Practice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Page 1 of 7 FLUOR DANTE <= HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS ‘PURPOSE ‘This practice defines the analysis and design procedures for horizontal vessel foundations. SCOPE “This practice addresses the loading conditions for which a horizontal vessel foundation should be designed, and the design of cach component of the foundation. A sample calculation is included for atypical situation, The engineer should implement this method into the calculations for the project. APPLICATION “This practice may be used as the basis for design of any similarly supported type af ‘equipment. Computer programs are available for design of horizontal vessel foundations. This should be discussed with the Lead Engineer at the start of the project. GENERAL ‘The Structural Engineer should verify the following items from the vessel drawings: Spacing of supports Width and length of the supports ‘Vessel weights (Refer to Vertical Loads below) ‘Anchor bolt hole sizes and thickness of base plate Location of holes and slots in supports for lateral Ioad analysis ‘Maximum design temperature of special conditions should be verified with the Lead Process Engineer. ‘Typically, design temperatures provided by Process Department are 25 to 50 dogrees above normal operating conditions. Conditions such as steam-out, depressurizing, and regeneration may dictate even higher design temperatures, Horizontal vessels are usually supported by rectangular piers. If vessels are elevated above an economical height for construction of piers, other types of supports such as ‘T-supports may be considered. Usually the dividing line is approximately 12 feet above the top of the footing, or minimum headroom clearance under the beam. If T-supports ‘are used, consideration should be given to the possiblity of reinforcement congestion, especially in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 of the UBC (Uniform Building Code), DESIGN ‘CONDITIONS “The engineer should obtain all ofthe loading data, including the wind and earthquake loading, and then apply the applicable code formulas. Vertical Loads Erection Weight Fabricated weight of vessel, generally taken from vessel drawing, Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 ‘Page 2.007 ROR DANE HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS Empty Weight Fabricated weight of vessel, piping, insulation, and platforms, generally taken from vessel drawing. (Verify that piping, insulation, and platform weights are already included with vessel weight) Operating Weight [Empty weight plus weight of operating fluid or catalyst, generally taken from vessel drawing. Occasionally, it may be necessary to have operating conditions verified by the ‘Process Department. Test Weight Empty weight plus weight of water required for hydrostatic test, generally taken from vessel drawing. Eccentric Load Unless more exact information regarding piping supported on the foundation is available, a load of 10 percent of appropriate vessel weight should be applied to pedestal ‘and footing at a distance of D/2 plus 18 inches from the longitudinal centerline of the vessel, where D is the basic diameter. ‘All ofthe above loads will be considered as dead loads when applying load factors. Horizontal Loads Transverse Wind ‘The wind pressure on the projected area of the side of the vessel should be applied as a horizontal shear at the center of the vessel. It is important not to forget the wind loading on projections such as piping, manways, insulation, and platforms dusing the wind analysis, For details of wind load calculations, refer to Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1215; Wind Load Calculation, “The vessel saddle to pier connection should be considered fixed for transverse loads. ‘This saddle design is a function of either the Vessel Supplier or the Mechanical Group. Longitudinal Wind ‘The wind pressure on the end of the vessel should be applied as a horizontal shear at the center of the vessel. Also, include the flat surface wind pressure on the exposed arca of both piers or columns, applied as a horizontal shear at the centroid of exposed area. “The vessel saddle to pier connection will be considered pinned for longitudinal loads. Shielding ‘Make no allowance for shielding of vessels from wind by nearby equipment or structures