R3
6

IT = I1 + I2 + I3

12 V

12 V
I1
6A
2

IT = 11 A; Re = 1.09
V1 = V2 = V3 = 12 V

12 V
I2
3A
4

6 A + 3 A + 2 A = 11 A

12 V
I3
2A
6
Check
Check !!

Short Cut: Two Parallel Resistors

The equivalent resistance Re for two parallel
resistors is the product divided by the sum.

1
1
1
;
Re R1 R2
Example:
VT

R1
6

R2
3

R1 R2
Re
R1 R2
(3 )(6 )
Re
3 6
RRee == 22

Series and Parallel Combinations

In complex circuits resistors are often connected
in both series and parallel.
R
1

In
In such
such cases,
cases, its
its best
best to
to
use
use rules
rules for
for series
series and
and
parallel
parallel resistances
resistances to
to
reduce
reduce the
the circuit
circuit to
to aa
simple
simple circuit
circuit containing
containing
one
one source
source of
of emf
emf and
and
one
one equivalent
equivalent resistance.
resistance.

VT R2

VT

R3

Re

Example 4. Find the equivalent resistance for

the circuit drawn below (assume VT = 12 V).
4
VT

R3,6
6

(3 )(6 )

2
3 6

Re = 4 + 2
RRee== 66

4
12 V

12 V

Example 3 (Cont.) Find the total current IT.

RRee== 66

4
VT

VT 12 V
I

Re 6

IITT== 2.00
2.00 AA
4
12 V

12 V

IT

Example 3 (Cont.) Find the currents and the

voltages across each resistor

II44 == IITT == 22 AA

VT

V4 = (2 A)(4 ) = 8 V

The remainder of the voltage: (12 V 8 V = 4 V)

drops across EACH of the parallel resistors.

VV33 == VV66 == 44 VV

This
This can
can also
also be
be found
found from
from
VV3,6
= I 3,6RR3,6
= (2 A)(2 )
3,6 = I3,6
3,6 = (2 A)(2 )

(Continued . . .)

Example 3 (Cont.) Find the currents and voltages

across each resistor

VV44 == 88 VV

VV66 == VV33 == 44 VV

V3 4 V
I3

R3 3
V6 4 V
I6

R6 6

II33 == 1.33
1.33 AA
II66 == 0.667
0.667 AA

4
VT

II44 == 22 AA

Note that the junction rule is satisfied:

II (enter)
(enter) == II (leaving)
(leaving)

IITT == II44 == II33 ++ II66

Kirchoffs Laws for DC Circuits

Kirchoff
s first
Kirchoffs
first law:
law: The
The sum
sum of
of the
the currents
currents
entering
entering aa junction
junction isis equal
equal to
to the
the sum
sum of
of the
the
currents
currents leaving
leaving that
that junction.
junction.
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule: II (enter)
(enter) == II (leaving)
(leaving)
Kirchoff
s second
s
Kirchoffs
second law:
law: The
The sum
sum of
of the
the emf
emfs
around
around any
any closed
closed loop
loop must
must equal
equal the
the sum
sum
of
of the
the IR
IR drops
drops around
around that
that same
same loop.
loop.

Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: E
E == IR
IR

Sign Conventions for Emfs

When applying Kirchoffs laws you must
assume a consistent, positive tracing direction.
When applying the voltage rule, emfs are
positive if normal output direction of the emf is
with the assumed tracing direction.
If tracing from A to B, this
emf is considered positive.
If tracing from B to A, this
emf is considered negative.

+
B

Signs of IR Drops in Circuits

When applying the voltage rule, IR drops are
positive if the assumed current direction is
with the assumed tracing direction.
If tracing from A to B, this
IR drop is positive.
If tracing from B to A, this
IR drop is negative.

+
B

Kirchoffs Laws: Loop I

1. Assume possible consistent
flow of currents.
2. Indicate positive output
R1
directions for emfs.
3. Indicate consistent tracing
direction. (clockwise)
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule: II22 =
= II11 ++ II33
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: E
E == IR
IR

EE11++ EE22== II11RR11 ++ II22RR22

I1

Loop I

E2
R3

E1

R2

I2
I3

E3

Kirchoffs Laws: Loop II

4. Voltage rule for Loop II:
Assume counterclockwise
positive tracing direction.
Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: E
E == IR
IR

Bottom Loop (II)

R1

Yes! -- EE22 -- EE33=

= -I-I22RR22 -- II33RR33

Loop I

R3

E1

R2

E2

EE22++ EE33== II22RR22 ++ II33RR33

Would the same equation
apply if traced clockwise?

