Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Page 1 of 28 SFLUOR 1D ANTEL, | === DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS PURPOSE SCOPE APPLICATION GEOTECHNICAL CONSULTANT Report ‘This practice establishes guidelines and recommends procedures for design of drilled piiet foundations, A drilled pier is also referred to as a drilled shaft, belled pier, and underream foundation. his practice includes the following: ™ Feasible areas of application of drilled piers. = Minimum requirements from a Geotechnical Report and points out the important role of a Geotechnical Consultant. Suggested and recommended pier details. Methods for computing axial and lateral capacities of drilled piers. = Brief discussion of settlement, group efficiencies, special requirements in high seismic areas, and potential pier buckling. ‘© Sample computations. ‘Drilled piers should be used when recommended by the Geotechnical Consultant for a particular site or when they are the most economical of several alternatives allowed by the Geotechnical Consultant. The Lead Structural Engineer will decide when and in which areas drilled piers will be used for a specific Project. ‘The design of drilled piers is a very complex subject. Successful design of deep drilled piers requires close collaboration with the Geotechnical Consultant. ‘The Geotechnical Report should address or provide the following: Feasibility of using drilled piers. ‘© Suitability of soil for drilling and a subsurface sol profile. = Recommended methods of construction and a discussion on potential problems. ‘= Suitability for underreams and recommended bell to shait diameter ratios. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300€196 ‘Page 2 of 28 LOR DANTE, | GENERAL Advantages DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS = Suitable diameter of piers ‘© Suitable depths of straight piers and underreams. ™ Axial capacities, both compression and uplift, for suitable diameters and lengths. ‘These axial capacities should list separately end bearing and skin friction capacities ‘and factor of safety used. Estimated settlements for these capacities, spacing, and {group elficiency factors will be given. Group effects of adjacent foundations will be addressed. Methods to compute axial capacities will be given. Lateral capacities for different pier diameters, depths, and eccentricities such as ‘moments at top of shaft. Group effects can significantly reduce allowable lateral ‘capacity. The report will provide recommended spacing and group effect factors. "The soil lateral capacity will be given for a maximum allowable deflection of 0.25 inches at working loads at the top of pier. Deflection at ultimate soil resistance will ‘be greater. Recommendations for lateral load analysis using nonlinear computer program and Py curves if applicable. ‘= Modulus of lateral subgrade reaction, ky, = Soil modulus (E,), density (7), Poisson's ratio (p), 50 percent strain (@50), and ‘undrained shear strengths (C,) for clays. = Adhesion coefficient («.) for cohesive soils for computation of skin friction if + applicable. = Angle of internal friction for sand and pier (4) for cobesionless soil for computation of skin friction. = For cohesionless soils, uncorrected ficld values on standard penctration tests, N. Single piers may be used to suppor individual columns such as pipe racks, structures, and T supports, In seismic areas, UBC (Uniform Building Code) pier cap interconnection requirements wil be reviewed. A group of piers with a pier cap or grade beams may be used to support structures oF ‘vertical and horizontal vessels similar to driven piers. Drilled piers are economical since no forming and very litle excavation and backfill are required. Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Page 3 of 28 FLUO DANTE Disadvantages PIER DETAILS DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS ‘Drilled piers can be designed and constructed to support large axial and lateral Joads. The diameter can be large and the pier extended to great depths requiring fewer piers. Pier caps may be eliminated. ‘Drilled piers can carry large loads with minimal settlement. Larger diameter drilled piers allow direct inspection of bearing area and soil at ‘ase. Drilled piers eliminate much of the vibration and noise associated with pier driving affecting nearby existing installations. ‘Drilled piers can go through a boulder soil where driven piers might be deflected. ‘Boulders can be removed directly or broken with special tools and then removed, ‘using temporary casing, ‘Unsuitable soil may cave in during underream operation. ‘Bad weather conditions may make drilling and concreting difficult. ‘Need to dispose spoils from drilling, belling, and slurry operations. In ‘environmental sensitive areas, cost may be probibitive due to local regulations. Slurry method of construction in an existing plant area is messy and increases cleanup costs. For Jarge diameter piers in weak soils, there may be ground loss in the vicinity of the drilled hole if adequate precautions are not taken. Drilled piers in groups require special sequencing for drilling and concreting and may result in additional costs. Successful completion depends on drilling operator skills. ‘Because of their larger diameters, spacing will generally be greater than for driven piers resulting in larger pier caps when used in groups. ‘Shaft diameters will be sized to agree with equipment available to the Drilling, Contractors in the vicinity of the jobsite that are ikely to be doing the work. Ona specific site, the number of different shaft diameters will be reduced to a ‘minimum to speed construction, ‘Bells will be sized in 6 inch increments, The bell to shaft diameter ratio will be a maximum of 3. Quite often soil conditions will restrict this ratio to 2 ‘Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300c196 Page 4 of 28 RAE ————_—— LOADING Statie DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS = ‘The minimum toe height of the bell will be 6 inches. According to ACI (American Concrete Institute) 336.3R - 72, for shafis larger than 30 inches, the minimum slope of the side of the bell will be 55 degrees. {Use ofthis criteria requires a 60 series underreamer. A 60 series underreamer for shafts larger than 30 inches does not ft on a rig without jacking and is not preferred by contractors. Also, the time required to form a 60 degree bell is longer, therefore, the cost is increased, Use of 45 degree bel slope is permitted provided concrete stress in unreinforced bell is less than allowable for plain concrete and provided the ‘sl can stand the flatter slope without caving. Use of 45 degree slopes requires ‘approval by the Lead Structural Engineer. Details of stresses in plain underreams are found in Plain Concrete Underream for Drilled Shatts, by JS. Farr, LC. Reese, ‘ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) Structural Journal, June 1980, Minimum vertical reinforcement in shafts is 0.005 times the gross area. ‘The reinforcement will preferably extend full length ofthe shaft, For very deep shafts ‘without tension, reinforcement may not be necessary for lower section. Minimum clear distance of vertical reinforcement will be 3 inches Minimum cover to vertical reinforcement is 3 inches and 4 inches in cased! piers ‘where casing is to be withdrawn. = Atpier caps, the shaft will extend a minimum of 4 inches into the cap. The shaft is ‘considered free headed for this condition. = Pipe cap edge distance from the shaft will be at least 6 inches. = Forhigh seismic areas (Zones 3 and 4), the upper part of shaft and the cap will be subjected to high moments and shear. The reinforcement splices at this interface and the cap reinforcement require special spiral and hoop reinforcement, For additional details, refer tothe latest ACI code. Drilled piers will be designed for axial and lateral loads, including group effects. “The design procedure presented herein is for static oading and repeated loading, Live and wind loads are usually considered as static equivalents in analysis. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Page 5 of 28 FLOOR DANTE == DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS In high seismic areas, cyclic loading has a severe effect on soil behavior. In particular, the lateral capacity could be drastically reduced. ‘The lateral subgrade modulus could be reduced to 30 percent of te initial value. Cyclic load combined with group action may reduce the initial lateral subgrade modulus to 10 percent ofits value, Close collaboration with the Geotechnical Engineer is required in high seismic areas. Field tests may also be required. COMPUTER DESIGN Soil pier interaction is nonlinear and semi-empirical. For sites with high wind speeds or high seismic areas, some structures may require use of very deep drilled piers. These structures may require use of nonlinear computer programs. Use of computer programs, although easy to use, should be with close collaboration with the Geotechnical Engineer. ‘The Lead Structural Engineer will decide which structures require detailed computer analysis. (Note!!! A thorough understanding of the computer programs and method used is ‘essential, The Geotechnical Engineer should provide all the necessary data and review results in some cases, NOTATIONS A Base area, 4 Bell or underream diameter. Cohesive soils - cohesion determined from undrained triaxial, direct shear, or vane tests (This is also called unconfined compressive strength or undrained shear strength). p 5 ‘Cohesion at depth z. Cohesion 1 to 2 bell diameter below base, e Pier or shaft diameter. py ‘Modulus of elasticity of pier material s ‘Modulus of elasticity of sol, ‘Reduction factor for bearing resistance for large bells. * + ‘Moment of inertia of pier section. x, Cohesionless soils - rankine coeticient of passive lateral earth pressure, Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Page 6 of 28 FLUOR DANTE, DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS re Qn ‘Embedment depth such as from grade to bottom of pier or bell “Unfactored moment capacity of pier section. ‘This should be obtained from ultimate pier section capacity. ‘Unfactored maximum negative moment in a short fixed headed pcr. Unfactored maximum positive moment ina short or intermediate fixed headed pier. CCobesionless soil - standard penctration number. ‘Actual lateral load at top of pier. ‘Ultimate lateral load at top of pier at which soil failure occurs. This is ultimate soil resistance, It isnot ultimate load for concrete design. Allowable (service load) lateral load at top of pier. ‘Untimate soil compression capacity in base resistance. ‘Ultimate soil side or skin resistance (friction). ‘Ultimate soil compression capacity of drilled pier foundation, This is total of side and base resistance, ‘Ultimate soil tension capacity of drilled pier foundation. This isa tol of side and base resistance ‘Ultimate bell pull out capacity. Cohesive soils - shape factor for end bearing, ‘Weight of concrete and soil above bel Deflection at grade at allowable or actual applied load, ‘Used in computation of base resistance reduction due to large bell diameter. ‘Used in computation of base resistance reduction due to large bell diameter. Cohesive soil - depth factor for end bearing. Lateral load eccentricity (Refer to Attachment 04), ‘Ultimate load transfer in skin friction at depth z. Cohesive soils - modulus of subgrade reaction, Structural Engineering‘Practice 670 235 1231 ee Publication Date 300196 Page 7 of 28 LUOR DANTE, == DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS ky Cobesionless soils - coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction. Cohesionkss soil -coefiient of lateral subgrade reaction for a Yong pier witha width of unity at a depth of unity. This coefficient is independent of pir length and stiffness. It ‘depends on soil relative density and ground water table. ’ Surcharge such as sil density times depth. a ‘Ultimate soil end bearing sess. ue ‘Reduced ultimate soil end bearing stress. This reduction is due to large bell diameter. t Depth below ground surface. . Cohesive soil - for Alpha method of skin fistion, this is an empirical factor that varies ‘with depth. Refer to Attachment 14. B Cohesive soil - a parameter to compute dimensionless length ‘Cohesionless soil - a factor in computation of side resistance using Beta method, ~ Y Soil density, $ Soil angle of internal friction, a CCohesionless sil -a parameter to compute dimensionless length, cm Cohesionless soil - vertical effective stress at depth z, (This is soil density times depth). » Poisson's ratio of soil 250 50 percent strain of sol AXIAL COMPRESSION LOAD * Allowable axial compression load strongly depends on allowable settlements ‘= Short term settlements should be restricted to 1 inch. For some piping systems, it may be necessary to restrict short term settlement to 1/2 of an inch. Methods presented here are based on computation of ultimate soil resistance and application of safety factors. For good, dependable soil data, the factor of safety will ‘be 2.5 to 3 for compression load, Structural EngineeringFLUOR DANIEL ‘Practice 670 218 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Page 8 of 28 a DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS Cohesive Soils (Clay) Side Resistance (Skin Friction) ‘© The gencral cquation for computing the ultimate compression capacity ofa drilled pier is: Qre= Os* Os where Qze = Ultimate compression capacity of drilled pier foundation. @, = Ultimate capacity of the base resistance. ©, = Ultimate capacity in side or skin resistance. 1 For short rigid piers, a substantial portion ofthe load willbe resisted at base. For intermediate and long piers, a substantial portion of load will be resisted by skin frotion or side resistance. Usually, ata relatively small downward movement, the full ski friction resistance is mobilized. For piers in clays, a vertical movement on the order of 0.25 inches will mobilize full skin resistance. In sands, vertical ‘movernent on the order of 0.4 inches will mobilize full skin resistance. = ‘The amount of displacement necessary to mobilize full base resistance is a function of the base diameter and is on the order of 10 percent of the base diameter. Settlements may be 100 excessive for development of full base resistance, © For skin friction resistance, the Alpha («) method is used below. fe 2 Cu S55kSE where Je =. Ubimate load transfer in skin friction at depth z, ks ‘, = Undrained shear strength at depth Z, ksf a = Empirical factor that varies with depth Refer to Attachment 14. Q, = fj ted where dA = Differential area of the perimeter, square fect, L = Embedment depth below ground surface, feet. Structural Engineering aayPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Page 9 of 28 FLOR DANTE, === DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS, Base Resistance (End Bearing) For lateral deflections greater than 0.2 inches, the skin friction down to the point of 2er0 deflection is neglected. ™ Forend bearing resistance, the general bearing capacity equation is used here. qo = 5.14Cw Sede +4 where q = Ultimate sol end bearing stress, ksf Ca = Average undrained shear strength 1 to 2 bell diameters below basc, hsp. ‘Shape factor = 1.2 for circular base, d, = Depth factor = 1+ 0.21/B,; but not greater than 1.5. L = Embedment depth of pier, feet. B, = Bell diameter, fect, q = Total unit surcharge (Soil density x), kf. © Fora pier at east 2.5 bell diameters below grade and using net capacities (weight of drilled pier not considered as load). % = 9CyS80kxf = gq, will be reduced when the base diameter B, is greater than 75 inches to reduce ‘excessive short term settlements. Reduced 9,, =F, qy where Fr 25 0 [aotiow] = a = 90071 +0021 (4B) a<00is b= 04s {Cx ossbs15 Note!!! Above reduction equation is from tests in very stiff clays, soft clay shales, and restricts q, 10a settlement of 2.5 inches, [fend bearing constitutes more than 50 pervent of design Ioad, a minimum factor of safety of 2.5 will be used to restrict settlements at allowable loads to 1 inch. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Page 10 of 28 OR DAL 8 ok timate axial load = (1.08)40 + 1.275(85) = 66.6 K B) Shear At Pup = 23.2 K, Maximum shear in pile = 4.5C,Da = 4.5(2.4)(2)(4.46) = 96.3 K Maximum shear is in the shaft and not bell (g = 4.48 FT) For actual P = 5.0K, shear = (6 / 11.6)(96.3) = 41.5 K Vyq = 1.275(41.5) = 52.9 K For 24” @ pile, equivalent square = 21.27 IN by 21.27 IN d= 18.27 IN v= @@ Jf ) bd =36.2K V,# 52.9- 98.2 = 16.73 K S=Afyd /V, = 2(0.11)(60)18.27 116.73 K= 14.41 IN Uso #3 ties @ 121N Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 19 Page 6 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 4: SHORT BELLED PIER IN CLAY pcaco.®® Interaction Diagran 24.0 inch dian. 0.78% reinf. Stress Profile Parabolic Fy = 3.0 ksi E, = 9922 ksi Fy - 60 ksi y E, = 29000 ksi Reinforcement: ‘Aso: #8 ACI 318-89 Age 3.82 in? Reduction: phi c= 0.70 ‘Tied ‘c0-3.00 in ‘phi b=0.90, Spacing = 5.85 in 30.80 1, = 16286 int 003 infin X =0.00in 1, = 16286 int ¥ = 0.00 in ‘Slendemess not considered x-axis, ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Page 11 of 28 OA ———— DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS AXIAL TENSION LOAD ‘Ultimate end bearing stress, q,, is a function of the uncorrected field values on standard penetration tests, N. ror erent eda clement osne7s 4 = 1aNhy. nets = SOs q, Will be reduced when the base diameter, B,, is greater than 50 inches. reine, = 7Ske OQ, = Ard vier ye Base, sqrt B, = Bell diameter, feet Note!!! A minimam factor of sfery of 2.5 will be used to restrict settlement to Linch. For axial tension load or uplift, field test results are limited, A higher factor of safety wil be used ‘The general equation for computing the ultimate tension capacity of drilled pier is as follows: Qn = D+ On * He where Qn = Ultimate tension capacity of drilled pier foundation. Q, = Ultimate capacity in side or skin resistance, Qren =~ Untimate bell pullout resistance We = Weight of concrete (shaft and bell) and soil above bell. Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Page 12 of 28 VOR DANTE, DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS Straight Pier Belled Pier Foundation LATERAL LOAD General = Toobtain service load allowable, a global factor of safety of 3 to 4 will be applied. Alternatively individual factors of safety could be used. 4 3105. 15. = Safety factor skin resistance = Safety factor bell pullout = Safety factor weight of pier = The ultimate capacity is computed from skin resistance and weight of pier. The ‘computation of skin resistance is the same as for compressive loading. One commonly used method is the assumption of a vertical fictitious cylinder of soil of bell diameter B, above the bell and then computing skin (frictional) resistance along this surface. The computation of skin resistance is same as for compressive loading, By this method, Qn = Osx Het Fem where Quy = Ultimate capacity in friction or skin resistance using bell diameter B, along entire cylinder length. W, = Weight of soll within the assumed fictitious cylinder. Way = Weight of concrete. = A minimum factor of 3 will be used with no increase in allowable for transient Toads. ‘Axial resistance due to skin friction must neglect any skin friction for the depth of frost. Frost causes jacking forces on piers. The minimum depth to prevent this must be 2- 1/2 times the frost depth. “The analysis of laterally loaded picrs is a complicated soil structure interaction problem. Closed form solutions to predict deflection and reaction are available. “However, these solutions assume a linear elastic soil response which may result in crroncous results, In order to correcily model the soil response, a nonlinear load transfer method is required, One such method is the P-y curve method. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Page 13 of 28 WILUOR DATEL, === DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS Broms Method (Hand Calculations) P-y Curve Method (Nonlinear Computerized Calculations) Pier behavior (Attachment 04) under lateral load is governed by the flexural stifiness of the pier relative tothe stiffness ofthe soil surrounding the upper portion of the pier. A stiff or a short pier, rotates as a rigid element around a fixed point below grade, Failure fora stiff or short pier occurs when the ultimate passive resistance of sail is exceeded, Fora flexible or long pier, the flexural capacity of the pier is the limiting criteria, Failure fora long pier occurs when the bending ‘moment in the pier is equal to the moment capacity of pier, The full passive resistance in the soil along the entire length of pier is not developed for long piers. "The lateral capacity ofa pier also depends on the fixity atthe top ofthe pier. “At working load levels, bells, or underreams have no influence on allowable lateral ‘capacity. At ultimate soil resistance, bells have a marginal and insignificant effect ‘on lateral resistance. ‘Computation of pier lateral capacity is based on ultimate soil resistance with a ‘factor of safety applied for allowable loads. The minimum factor of safety is 2 ‘Also, a limiting factor in computation of lateral capacity isthe pier deflection at ‘grade. This should be limited to 0.25 inches at working loads. (Higher values will reduce axial skin friction capacity). ‘This is a simple but comprehensive method for computing the lateral capacity of piers by hand, This method uses the Linear theory of subgrade reaction and gives an ‘approximate solution that is good for substantial portion of drilled piers designed at Fluor Daniel. The method uses ultimate soil resistance and application ofa factor of safety, The results are comparable to nonlinear computerized solution at loads of ‘one-third to one-half of the ultimate soil resistance. At these londs, deflections at the ground line are small and the linear theory of subgrade reaction (P = ky) is valid, ‘This method characterizes pier behavior as short or long and failure modes depends on pier head fixity according to Attachment 04. “The P-y curve is a mathematical representation of the soil reaction versus pier deflection. Soil reaction is a function of pier deflection and pier deflection depends on soil reaction, Therefore, the solution involves equations of equilibrium and compatibility that need to be satisfied. This solution is difficult to solve by hand and requires use of computer programs. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 ‘Publication Date 300ct96 Page 14 of 28 OA ——_———— DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS Attachment 13 shows a model of laterally loaded deep pier. Soil is replaced by a ‘serics of mechanisms that models soil response. Soil response, P, isa function of lateral deflection, y and depth, x. Py curves for soil will be obtained from the Geotechnical Report. From ‘experimental results and theory, P-y curves, both for static and cyclic loading are available for the following situations: = Soft Clay Below Water (Matlock, 1970). = Stiff Clay Below Water (Reese, 1973). + Stiff Clay above Water Table (Welch and Rees, 1972) = Sand (Cox, 1974). = Unified Criteria for Clay (Sullivan, 1979). The Geotechnical Report should clarify ifthe above P-y curves are applicable, = The P-y method will be used for structures carrying significant loads. The Lead Structural Engineer will decide the structures that require detailed lateral load ‘analysis, Close collaboration with the Geotechnical Consultant is very essential. ‘Computer programs allow investigation of the influence of a large number of parameters such as loading, geometry, pier penetration, soil properties, pier/superstricture interaction, and buckling with minimum difficulty. LATERAL LOAD ‘DESIGN USING BROMS METHOD ‘Limitations This method assumes a uniform soil profile. ‘= This method uses the linear theory of subgrade reaction and is applicable to isolated piers such as 6 to 8 pier diameter spacing. This method will be used on existing sites where previous Geotechnical Reports have not adequately addressed allowable lateral load capacity = ‘This method will be used with close collaboration with the Geotechnical Consultant, ‘The required parameters will be obtained from the Geotechnical Report. This method does not give shear, moments, and deflections along the pier length at allowable loads. ‘The method uses the concep of ultimate soi resistance at fallure and an application of factor of safety to obtain allowable lateral load. Concrete design ison the conservative side. For additional discussion, refer to sample computations. ‘Structural Engineering.Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Page 15 of 28 TFEYOR DANE, DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS Cohesive Soils (Clays) General * Broms assumes soil and pier as elastic materials and the formulation is based on result from saturated cobesive clay that are over consolidated. The method ‘assumes ultimate soil resistance as 9 times the undrained soil shear strength (C,) times the pier diameter (D) such as 9 C.D, regardless of depth. Soil resistance at top 1.5 pier diameters is neglected. (Refer to Attachment 05). ‘The ultimate shear strength of fissured clays is less than 9 C,; hence, this procedure may lead to slightly unconservative answers for such soils. ‘The behavior of pier depends on the dimensionless length BZ: o- ey” ‘Modulus of subgrade reaction for cohesive soil Ibs/eubic inch. Pier diameter, inch, ‘Pier modulus of elasticity, Ibs/square inch. ier moments of inertia, inch’ Pier embedment length, inch. boo e = Terzaghi’s recommendations for k are as follows: SESE nearer Peeves seeee Reece eter ‘Uncongined Compressive Strength k Eee see Cee Cee eS reece eeeeeeeeee cece Tons/Square Feet) _—_(Tons/Cubic Feet) (Los/Cubic Inch) ESHEETS eee eee 12 8 87 24 150 173 >A 300 347 oo = For Free Headed Piers: = Short If BL <1.5 (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 2) = Long If BL > 2.5 (Refer to Attachment 0S, Figure 3) ~ Transition between BL 1.5 102.5. ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Page 16 of 28 ll DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS = For Fixed Headed Piers: = Short If BL <0.5 (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 4) = Intermediate 0.5 < BL < 1.5 (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 5) = Long IEPL> 1.5 (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 6) = The capacity of short pier depends on soil shear strength, whereas capacity af long pier depends on ultimate concrete capacity of pier section Pier behavior is governed by soil properties at the top. Average values at the top ‘will be used. Free Headed Refer to Attachments 5, Figure 2 (short) and Figure 3 (long). = Short Pier For a short pier (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 2) failure takes place when the pier rotates and ultimate soil resistance has developed along entire pier length. Point of maximum moment and zero shear is at distance (1.5D + f) below grade. From statis: = Pur f * 3¢.5 Mug = Par(e*1SD+05) Muy =! 2.25CDe Lo= sD+feg Substituting will produce a quadratic equation in Pyy, which can be solved. Alternatively, Attachment 06 could be used. A factor of ‘safety will be applied to chiain allowable P ‘The lateral deflection at ground Line is as follows: apsi(i+13$) ee ‘DL “Alternatively, Attachment 08 could be used. . | = Long Pier ‘Struetural Engineering hPractice 670 215 1231 ion Date 300196 Page 17 of 28 SFLUOR DANTE, | = DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS For a long pier (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 3), failure occurs with the formation of a plastic hinge in the pier (material failure) at a depth of (1.5D +) ‘below ground surface. From statics: +15 +05), Fg : ‘Moment capacity of pier section, unfacrored. Substituting will produce a quadratic equation in P,,, which can be solved. ‘Abiematively, Attachment 07 could be used. A factor of safety will be applied to obtain allowable P, ‘The lateral deflection at ground line is as follows: 2P.B (CB +1) D ‘Alternatively, Attachinent 08 could be used. Not For 15 < PL <2.5, compute Pyar as ifit were a short pier. Then compute ‘maximUm MOMES, Mugg, If this exceeds pier moment capacity, then use lng pier equations. Fixed Headed = Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 4 (Short), ong) = Short Pier igure 5 (Intermediate), and Figure 6 For a short pier (Attachment 05, Figure 4), failure takes place when the pier moves horizontally and ultimate soil resistance is developed along entire pier length (Exoept top 1.5 pier diameters). rom statics: Pur = 9CD(@-15D) “The maximum moment corurs atthe top and willbe less than moment capaity of pier section. Moy = Prge(O5L+0.7D) Mun ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 ‘Publication Date 300c196 Page 18 of 28 Rae, —_—_————— DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS where My, = Moment capacity of pier section, untactored ‘A factor of safety will be applied to obtain allowabie P,, ‘The lateral deflection at ground line is 2s follows: or kDL % ‘Alternatively, Attachment 08 could be used, = Intermediate Pier For an intermediate pier (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 5), failure takes place with the formation ofa plastic hinge atthe top (material failure) allowing the pier 0 rotate. From statics: Pur tS * 90d Mya Pupp (15D + 0.59 = Moos Muy = 225C,Dg" Los 1sD+f+g ‘Substituting will produce a quadratic equation in P,,, which can be solved. A factor of safety will be applied to obtain allowable P,, ‘The lateral deflection at ground line, can be obtained from Attachment 08. = Long Pier For a long pier (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 6), failure occurs with the formation of a plastic hinge at the maximum negative moment (top of picr) and another hinge at the maximum positive moment located at a distance (1.5D ++) below grade, This mode of failure is material failure of pier section, From sates: Pur f° 905 Mou Par qa +05) Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Page 19 of 28 LUOR DANTEL, | = DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS Cohesiontess Soils, (Sands) General where Mz, Moment capacity of pier section, unfactored, Substituting will produce a quadratic equation in Pygr Which can be solved. ‘Alternatively, Attachment 07 could be used. A factor of safety will be applied to obtain allowable P,. ‘The lateral deflection at ground line is as follows: PaB mS ‘Alternatively, Attachment 08 could be used. ‘The method is based on the assumption that the lateral modulus of subgrade reaction increases linearly with depth and decreases linearly with width (%—1,2D). Also the ultimate soll lateral resistance is equal to 3 times the passive rankine carth pressure. ‘The assumed distribution of lateral earth pressure at failure is shown on ‘Attachment 09. ‘The ultimate soil reaction, Q, per unit length of pier is: Q = 372K, * where D = Diameter of pier. y= Unit weight of soil z = Depth below ground surface. Ls sing K, = Rankine coefficient of passive earth pressure Sin g Soil angle of internal friction. Behavior of pier depends on the dimensionless length oa aie 2) ale Structural EngineeringPractice 670 245 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Page 20 of 28 VOR DANE | ———_—_—— DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS my = Coefficient of lateral subgrade reaction for a long pier with a width of unity ‘ata depth of unity, lbs/cubic inch. ‘Pier moment of inertia, inch’ Pier modulus of elasticity, Ibs/square inch. Coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, Ibs/cubic inch. Pier embedment length, inch. = Terzaghi's recommendation for m, are: age SeEELEELELH LL S3egbEgEELE LUCE ESE LECLESeS eee Sand Relative Density 1, (Tons/cubic feet), (Tonsicubic feet) ‘Above Ground Below Ground Water Table ‘Water Table ee Loose, 4 30 56 4 Eevee eee = Piers are classified as: Short If AL <2.0 Attachment 09, Figure 2, Figure + = Long If AL>4.0 Attachment 09, Figure 5, Figure 6 Between XZ 2.0 and 4.0, pier behavior is transition for Free Headed and Intermediate for Fixed Headed. (Refer to Attachment 09, Figure 5) = The capacity of short pier depends on soil properties whereas capacity of long pier depends on ultimate concrete capacity of pier section = Pier behavior is governed by soil properties near the top. Average properties at 3 10 5 pier diameters from top will be used. Free Headed Referto Attachment 09, Figure 2 (Short) and Figure 3 (Long). = Short Pier ‘Fora short pier (Attachment 09, Figure 2), failure takes place when the piet rotates ‘and ultimate soil resistance has developed along entire pier length. Point of maximum moment and zero shear is ata distance /below grade. ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Page 24 of 28 FLUOR DANIEL DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS From statis: Pa, = DEK ar Fe+L) y= ose(Bar)” £ = Par ©) ~Pors ae ‘The above equations can be used for computing Py, and a factor of safety will be tocblain allowable P,, Alternatively, Arachment 10 could be used. rae (1138 Ta Y= Alternatively, Attachment 12 could be used. = Long Pier For a long pier (Attachment 09, Figure 3), failure occurs with the formation of a plastic hinge in the pier (material failure) at a depth f below grade. From sais « one( tg)" y= ome (BEE Pur = errr where Mz, = Moment capacity of pier section unfactored, Substinuting will produce a quadratic equation in Py, which can be solved, ‘Alternatively Attachment 11 could be used. A factor of safety will be applied 10 obtain allowable P,, ‘The lateral deflection at ground line: ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 ‘Page 22 of 28 FLOR DANE ——_—_—————— DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS ‘Alternatively, Attachment 12 could be used. Note!!! For 2.0 Structural Engineering+ Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 08 Page 1of 1 FLUOR DANIEL (COHESIVE SOIL-LATERAL DEFLECTION AT GROUND SURFACE (After Broms (1964)} DIMENSIONLESS LATERAL DEFLECTION, Y .KDL/P DIMENSIONLESS LEN@TH, 6b Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Attachment 09 Page 1 of 3 FLUOR DANIEL DEFLECTION, SOI REACTION AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR PILES IN COKESIONLESS SOILS {After Broms(1964)} Figure i: Assuned Distribution of Soi Reactions i Cohesionless. Soil LATERAL LOAD, P TT, o> mErLecTiONs e) ISTRISUTION OF SOIL REACTIONS Figure @ Short Free-Headed Pile aD7L a) DEFLECTIONS (b> SOIL REACTION ce) SHEAR GG) BENDING NovenT ‘Structural Engineering‘Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 09 Page 2 of 3 FLUOR DANIEL ‘DEFLECTION, SOIL REACTION AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR PILES IN COHESIONLESS SOILS Figure 3: Long Free-Headed Pile PLASTIC HINGE (o) DEFLECTION ¢b) SOIL REACTION <<) BENDING MOMENT Figure 4: Short Fixed-Headed Pile (0) DEFLECTION (b> SOIL REACTION — oF THe BELL (F SOR FrICHON BENG USED). ° AL OTHER PONS ALONE THE SES OF THE OMLED PIER ass 80 "THe OEPTH OF § FEET MAY NEED ADJUSTMENT IF 7 INSTALLED IN EXPANSNE CLAY, OR IF THE DEFLECTION FROM LATERAL LOADING, OR I 3 FEET. DRILLED PIER IS (5 SUBSTANTAL GROUNDLINE "We FROST OEPTH EXCEEDS Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Attachment $5 Page 1 of 1 FLUOR DANIEL (CRANE MOUNTED DRILLING UNIT © eae TOOL FOR UNDERREAM Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 16 Page 1 of7 SAMPLE DESIGN 1 ; STRAIGHT PILE IN A COHESIVE SOIL a Grade Beam 3-0" \ 2 column & Pier PLAN ‘Anchor EE \ 48-0" 3" clr | LL Ne ro FL 13 il A i Ld ELEVATION A hee #3 circular tie co 12 # B's Vertical Bolts (within grade beam) Grade Beam Reinforcement not shown for clarity N 3'-0" diameter pier Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 16 Page2 of 7 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STRAIGHT PILE IN A COHESIVE SOIL DESIGNDATA Foundation for a finishing bullding. Use straight dried piers with grade beams. Drilled pier spacing is about 10 feet Loads: UNORAINED SHEAR STRENGTH (TSF) 05 40 «15 20 25 Py compression = 280 K (unfactored) ° Py tension = 180 K (unfactored) 20 Wind shear = 50 K & Note: Axial includes wind toads z* Wind axial force Is + 200 K B in Y= 110PCr ‘Axial Compression WATER TABLE =-5 Design for a factor of safety 2.5 Group effects will reduce capacity - use efficiency of 0.7 SOIL PROPERTIES .. Design load for soil resistance = (280)(2.5) /0.7 = 1000.0 K ‘Try 3 FT diameter pile to a depth of 50 FT (Compute side resistance =f fs aA L aA Cu, a rc —m (SQFT) (KSF) ” o-5 (2.67)()r= 25.2 2.16 Oo oO 5-30 3.16 0.55 409.6 30-47 4 0.5 3624 47-50 4 0 0 a=" 762K (©) Compute base resistance G, (one diameter below base) = 4.0 KSF dg=1+02LID=1+0,2(60/3)=4.33>1.5 Use 15 q=9C, (Maximum, note depth factor d, = 1.5) ’ = 9(4) = 36 KSF ‘Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 16 Page 3 of 7 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STRAIGHT PILE IN A COHESIVE SOUL Avex (1.582 7.07 FT? Q, = 36(7.07) = 254.5K Gy, = O, + Oy = 762 + 254.5 = 1016.5K > 1000.0K 3 FT DIA pile, 50 FT embedment, O.K. for compression Axial Tension Side resistance, Q, = 762K (See axial compression calculations) ‘Weight of pile, W, = (6)(7.07)(0.15) + (45)(7.07)(0.08) = 33.9K = 762 + 33.9 = 795.9K Total ultimate soil Resistance, Q,, Using global factor of safety Of 3, Quenanemin = 795.9 3 = 265.3K Using individual factor of safety, Quemsasin = (762 / 4) + (33.9 /1.5) = 213.1K Qyunana vn = 213.1 > 160.0K Pp ‘3 FT DIA pile, 50 FT embedment, O.K. for tension EE eer ae Lateral Load ‘The pile is analyzed as fixed headed. ay 400 The grade beam provides fixity at top of pier. so" ‘Compute GL. For G, 1-2 TONS, k= 87 LBS/CU IN or Fort," = 3000, E = 3,122,000 LBS/IN? es eeeeees Lee eevee 1s pf = p(t8)'/4 = 82448 IN‘ 876) FGiz2000)¢8244 e-0or4ey-[ = 0.007427 BL = 0.007427(48)(12) = 4.28 > 1.5, Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 16 Page 4 of 7 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STRAIGHT PILE IN A COHESIVE SOIL Long pite “The behavior of a tong pile is govemed by the pile section capacity. Use ACI column curves to determine pile section capacity. Altematively, PCA COL (or similar computer program) can be used. DEAD WIND For ultimate axial compression= 1.05(60) + —(1.275)(200) = 339K ‘Allowable ultimate moment capacity = 650 K- FT For unfactored load, section My, = 650 / 1.275 = 510K - FT Use an average undrained shear strength at top = (2)(1.33) = 2.67 KSF For long piles, Puy = Biase = - 2510) _ = 1020 TED+0.5F ~ THOS 4,540.5 £5 Py / BCD = Py! 92.6793 = Pyar! 724 “The above equations will result in a quadratic equation. 