except under unusual conditions. Seismic In earthquake zones, replace wind loads with seismic forces when calculations show that seismic loads are greater. If seismic forces govern, apply the full longitudinal load at the top of the fixed pier only. Distribute transverse seismic equally to both piers. For dlails of seismic load calculations, refer to Structural Engincering Practice 670.215.1216: Earthquake Engineering. ‘Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21NIay97 Page 3 of 7 FLUOR DANTE === ‘HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS Thermal Force ‘Thermal force is the force due to growth of the vessel between supports. When applying, Toad factors, include thermal force with dead load, Calculate thermal force using maximum design temperature. Thermal coefficients can bbe found in Attachment 03 of Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1221: Heat Exchanger Foundations. ‘The thermal force used for design should be the smaller value resulting from the following 2 calculations: The force F,required to overcome the static fiction between the vessel support and the slide plate, ‘The value of this force equals the coefficient of friction multiplied by the vertical load. (Refer to the table under Slide Plates ofthis practice for coefficient values.) The force F, required to defiect the picr or column an amount equal to one half of the thermal growth between supports. If this force is less, it indicates that the vessel ‘will not slide and therefore no friction force actually exists. “The thermal force should be applied at the top ofthe piers. Load Distribution Divide loads equally between piers except where otherwise specified above. Load Combinations Footings and piers should be designed to resist the following load combinations: ‘Empty + Transverse Wind or Seismic + Eccentric Operating + Transverse Wind or Seismic + Eocentric Empty + Longitudinal Wind or Seismic + Eccentric Operating + Longitudinal Wind or Seismic + Eccentric Operating + Thermal + Eccentric Test-+ Eccentric ‘Acombination of erection weight plus wind should be used when deemed applicable by jab criteria. Loads duc to expansion of piping should be included in combinations when deemed ‘advisable and should be considered as dead load when applying load factors. ‘Not all possible load combinations have been given, only those that generally control. ‘Each vessel foundation should be designed from the standpoint of its own requirements. Design Stresses Unit concrete and steel stresses may be increased 1/3 for horizontal load combinations in ‘accordance with ACI (American Concrete Institute) Code, except load combination Operating + Thermal + Eccentric. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Page 4 of 7 GOR DANE HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS ‘Thermal foree is an internal force that can be substantially relieved by bending of vessel saddles, rotation of supporting piers or footings, or sliding of saddles on supports. Stability ratio is, therefore, not checked when thermal forces are cousidered. Increase in allowable soil bearing pressure should be based on job criteria. ANCHOR BOLTS {Use headed bolts on vessel piers. Check anchor bolts for an allowable shear value as shown in Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1207; Anchor Bolt Design Criteria. Friction force at the bottom of the saddle must be overcome before Lateral load is assumed to produce shear in the anchor bolts. For seismic loads, take horizontal shear forces by the anchor bolts. ‘SLIDE PLATES ‘As a minimum, provide steal slide plates atthe stiding end of every horizontal vesel regardless ofthe flexibility inherent inthe structural support. ‘Use low friction side plates such as lubrite or teflon for large movements or if operating, ‘weight atthe sliding end exceeds 25 kips. Exceptions to this will be: = When the deflection force Fd is equal to or Jess than the sliding force Ff for low friction bearing. When itis more economical to distribute a large load more evenly betwecn the 2 piers by increasing the friction force at the sliding end. “Inboth cass, steal slide plates should be used ‘Be sure that the slide bearing material is compatible with the bottom of saddle temperature. If required, size teflon slide plates in accordance with Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1221: Heat Exchanger