Practice 670 215 1223, Publication Date 27Mar96 Page 1 of 6 FLOOR DANTE | == SPHERE FOUNDATIONS PURPOSE SCOPE APPLICATION GENERAL VERTICAL LOADS Definitions ‘his practice establishes guidelines and recommendations for the design of foundations for spherical vessels, ‘This practice covers calculation of loads.and design of each of the ‘components of the foundation. ‘This practice includes the following major headings: GENERAL VERTICAL LOADS HORIZONTAL LOADS DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS ESTIMATING PIER AND FOOTING DIMENSIONS, FOOTING THICKNESS FOUNDATION DESIGN REFERENCES ATTACHMENTS: “This practice should be used for the design of ring type foundations for large spheroid vessels, Refer to Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1224: Heater Foundations, for procedures for the design of smaller spheroid vessels on octagon mats. ‘The design of foundations for spheroid vessels presents a complex problem; therefore, some simplifying assumptions must be made in order to produce an adequate design within a reasonable time. Typically, the foundations for small spheres will be octagonal in shape, while larger spheres will be an annular or ring type foundation due to ‘economics. Individual footings also may be used based on number and spacing of vessel ‘columns, Empty Weight: Fabricated weight of vessel, plus the weight of internals, piping, insulation, and platforms, generally taken from the vessel drawing, Operating Weight: Empty weight plus weight of operating liquid or contents; generally taken from the vessel drawing, ‘Test Weight: Empty weight plus the weight of water required for hydrostatic test, ‘generally taken from the vessel drawing. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Page 2 of 6 RAE —_—_————— SPHERE FOUNDATIONS HORIZONTAL LOADS ‘Wind Seismic Loads DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS Il should be determined if hydrostatic testing will actually be done in the field Generally, it is desired to design for test as unforeseen circumstances may occur, ‘The above loads will be considered as Dead Loads when applying load factors. ‘Wind loads willbe calculated by the Structural Engineer using vesse] and platform ‘drawings and the following criteria: ‘=. Spherical surface wind pressure on the projected area of the insulated vessel applied at the area centroid. ‘= Flat surface wind pressure on each platform horizontal area times a 0.5 factor applied at the height of each platform. \Wind pressure will be varied with height in accordance with the job specifications, ‘usually conforming with ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) 7-88, formerly ‘ANSI (American National Standards Institute) A58.1. ‘Wind loads calculated by hand methods will be compared to supplier provided load data Ifthe results compare favorably, the higher value will be used for foundation design. If the results do not compare favorably, resolve the discrepancy before proceeding. In earthquake zones, seismic forces as determined in accordance with job specifications, usually conforming with the Uniform Building Code, will replace wind forces when greater. Refer to Structural Engincering Practice 670.215.1216: Earthquake Engineering, for seismic design considerations and procedures. ‘Vertical loads from dead weight are assumed equally distributed to each outer column. ‘Vertical loads due to overturning moments are assumed to be distributed to each column in proportion to the column distance from the neutral axis ofthe column group. Horizontal loads (wind or seismic) wil be distributed to the spheroid vessel colusmns by tension bracing spanning between the columns. For purposes of analysis, the sphere is assumed a rigid body with the applied horizontal exterual load being disuibuted 1o each ‘braced panel in proportion tothe stiffness ofthe pane! inthe direction of the applied toad, The sum of the component panel shears paralle! with the loading must be equal to the applied external loa. ‘Struetural Engineering,Practice 670 215 1223, Publication Date 27Mar96 Page 3 of 6 FLUOR DANIEL <== ‘SPHERE FOUNDATIONS ‘Panel Shear (V,) the shear between columns which is transferred to the pedestals by the tension bracing, can be calculated as follows: Vp3t cova where total horizontal force acting on the vessel and columns umber of columns = angle between panel and direction of horizontal force v N For derivation of the above formula, refer to Attachment 1. Load Combinations ‘The following load combinations will be used in the foundation design: ‘= Empty weight plus wind (or seismic) Operating weight plus wind (or seismic) = Test weight Design Stresses Unit concrete and steel stresses may be increased, as permitted by job specification, one-third for combinations including wind or seismic. An increase in allowable stresses (of 20 percent is common for test casc. ESTIMATING PIER AND FOOTING DIMENSIONS ‘Tt may be necessary to assume a tra! size for the purpose of analysis. Pier sizes are determined from column base plate dimensions and minimum edge distances for anchor bolts, Footing sizes are estimated from the pier circle plus the width of the pier plus the desired edge distance, FOOTING ‘THICKNESS ‘The footing thickness should be adequate to ensure sufficient rigidity for distributing soil bearing pressures in a uniform manner. Preliminary footing thickness for a ring {ype foundation may be determined from the following criteria, using the largest of the conditions: ter—o" Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Page 4 of 6 PROOR DANE SPHERE FOUNDATIONS Based on ACI (American Conorete Institute) 318-63 Commentary, Chapter 21. where 1 = Footing thickness, feet X= Maximum projected distance between adjacent pier centerlines, feet b= Width of concrete pier parallel with X, feet Refer tothe Reference section for various other equations by Bowles or Terzaghi, which ‘may be used to check the rigidity of a footing, Many of these equations are based on the subgrade reaction of the soil. In all cases, engineering judgment should be used in interpreting the results from the above equations. FOUNDATION DESIGN Either a ring foundation or individual footings may be used depending on the number of ‘supporting columns and column spacing. Individual footings are typically analyzed by