36.05? + 324.451 - 1020= = f= 2467FT Pigg = 177.88K In lieu of solving the above quadratic equation, curves in attachment 7 could be used. M,/CD°=510/2.67(8)°= 7.07 FROMAM.7 => Pur/C,D*=7 Paar = 168K Note: The curves are on a log-log scale and will give a solution that is close enough, ‘The quadratic equation solution is accurate. ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300c196 ‘Attachment 16 Page S of 7 ‘FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STRAIGHT PILE IN A COHESIVE SOIL Piar= 177.89 Kis the ultimate soil lateral resistance developed at which the pile section material reaches its maximum capacity. The maximum available soil resistance is restricted by plle section material capacity. From statics, the load at which soil failure will occur is Py.x = 177.89 K. ‘The actual allowable lateral toad (P,) requires application of a factor of safety and reduction for group effects. Prranse = P, = Pyar / Factor of safety = 177.89 / 2 = 88.95 K “THIS Panmane &S for an isolated pile at 6 to & pile diameter spacing. For the pile configuration in this example, the group efficiency factor in the longitudinal direction (same as grade beam) is 0.62. Prrouse = 0:62(88.95) = 55.15 K> 50 K (actual) ‘The deflection at grade is (Use formula or Figure 8) '50(4000)(0.007427) <4" aTNT2) 0.12 IN < 1/4" allowed ‘3 FT DIA pile, 50 FT embedment, O.K. for lateral load Concrete Design ‘Shear - maximum shear occurs at top of pile. Vue = 1.275(60) = 63.75 K Equivalent square = /7(18)(18) = 31.90 IN For b= 31.90" d= 27.90" V,= 6 2,/ bd = 0.85(109.5)(81.9)(27.9) / 1000 = 82.85> 63.75K Use #3 ties at maximum spacing of 16° Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 16 Page 6 of 7 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STRAIGHT PILE IN A COHESIVE SOIL Concrete Design - Pile Section Capacity PCA COL or equivalent computer program can be used for pile section capacity. ACI column curves could also be used. PeacoLl’” Interaction Diagram 36.0 inch dian. 99% reing. fini ave Stress Profile Parabolic vor f= 3.0 ksi E, = 9922 ksi Fy = 60 ksi E, = 29000 ksi Reinforcement: Also: 1288 ACI 318-89 A= 9.48 in? Tied cc=4.00 in Spacing = 5.99 in 1, = 62448 int 8, = 0.003 infin z ‘Slendemess not considered x-axis Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢t96 Attachment 16 Page 7 of 7 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STRAIGHT PILE IN A COHESIVE SOIL Concrete Design and Broms Method ‘Analysis by Broms method requires equilibrium at ultimate soil resistance (failure) and then application of a factor of ‘safety to obtain allowable loads. This method does not have equations for maximum shear and moments in the pile at allowable or other lateral loads. Soil-pile interaction is highly non-linear, To obtain moments and shear for a given applied load requires use of a non-linear computer program. AUPyr=177.89K => My = S10K- FT. ‘The moments in the pile at P, = 68.95 K of Pyaai = 50.0 K is less than pile capacity. This does not mean reduction in reinforcement since pile section capacity determines Pyer. ‘Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 17 Page 1 0f9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2: BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOIL PROFILE _— Anchor Bolts (above construction joint) Top of Pier EL 101-0" Grade EL 100'-0" Construction joint (Note 2) 10#8s—~ Use strippable forms such as “Sonotube" for second pour. (The diameter of this section may be larger than the pile diameter for construction tolerances) 8 z 91-0" diameter pier = A A : F : & ama 2 vine ea 4" clr 6 #3 circular tie es aA 10 # B's Vertical x eal -A EL 68:0" ny AA Bottom of bell of 8:0" (Note 4 ' ELEVATION Notes: 4. Bells are difficult to form at this depth. Verify with soils consultant and drilling contractor for bell formabilty. 2. Construction joint elevation is between 2'-0" to 3 development length shall be considered. below grade. Vertical bar ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 17 Page2 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOIL PROFILE DESIGN DATA {silo structure is supported on drilled pier foundation. The columns are spaced at 10 FT. Belled drilled piers are placed on firm cohesive soil at a depth of 32 FT. LUNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH (TSF) Water table is 6 FT below grade aie. 20 i Soll Profile cyst CLAY 0-13 FT Clay C,= 1.7 TONFT? aus a 43-18FT Sand N=19 eae Bw 48-22FT Sand N=22 7 22-50FT Clay C,= 2.2 TON/FT* Bo Soll Density aa o Yom = 110PCF 47 PCF (submerged) ‘SOIL PROPERTIES: Yas 2115 PCF 52 PCF (submerged) SOIL. PROPERTIES Loads: Dead load = 30 K (empty) Dead Load = 170 K (operating) Live load = 20 Wind axial = + 190 K Wind shear = 25 K . * Notell! ‘This sample design illustrates computations required for belled pier. The formability of bells at deeper embedment ength is difficult. The soils consultant and driling contractor shall be consulted. For deeper foundations, straight piles shall be preferably used. Axial Compression: 170 + 20 + 190 = 380K Maximum axial Design for a factor of safety 3 and group efficiency factor 0.7 =. Design load for soil resistance = 380(3) / 0.7 = 1629 K Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 17 Page 3 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL, SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOIL PROFILE ‘Try 3'@ shaft and 8' @ bell at elevation 32° below grade. ‘a) Compute soil side resistance (friction) Cohesive, clay Q,= J. dA f= aC, Cohesioniess, sand Q, = J, Bo, dA B=15-0.135/Z 12282025 For side resistance in sand, 13-18' at 15.51 0, = (6)(110) + (7)(47) + (2.5)(52) = 1119 PSF = 1.12 KSF B,=1.5- 0.135755: 18-22" at 20.0'o, = (6)(110) + ()(47) + (7)(52) = 1953 PSF = 1.35 KSF 97 B, = 1.5 - 0.135 {20 = 0.90 Soll Layer L AA Shear strength or FT SQ.FT Avg. Eff. Stress clay 0-5 5 ana 34 clay 5-13 8 154 34 Sand 13-18 5 ara 142 Sand 18-22 4 307 1.35 Clay 22-26 4 307 44 Clay 26-32 6 565 44 Total side resistance Q, = 329.2K () Compute base resistance Ca, one diameter below base = 2.2 TONS/FT? = 4.4 KSF L=a2FT B= 8FT UB, = 32/8 4+ 0.2(UBY) =1.8>1.5 Use 1.5 (Maximum allowed) 9C,, = 9(4.4) = 39.6 KSF a, 0rB AQ, K o 0 0.55 144 0.97 512 08 45.8 0.55 12 0 o a= 3292K Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 17 Page 4 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOIL PROFILE ‘Since the bell diameter is larger than 75 inches, a reduction factor needs to be applled to d,, F, = Reduction factor = {2.5 / (aB,(in.) + 2.8b)] F_s 1.0 a= 0.0071 + 0.0021 LB, a < 0.015 b= 0.45 (Cw wan, Ossbst5 a= 0.0071 + 0,0021(82/ 8) = 0.0155 Use 0.015 b= 0.45 (4.4 = 0.94 Fy, = 2.5 /[0.015(88) + 2.5(0.94)] = 0.66 ue