Foundations, Attachment 04 (Allowable Bearing Pressure on Teflon Slide Bearings). ‘Typical coefficients of friction are as follows: = Noslide plate (steel support on concrete) 0.50 ™ Steel slide plate 0330 ™ Teflon slide plate = Bearing pressure 100 psi and below 0.10 = Bearing pressure above 100 psi 0.06 = Lobrite slide plate 0.10 Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Page S of 7 ROO R DANTE HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS PIERDESIGN Sizing ‘Normally, make the pier dimensions equal to the saddle size plus 4 inches. Minimum pier thickness should be 10 inches and should be approximately 10 percent of pet height. Pier dimensions should be in even 2 inch increments. Reinforcing, Piers should be designed as cantilever beams with 2 layers of reinforcement. When the required reinforcing approaches 9. investigate the pier as a column. Size and reinforcement for each pier should normally be the same. Dowel splices are not required ifthe vertical pier reinforcing projection is less than 6'- 0 in height or the rebar size in feet above the top of the footing. For cases that exceed these limits, use dowels with minimum projections required for tension splices, according to ACI 318 requirements ‘The following table indicates minimum pier reinforcement to be used: ‘Thickness Vertical Reinforcement Horizontal Grade 60 Ties Winch #5 at 12 inch ele EF #8 at 12 inch T2inch —#S at LZ inch cc EF #4 at 12 inch Minch #3 12 inchoc EF ‘#4 at 12 inch Place double tis at top of piers to protect anchor bolts. All ties should encircle the ‘vertical reinforcement. ‘COLUMN DESIGN ‘This applies if the support configuratign requires columns. icing Columns should be round or rectangular, depending on the job's criteria or field's preference. Standardize column dimensions for each job as much as possible in order to simplify forming, Columa dimensions should be in even 2 inch increment. Reinforcing ‘Columns should be designed in accordance with ACI 318, latest revision. Size and reinforcement for both columns should normally be the same. Use dowels to transfer ‘column loads to footings. Minimum dowel projection should be that required for a tension splice according to ACI. For details of column design, refer to Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1212: Concrete Column Design. ‘Structural EngineeringFLUOR DANIEL Practice 670-215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Page 6 of 7 ee HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS FOOTING DESIGN Sizing Stability Ratio ‘Footing dimensions should be in even 2 inch increments. Minimum footing thickness should be 12 inches. The footing thickness should be checked for allowable tension tising no top steel, using the curves in Attachment 03 of Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1220: Vertical Vessel Foundations. ‘Normally, size for both footings should be the same, For thin footings with a large concentrated pier moment, the possibility of the moment increasing the punching shear should be considered similar to the way it would be for ‘labs in ACI 318, Section 11,12.2. Engineering judgment should be used in deciding when this might be applicable. iscuss with the Lead Engineer the availability of computer programs for the design of piers and tee foundations on soil and piles to assist in the design. Minimum stability ratio should be 1.5 for wind or scismic and 1.0 for dead load unless 4job specifications require greater stability. Normally, stability ratio is not checked in Toad cases involving thermal. ‘Compute soil bearing pressure for footing design and check against the maximum allowable, ‘Compute soil bearing pressure using the following formulae: “Toul footing area in compression (e < 2) : sp 2{i+(6¢)] “otal footing area notin compression (¢ 2 eect where = Eccentricity of vertical load due to horizontal Load ‘Side of footing perpendicular to direction of horizontal load = Side of footing parallel to direction of horizontal load ‘Total vertical load (Vessel weight, pier, footing, and soil) awe 0 = Area of footing Structural EngineeringFLUOR DANIEL Practice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Page 7 of 7 ee HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATIONS Reinforcing And Stresses REFERENCES ATTACHMENTS Ifeccentricity exists in 2 directions, soil bearing should be checked for