I1

I2
I3

Loop II

E3

Kirchoffs laws: Loop III

Outer Loop (III)

5. Voltage rule for Loop III:

Assume counterclockwise
positive tracing direction.

Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: E
E == IR
IR

R1

Yes!

EE33-- EE11== II11RR11 -- II33RR33

Loop I

R3

E1

R2

E2

EE33 EE11== -I-I11RR11 ++ II33RR33

Would the same equation
apply if traced clockwise?

I1

I2
I3

Loop II

E3

Four Independent Equations

Outer Loop (III)

6. Thus, we now have four

independent equations
from Kirchoffs laws:

I2 = I1 + I3

R1

I1

Loop I

R2

E2

E1 + E2 = I1R1 + I2R2
E2 + E3 = I2R2 + I3R3
E3 - E1 = -I1R1 + I3R3

R3

E1

I2
I3

Loop II

E3

Example 4. Use Kirchoffs laws to find the

currents in the circuit drawn to the right.
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule: II22 +
+ II33 == II11
Consider Loop I tracing
clockwise to obtain:
Voltage Rule: E = IR

I1 5
Loop I 12 V
10

12 V = (5 )I1 + (10 )I2

Recalling that V/ = A, gives
55II11 +
+ 10
10II22 =
= 12
12 AA

I2
I3

20

6V

Example 5 (Cont.) Finding the currents.

Consider Loop II tracing
clockwise to obtain:

I1 5

Voltage Rule: E = IR

12 V

6 V = (20 )I3 - (10 )I2

10

Simplifying: Divide by 2
and V/ = A, gives

I2

I3

10
10II33 -- 55II22 =
= 33 AA

Loop II 20

6V

Example 5 (Cont.) Three independent equations

can be solved for I1, I2, and I3.
(1)
(1) II22 +
+ II33 == II11

I1 5

(2)
(2) 55II11 +
+ 10
10II22 =
= 12
12 AA

12 V

(3)
= 33 AA
(3) 10
10II33 -- 55II22 =

10

Substitute Eq.(1) for I1 in (2):

5(I2 + I3) + 10I3 = 12 A
Simplifying gives:

I2

I3

55II22 +
+ 15
15II33 =
= 12
12 AA

Loop II 20

6V

Example 5 (Cont.) Three independent

equations can be solved.
(1)
(1) II22 +
+ II33 == II11

(3)
(3) 10
10II33 -- 55II22 =
= 33 AA

(2)
(2) 55II11 +
+ 10
10II22 =
= 12
12 AA

15
15II33 +
+ 55II22 =
= 12
12 AA

Eliminate I2 by adding equations above right:

10I3 - 5I2 = 3 A
15I3 + 5I2 = 12 A
25I3 = 15 A

I3 = 0.600 A

Putting I3 = 0.6 A in (3) gives:

10(0.6 A) 5I2 = 3 A
II22=
= 0.600
0.600 AA
Then from (1): II1 =
1.20 A
1 = 1.20 A

Summary of Formulas:
Rules
Rules for
for aa simple,
simple, single
single loop
loop circuit
circuit
containing
containing aa source
source of
of emf
emf and
and resistors.
resistors.

Resistance Rule: Re = R

Current :

E
I
R
E = IR

Single Loop

2
3
3V
C

18 V

Voltage Rule:

Summary (Cont.)
For resistors connected in series:
For
For series
series
connections:
connections:

II == II11 == II22 == II33

VVTT== VV11 ++ VV22 ++ VV33

RRee == RR11 ++ RR22 ++ RR33

RRee == R
R

2
3 1
12 V

Summary (Cont.)
Resistors connected in parallel:

VV == VV11 == VV22 == VV33

IITT== II11 ++ II22 ++ II33

For
For parallel
parallel
connections:
connections:
N
1
1

Re i 1 Ri

R1 R2
Re
R1 R2

Parallel Connection
R1
R2
R3

VT

12 V

Summary Kirchoffs Laws

Kirchoff
s first
Kirchoffs
first law:
law: The
The sum
sum of
of the
the currents
currents
entering
entering aa junction
junction isis equal
equal to
to the
the sum
sum of
of the
the
currents
currents leaving
leaving that
that junction.
junction.
Junction
Junction Rule:
Rule: II (enter)
(enter) == II (leaving)
(leaving)
Kirchoff
s second
s
Kirchoffs
second law:
law: The
The sum
sum of
of the
the emf
emfs
around
around any
any closed
closed loop
loop must
must equal
equal the
the sum
sum
of
of the
the IR
IR drops
drops around
around that
that same
same loop.
loop.

Voltage
Voltage Rule:
Rule: E
E == IR
IR

CONCLUSION: Chapter 28A

Direct Current Circuits