FA, = 0.86(89.6) = 26.1 KSF Ay= n( 4) = 50.3 FT? 25 = ay, Ay= 26.1(60.2) = 1312.8 K ‘otal soil resistance, Qy. = Q_+ Q, = 329.2 + 1312.8 = 1642.0 K > 1629K Notettt ‘The actual soil resistance may be less if a settlement of 1" implied in the above method is not acceptable. The soils ‘consultant recommendations regarding fraction of side and base resistance supersedes above computations. Axial Tension: Maximum uplift = 190 - 30 = 160 K ‘Weight of concrete ‘Skirt 0.5 (@(4)(0.09) = 25,14(0.08) = 2.28 Bell Un (2.5)(8E/ 4 + 37/4 + B(4 /4))(0.08) = 68.73(0.09) = 6.19 ‘Submerged Pier = (4.5)(23)(0.09) = 162.6(0.08) = 14.63, Dry Pier x (1.590)0.15) = 49.50.15) = 142 30.50 Weight of soil above bell skint ° =0 Bell ( @)RS) - 68.70.05) = 2.85 ‘Submerged Pier ( (49(23)- 162.6))(0.05) = 49.68 Dry Pier (49) - 42.40.11) ze Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300c196 Attachment 17° Page 5 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL, SAMPLE DESIGN 2: BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOIL PROFILE Soil side resistance ofa fictitious cylinder same diameter as bell a= (6'/39(828.2 K) = 877.87 K ‘FcTotal side resistance) Using a global factor of safety of 3, Cuamnie npn = (80.5 + 81.05 + 877.87) /3 = 989.4 /3= 329.8 K Using individual factor of safety, Qumnnn spn = (077.87 / A) + (20.5 + 81.05) 1.5 = 219.47 + 74.37 = 203.8 K & rena n= 288.8> 160K Pier O.K. for upit Check Unreinforced Belt Concrete Capacity for Axial ‘ACI calls out for a minimum bell angle of 55*. This requires use of a 60 series reamer which is not desirable for large diameter piles. Also, a 55° bell requires more concrete quantity. Use of a 45° bell is permitted provided plain Unreinforced bell or underream has adequate strength. For details, refer to: “Plain Concrete Underreams for Drilled Shafts", by J. S. Farrand LC. Reece, ASCE Structural Journal ST 6 June 1980. Ultimate axial compression = .05(170) + 1.275(20 + 180) + 446.3 K Soil side resistance = 329.2 K (From Page 3) ‘At base, ultimate axial load = 446.3 - 329.2 = 117.1 Ultimate weight of conc + soil = 1.05(80.5 + 81.05) = 117.1 Quer @ base = (117.1 + 117.1) | (x 49) = 4.65 KSF <5 KSF allowed for a 45° bell Refer to figure 12 of above reference. 45° bell is adequate Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 17 Page 6 of9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2: BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOUL PROFILE Lateral loads: Re ‘The pile is analyzed as free headed. Pile behavior is eee governed by soll conditions at the top. Forthis case, ‘cohesive (clay) soil equations are used. =1.0FT 021.7 TSF = 3.4 KSF ‘Compute BL. 92.0 FT For Cu 1.2 TSF, k= 87 Lbs/IN® D=3.0 Le For f: = 3000, E = 3122000 Lbs/IN? Vem Vb = 2(18)* 14 = 82448 INE EL = 68: = 0.007427 BL = 0.007427(32)(12) = 2.85 > 2.5 . Long pile “The behavior of the long pile is governed by pile section capacity. Use ACI column curves or PCA COLS computer program as shown on SHT 8: ‘Axial P, = 1.05(170) + 1.275(20 + 190) = 446.3 K ‘Allowable ultimate moment capacity = 660 FT-K For unfactored load, Section Mya, 680 / 1.275 = 517 FT-K For tong piers, Pye = — Moe = oe wr SFT SD+O8F 1+15@)+05F | 5S+0.5F 2 Pur 2 Pur. Pur Tec = 53.4)@) ‘The above equations results in a quadratic equation 45.917 + 504.9f - 517 = 0 =of = 0.94 FT Puy = 86.6 K ‘Structural Engineering, JPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Attachment 17 Page 7 of 9 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOTL PROFILE In lieu of solving the above quadratic equation, curves in Figure 7 could be used. M, f CD? = 517 / (3.4x3") = 563» Py; /CD?=27 ~> Pyyr = 826 Py, = 86.6 Kis the ulimate soil lateral resistance developed along the pile length when the pile section material teaches its maximum capacity. The maximum available soll resistance is restricted by pile section material capacity. Puy = 86.6 K is the load at which soil failure will occur. ‘The actual allowable lateral load (P,) requires application of a factor of safety and reduction for group effects. Using a factor of safety of 2 and a group efficiency or reduction factor of 0.62, Prion = Py = (86.6 / 2) x0.62 = 26.85 K > 25.0 K (actual) ‘The deflection at grade for actual lateral load is (Figure 8): vy, x2PB(eB +1) _ 2(25000)(0.007427)(0.007427+1) oD 87(36) 42 IN< 1/4 IN 3° pile, 32 FT embedment is adequate for applied lateral loads. Concrete Design - Lateral Lo: ‘Shear - maximum shear occurs at top of pile \ 275(25) = 31.88 K Equivalent square = x18? = 31.90 IN Forb=31.901N d= 27.90 1N V,=82ff bd \V, = 0.85(109.5)(31.9)(27.9) / 1000 = 82.85 K > 31.88 K Use #3 ties at maximum spacing of 16 IN Moment - The actual moment inthe pile at P, = 26.85 or P = 26.0 is less than the pile capacity (at Pyx = 86.6, 517 FT-K). For additional discussion, see sheet 8 (Concrete Design and Broms Method). ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 17° Page 8 of 9 LUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOIL PROFILE 9m Gapaci concrete Desi PCA COL or equivalent computer program can be used for pile section capacity. ‘ACI column curves could also be used. pcaco.'® interaction Diagran 36.0 inch dian. 0.78% reinf. Stress Profile Parabolic woe FL + 9.0 ksi E, = 9922 ksi fy = 60 ksi E, = 29000 ksi Reinforcement: Also: 1088 ACI 318-89 Ag= 7.90 int? Reduction phi c=0.70 Tied co4.00 in phi b=0.90 ‘Spacing = 7.34 in .80 32448 int = 0.003 infin 0.00 in 1,= 62448 int ¥ = 0.00in Slendemess not considered x-axis ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢t96 Attachment 17 Page 9 of 9 ‘FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : BELLED PIER IN MIXED SOIL PROFILE ner 1n and Broms Method ‘Analysis by Broms Method requires equilibrium at ultimate soil resistance (failure) and then application of a factor of ‘safely to obtain allowable loads. ‘This method does not have equations for maximum shear and moments in the pile at allowable or other lateral loads. Soil-pile interaction is highly non-linear. To obtain moments and shear for a given applied load requires use of a non-linear computer program. AtPy: = 86.6, Myer = 517 FT-K ‘The moments in the pile at P, = 26.85 K oF Pyng = 25.0 K is less than pile capacity. This does not mean reduction in reinforcement since pile section capacity determines Py, Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Attachment 18 Page I of 6 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 3: SHORT STRAIGHT PILE IN SAND a ‘Anchor Bolts (above construction joint) Top of Pier EL 101-0" Grade ba EL 100° aT 7 7 = Construction ———| PN Use strippable forms such as Sonotube” for second pour. (The diameter of this section may be larger than the pile diameter for construction tolerances) #3 ties @ TK - BHT7's z Fe " diameter pier A A ea 4 eqn <1200e) ora | tc ing _— #3 circular tie ‘a he oS 8#7's Vertical m7 Es AA eves-o"| ta] Bottom of pile t ELEVATION Notes: 1. Construction joint elevation is between 2'-0" to 3'-0" below grade. Vertical bar development length, anchor bolt length final grade, etc. shall be considered. ‘Structural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 18 Page 2 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 3: SHORT STRAIGHT PILE IN SAND DESIGN DATA ‘This example ilustrates use of straight piles in cohesionless soil (sand). Soll Profile Evin Dense sand (30 360 kips 30" 6 pile embedded 12:-0" is adequate for compression Axial Tension: ‘There is no uplift. Lateral loads: The pile is analyzed as free headed. Compute dimensionless length, ZL For dense sand above water table, ‘7, 58 TONSIFT? = 65 Lbs/iN? For f: = 3000 E, = 3122000 Lbs/IN* 1574 = 39761 INt 02 = 0.0139 IN* For 30" @ pile, |, = m4 = BMAX 1.2) 1.5-0.135 /T5 = 1.33 1.8- 0.135 /6.0 = 1.17 4.5-0.135 /70.5 = 1.06 Total side resistance aq 0 51K 30,7K 763K DENSE SAND | 30 14K “The deflection al grade is (use formula or figure 12) ¥,@ 14k = 8PH4.99 eM), 10018 (1000)11+(1.33/12)) Lins (12x12)? (65) 21 IN < 14 IN 20K. Gonerete Design - Lateral Loads: 1A) Moments ‘Ata lateral load of 80 K, the soll resistance along the pile length will develop its maximum utimate capacity i.e. at {his load, the soil will fall * The maximum moment (unfactored) in the pile section at a lateral load of 80 K is 435.4 FT-K. ‘Analysis by Broms Method requires eqilbrum at ultimate sol resistance (fallure) and then application of a factor ef sifety, Brems Method does not have equations for the maximum moments in the pile at allowable lateral oad. The Sai ple interaction between P, and P,,is highly non-linear. The actual pile moment at allowable lateral load, Py, will require use of 2 non-linear computer program. Conservativiey, assume that the maximum moment at P, isthe same 28 at Pye, .