maximum allowable with reference to Practice 670.215.1221: Heat Exchanger Foundations, ‘Attachment 05 (Soil Pressure For Bi-axial Loaded Footings). ‘Consider the critical sections for moment and shear taken with respect to the face of pier ‘or column. ‘Check moment at the face of pier or cohumn. ‘Check shear, as a measure of diagonal tension, atthe face of pier or column. If ‘excessive, check in accordance with ACT 318. Design for moment and shear on a unit strip assuming a simple cantilever from face of pier or column, ‘The resulting reinforcing steel should be placed continuously across the ‘entire footing, ‘The minimum amount of footing steel is #4 at 12 inches cle and is placed on bottom. If tensile stress in the upper face of the footing exceeds the allowable concrete stress, top ‘steel should be used, provided that itis not feasible to increase the footing thickness. If top reinforcing is required, a minimum of #4 at 12 inches /e will be used. Verify that the minimum amount of reinforcing complies with the latest ACI 318 Code. ACT (American Concrete Institute) 318-95 ‘UBC Waiform Building Code), 1994 Ed. Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria, Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1212: Concrete Column Design Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1215; Wind Load Calculations Structural Engineering Practice 670,215,1216: Earthquake Engineering ‘Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1221: Heat Exchanger Foundations ‘Attachment 01: Sample Design 1 - Horizontal Vessel Foundation ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Attachment 01 Page'1 of 11 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION NOTE® DIMENSIONS, REINFORCING UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE 2 “@.3'°6) 1-2" eo 19'-6" - ELEVATION *A-A* Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 ‘Attachment 01. Page 2 of 11 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1: HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION or 45 1z DESIGN DATA V, = Longitudinal force V, = Transverse force Concrete: f, = 3000 PSI Reinforcing :f, = 60 PSI Earth: Unit WT. = 100 PCF Allow. bearing = 4.0 KSF Gross @ 4 - 0" = 4.4 KSF Vessel Data: From vendor outline drawing: 4-1 DA ABS Operating Temp. S00°F Empty WT. = 98K Oper. WT. = 335K Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Attachment 01 Page 3 of 11 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION Test WT = 394K Insulation = 1° thick Saddle size = 11' - 8" X 10" wide X 3/4" thk. Note: Piping load is available and piping eccentric load (as specified in the procedures) is nat required. Loi nditior ‘Wind - 25 PSF (UBC) 1/3 increase - allowable stress, Test 1/5 increase in allowable stress Stability ratio req'd = 1.5 Load analysis Preliminary pier size A) Minimum pier length = 11" - 0° bel. bolts + 2(4") 4'-8" (4° = MIN. edge dist.) B) Stee! saddle length + 4"= 11"-8" + 4= 12'- 0" € Controls Slide Plate Calculation AT = el. 0.0362°FT @ 500°F (e = Carbon Stl. data) Distance between piers = 22 FT AT = 0.036222) = 0.796" say 0.80" Preliminary pier width, A) Minimum pier width = 10" B) Saddle width +4"= 14" € Controls ) Saddle width + 24, = 11.6" Try 12'- 0° long X 14" pier teral Lo: Wind Longitudinal Hy = 4 Transverse Hy = 9.1K Note: Wind load calculations not shown for brevity. See technical practice 670 215 1215 "Wind load calculations” for procedures. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 ‘Attachment 01 Page 4 of 11 FLUORDANIEL = SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION Seismic Longitudinal V, (Oper) = 38.5K Vv. Emply) = 11.3K Transverse V; (Oper) = 38.5K V, (Empty) Note: Seismic load calculations not shown far brevity, See technical practice 670 215 1216 “Earthquake Engineering" for procedures. 