€. Mag = 435.4FT-K (Note this fssumption dass not result in excessive reinforcement. in most cases, 1/2 10 1% reinforcement wil devolop ine above moment capacity). For a lateral load fess than P,, linear interpolation ts permitted. At lateral loads tess than 4/3 t0 1/2 Py,x, Soll pile interaction is approximately linea. maximum moments in the pile at P=14K = (14 (40) 435.4 = 152.4 FT-K Utiimate moment in pile = 1,275(182.4) = 194.3 FT-K # lateral toad is due to wind. Ultimate axial load in pile = 1.05(D) + 1.275 (W) = 1.05 (BO + (1.257) (6.65)(0.15))* 1.275(40) = 140.1K ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 18 Page 5 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 3: SHORT STRAIGHT PILE IN SAND ‘weight of pile is negligible Using ACI column curves or PCA COL computer program generated curves (sheet 6), 8 # 7 (0.7% reinforcement) Is adequate. Bo KIPS POINT OF ZERO SHEAR B) Shear For an applied load Py, = 80K Concentrated load at bottom is: Vow = 1.5 DKpg (f+) ae = 1.5 (0.12)(2.5)(4.02)(5.35)(6.65 + 12) 180.49 KIPS Sy Dkp= 43.42 KIPS eee SOIL REACTION AT FAI @ Py = 80 K, the soil will reach its ultimate capacity and fail ‘As discussed on Shi. A, Broms Method provides shear along the pile at failure. This method does not have equations for shear at allowable loads. The discussion for shear is similar to moment on Shi. A. ‘Shear at bottom of pile = (14 / 40 )180.49 = 63.17 K @P=4K Vyre 1.275(63.17) = 80.5 K For 30" @, equivalent square = 26.58 IN b, = 26.58" d= 23.56" V, = @ (2),/f bd = 0.85 (108.5)(23.58)(26.58) / 1000 = 58.33 K Ve 0.6 - $8.33 = 22.17 K For #3, S = A, fyd / V, = 2(0.11)(60)(23.58) / 22.17 = 14.04 IN 16 longitundinal bar diameters is 14 INS. Use #8 circular ties @ 14 IN ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300c196 Attachment 18 Page 6 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 3: SHORT STRAIGHT PILE IN SAND 1690: 30.9 inch dian. stress rrorite | f Saraotte P : 9.0 ksi , = 9922 ksi = 60 Kst Fy = 60 ks: E, = 29000 ksi Reinforcement: X = 0.00 in |, = 99761 int ¥ =00in ‘Slondemess not considered x-axis Interaction Diagram Also: ACI 318-29 Reduction phi c=0.70 phi b=0.90 a= 0.80 003 infin Structural EnginceringSN Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300c196 Attachment 19 Page 1 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 4: SHORT BELLED PIER IN CLAY Anchor Bolts (above construction joint) Grade EL 100-0" Top of Pier EL 101-0" ~~ Use strippable forms such as A. “sonotube" for second pour. (The diameter of this section may b« larger than the pile diameter for construction tolerances) 940" 2-0" diameter pier #3 ties @ 12" EL 92-0" Bottom of belt | I ELEVATION Structural Engineering‘Practice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300196 Attachment 19 Page 2 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 4: SHORT BELLED PIER IN CLAY RESIGN DATA ‘This example illustrates use of short (rigid) belled piers in moderately stiff clays. Soil Properties: Soil undrained shear strength 1.2 TSF Water table is 6 FT below grade Soil density 110 Lbs/FT? 80 FT Design Load: u Dead loads = 40 K Wind axial = 35 K Wind shear= § K @ EL 101" 0” Wind moments = 25 K @ EL 101" 0" Notell “The soil report will provide recommendations for allowable loads versus sellements. The method presented nere for bn axial load fs a general method that wil yield a short term settlement of approximately 1 inch. This settlement may be Untolerable, A reduced allowable load may be required. ‘Some sensitive piping systems may restrict settlements, Group effects will aso increase settlement and reduce allowable axial capacity. jal Compressio ‘Maximum compression = dead + wind = 40 +35 = 75K Use a factor of safety of 3 against ultimate soil resistance. Design compression = (3)(75) = 225 K (@) Side resistance None. The embedment length is very short. () Base resistance ‘This method results in a short term settlements of approximately 1 inch. 'S, Shape factor = 1.2 4, = Depth factor = +02L/B, Lips25 d= 1 +0.2(8/4)= 1 +.0.4 = 1.4< 1.5 (maximum depth factor) ae = 5.140,8, d, <9 Cy Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300¢196 Attachment 19 Page 3 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL SAMPLE DESIGN 4: SHORT BELLED PIER IN CLAY = SAAA2VEAICy 64C 3.6.4((1.2)(2)) = 20.74 KSF < Soil ultimate end bearing A,= (2) = 12.56 FT? Q, = Ay q, 12.58(20)(74) = 280.5 K > 225 K (design) 4 FT ciameter bell is adequate, Axial Tension: ‘There is not uplift. Unreinfor 1 I: {60° bell is used. If a 45° bell is used check concrete capacity. *Plain Concrete Underreams for Drilled Shafts” J.C. Farr and L.C. Reese, ASCE S16, June 1980, Lateral Load: ‘The pile is analyzed as free headed. Moment = 25FT-K @ 1 FT above grade PR ‘This Is equivalent to a 5 K shear | [ALS FT above top of plor R,M = 2 :. Shear = 5K # & =6FT ee compte |_| i fs For, 1.2 TONS, k= 87 Lbs/IN? 3 cece oe Fort; = 3000, = 3122000 LbsN® LAY ronasart For 24" @ pier, |, == 714 = 16288 IN‘ (sli | El {B122000)(16288), = 0.01428 IN" BL = 0,01423(8)(12) = 1.37 < 1.5 Short pile Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1231 Publication Date 300ct96 Attachment 19 Page 4 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL, SAMPLE DESIGN 4: SHORT BELLED PIER IN CLAY For short pile, £5 Pup / 86D = Pry f 0X2.4X2) = Pur (43.2 Myup = Pur (€ + 1.5D + 0.51) = Pux(6 + 1.52) + 0.50) = Pyr(9 + 0.57) Maug = 2.25 €,Dg? = 2.25(2.4)2g? = 10.897 L=1sD+f+g 9=8-1.52)-1= (6-9) ‘The above results in a quadratic equation in t: 10.8f? + 496.81 - 270 = 0 »f = 0.537 FT 9 = 4.46 FT Pug ® 232K Mag = 214.8 FT-K In lieu of solving the above quadratic equation, curves in figure 6 could be used. The curves are difficult to interpolate at the lower range. Lrp=er2=4 e/D=6/2=3-> Puy! CD22 Pyar = 2:3(2.4)(29) = 22.1 K ‘The ultimate soil resistance developed along the pile length is P,,; = 23.2 K. The soll resistance developed depends upon the eccentricity of applied lateral load; i.e. moments at top of pile. “The actual allowable lateral load (P,) requires application of a factor of safety and reduction for group effects. Also, the deflection at grade is a limiting factor in restricting allowable lateral load. Parana = Py = Pyr/ factor of safety = 23.2/2= 11.6K>5K ‘The deflection at grade is (use formula or figure 6 for small e /L) APa(i+1.Se/L) _ 4(5)(1000)[1+1.5(6/8)] _ < eee 5k SPAS) AICO 924m -14 N atone 2'@ pile or shafl, embedded 6’ 0" is adequate. Structural Engineering