0 413K ‘Thermal Force 4) Calculate F, : Assume p= 0.08 (Operating load)(1/2) = 167.5K F, = 0,06(167.5K) = 10.1K 6s (Use low-friction Tefion on Teflon slide plates since 335/2 = 25K) 2) Calculate F, nen = DEM2 = (12(12)(149) / 12 = 32928 IN‘ A= PLISEL A= 0.40" E,= 3122 PS! 0.40 = P (6.5)(12)" / 3122.00 P= 250.9K ‘Smaller of F, or F, will be thermal force. ‘Thermal Force = 10.1K ral Force Di Longitudinal Calculation of lateral load @ sliding end. V,= Long force P = Vessel force on pier ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Attachment 01 PageS of 11 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION Pe, He = Reaction @ fixed end P,, H, = Reaction @ sliding end T = Couple force (vertical) Consider load combination: Oper. + Wind (Long.) Wind to left: T= 4.5(6.5) /22 = 1.32K P, = 167.5 + 1.32 = 168.8K H,=4.5/2= 225K H,= 225K F, = 0,08(166.2) = 9.97K It F, 2 V, /2 sliding does not occur. In this: case divide V, equally between the two piers. (This does not apply in seismic cases.) ‘Wind to right: P, = 166.2K P= 168.8K H,= 225K H,=2.25K F,= 0,08(166.2) = 9.97K Consider load combination: Operating + Thermal V,=10.1K Apply thermal force to both piers. P, = 167.5K P,= 167.5K H,= 10.1K He = 10.1K Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Attachment 01 Page 6 of 11 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1: HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION Consider load combination: Operating + Seismic (Long.) 8.5(6.5 / 22) = 114K V, = 38.5K Seismic to right: p= 167.5- 11.4 = 156.1K Py = 167.5 # 11.4= 178.9K H.=0 H, = 385K Fixed end pier resists full seismic load. Seismic to left P, = 178.9K P.= 150.1K He=0 H,= 985K Not all load combinations have been shown here, anly those considered critical. Engineer must consider all combinations. Lateral loads in transverse direction are divided equally to both piers. P. Pier Design F Vertical reinforcement Consider worst load combination - seismic case 6s H, = 385K P, = 178.9% By inspection P, = 178.9K is negligible and bending critical. ‘Moment at top of pier: Mugg = 38.5 (6.5) = 250.3 K/FT. 05D + 1.46 (ACI 9.2.2) Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Attachment 01 Page 7 of 11 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION My, = 1.4(250,3) = 350.4 K-FT (clr) (d,f2) d= 44-2" 112" b= 12-0" 1, = 9000 PSI {,=60KSI F = bd? / 12000 = 1.587 K, = My /F = 220.8, From PCA tables: a= 4.27 Ag = Ma! a,d = 7.13 IN? ‘Ag min = (200 /, bd = 5.47 IN? (aci 10.5) Reqd = 7.13/12! = 0.59 IN'/FT Use #6 @ 8" vert. ea. face (Ag= 0.66 IN?/ FT) Horizontal Design P am = 0.002(14)(12) = 0.336 IN'YET 0.336 / 188 INIFT each face Check Shear (ACI 11.3.1) H, = 38.5K Vy = 1.4(88.5) = 53.9K Vy = Vol D bd = (63.9)(107) / (0.85)((114)(11.5)) = 38.3 Bi6= 1.17 B=7-0" S.B. = (2P)/ Bal(b/2) - e) = 2(232.4) / (3)(13)((7! 2) - e) = 5.52 KEF a < 4.4(1.33) KSF Soil bearing less than allowable -.0.K. ransvet ‘Consider toad combination: Operating + Seismic € Controls Vi=98.5/2=19.3K Px 167.5+53.5=221.0K M= 19.3(14.5) = 279.9 K-FT e=MP=129' 1.8 2 OK, Stability ratio in transverse direction O.K. by inspection, Check Footing Shear ‘Consider load combination: Oper. + Seismic U= 1,050 41.46 P=178.9K M= (@)@8.5)= 308 KFT e = M,/P, = 1.4(808) /1.05(178.9) = 2.29>B/6= 1.17" S.B, = 2P/3a((B/2) - €) = 2(1.05)(178.9) / 3(13) ((7/2) - 2.28) 98 KSF 3C = 3(B/2-e) = 3.63" For simplicity, use shear at face of pier: S.B. @ pier face = 1.56 KSF Vy @ pier face = ((1.56 + 7.96) /2) (2.92) = 13.9 KFT @=0.85 baiz" clr dba dete 3" 1 = 14" 3c. ro Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Attachment 01 Page 10 of 11 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1: HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION vy=Vy /@ bd =97.3 PSI s 2/Pe= 110 PS! Note: Punching shear O.K. by inspection. Footing Bottom Reinforcement (Congitudinad M, @ face of pier = (1/2)(1.58)(2.92)" + 1/2(7.96 -1.66)(2.92)(2/9) 24.8 KFT F = be? / 12000 = (12)(14)?/ 12000 = 0.196 deta beiz K,= MJP = 126.5 From PCA tables: a= 4.7 Ag My [ad = 0.405 IN? /FT Min, Flexure = (200 / , )(bd) = 0.55 IN? ET 54 INE ET Controls (Transverse) Use min. #4 @ 12" Footing Top Rei er “Top footing tension is within the allowable concrete tensile stress using curves from attachment 3 of practice 670.215 1220 for base thickness required using no top steel, Therefore, top reinforcement is not required Slide Plate Desian Note: Side plate calculations not shown for brevily. See technical practice 670 215 1221 "Heat Exchanger Design” | for procedures. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1222 Publication Date 21May97 Attachment 01 Page 11 of 11 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION Anchor Bolt Design Note: Anchor bolt calculations not shown for brovity. See technical practice 670 215 1207 Anchor Bolt Design Criteria” for procedures. Note:: For both ease of construction and design use same pier and footing for both ends. Structural Engineering