hand. Ring type foundations may be analyzed by hand using simplified assumptions or ‘by finite analysis methods. Several approaches for analysis of ring foundations using finite element analysis may be found in Foundation Analysis and Design or Analytical ‘and Computer Methods in Foundation Engineering by Bowles. Finite element analysis ‘may be performed using available computer programs such as SAP or GTSTRUDL. Piers will be designed in accordance with recommended column design procedures ‘ullined in ACI 318-89, Shear lugs may be utilized at column bases to resist high shear forces, which in turn may allow the use of smaller anchor bolts and column pers. Anchor Bolts ‘Although the anchor bolts are usually specified by the manufacturer, they must be ‘checked against the project specification. For design procedures for sizing anchor bolts, refer to Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria. Stability Ratio ‘The minimum stability ratio (ratio of dead load resisting moment to overturning, ‘moment) for empty condition should be 1.5, Soll Bearing, 1 individual foundations are used, soil bearing pressure will be checked for maximum allowable on the diagonal. Soil bearing pressure used for reinforcing design will be ‘computed om the fat Soil bearing pressure for ring type foundations will be checked for maximum allowable at outer edge of ring opposite applied lateral load, ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar%6 Page 5 of 6 ‘FLUOR DANTEL, | = SPHERE FOUNDATIONS. Footing Shear ‘And Moment Footing Reinforcing REFERENCES For ring type foundations supported on soil,the procedure described here is used to ‘compute the shear force and moment values, For solid mats, refer to Structural Engincering Practice 670.215.1224, for procedures. FFind the maximum soil bearing value forthe entire footing, usually located atthe footing edge opposite the applied lateral force. For test condition, the soil bearing is assumed equally distributed under the entire footing. ‘The ring foundation may be analyzed by hand as a continuous beam spanning between piers. Check shear and moments atthe critical cross sections adjacent to the piers and ‘al midspan bepween the piers. ‘Beam shear and peripheral shear are checked to determine whether the footing thickness is adequate. Maximum value of the shearing force from all the loading cases is used 10 ‘check the beam shear. It is required thatthe stresses on the critical periphery surrounding the pier be investigated as stated in ACI 318-89, Section 1.12.2 and 1.26. Torsion due to twisting of the annular footing should be checked using procedures outlined in ACI 318-89, Section 11.6, For large torsional moments, the combining of radial and torsional steel in the form of closed ties (U shaped bars lapped at the top and bottom) should be considered, ‘The minimum footing reinforcing will be #5 at 12 inches c/e top and bottom. ‘the percentage of steel in the footing is greater than 1 percent, the footing thickness should be increased until maximum is no longer violated. ‘To minimize tagging of rebar and simplify rebar placement, longitudinally curved reinforcing (annular bars) should be divided in groups of the same radius, as opposed 10 bending each annular bar to a unique radius. Typically, the rebar fabricator and contractor installing the rebar can arrive ata satisfactory approach to this type of installation. ACI ACI 318-63 Commentary, Chapter 21 ‘ACI 318-89; Sections 11.12.2, 11.12.6, and Section 11.6 Bowles, Joseph E., Analytical and Computer Methods in Foundation Engineering, MeGraw-Hill, 1974. Bowles, Joseph E, Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1977. Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar36 ‘Page 6 of 6 OR AE ————— ‘SPHERE FOUNDATIONS ‘Terzaghi, K, Evaluation of Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction, Geotechnique, London, 1955. Structural Engineering, Practice: 670.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1215: Wind Load Calculations Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1216: Earthquake Engineering ‘Structural Engineering, «| Practice 670.215.1224: Heater Foundations ATTACHMENTS Attachment 1: Panel Shear (V7) Equations* Attachment 2: Sample Design 1 - Sphere Foundation On Soil* * This material was not created using WordPerfect; the Central Library is the curator of this material Structural Engineering.Practice 670 215 1223, Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 01 Page 1 of 2 FLUOR DANIEL Panel Shear (V,) Equations PANEL SHEAR (V,) EQUATIONS: “The shear stiffness of each panel is considered equal and the shear in each panel is: VisKea Where: K= stifiness ‘Aj= Displacement parallel (with pane!) “The vessel is assumed a rigid body therefore the displacement in the direction on the extemal load must be equal for all braced panels. Therefore: A= Aecosay ‘Also, the sum of the component panel shears parallel with the loading must equal the applied extemal load, V EViesa=V EQ2 Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Atachment 01 Page 2 of2 FLUOR DANIEL Panel Shear (V,) Equations For a 12 panel system: OM = Beas In a similar manner: V, = Reosae Vs= cosas In general, the panel shi for a spherical vessel supported by n braced bays is: V= Reosa ‘Where: V,= Panel shear in brace bay | V = Total applied extemal load n = Number of sides «2, = Angle between direction of extemal load and panel of braced bay i ‘Structural EngineeringFLUOR DANIEL Practice 670 215 1223, Publication Date 27Mar96 ‘Attachment 02 Page 1 of 14 ‘SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL FOUNDATION PLAN Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 2 of 14 FLUOR DANIEL SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL TOG EL 104'-246 7 4" PRO 4" GROU an — I oh i Li-7-*10 EAFACE a Eis u (24 TOTAL) P| = se “|S +B @ 10 ae | a “| 8 x 1 « zB || ance 10 @ 10 +B e 12 SECTION A= A_ (Top & BOT) (TYP. 1i PLACES) *4 TIE SETS i 12" O/C RADIAL BARS SPACED @ 12" C/C_AT FOOTING CENTERLINE TIE DETAIL SPLICE LENGTHS m2 BOTTOM = 8'-0" | & TOP = 5'-0" =| : ° 2-Ye" DIA. = eae OM AB. t PIER_DETAIL SPLICE DETAIL Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 3 of 14 FLUOR DANIEL SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL BEFERENCES: ACI 318-89 UBc (1988) ASCE 7-88 (FORMERLY ANSI A58.1) DESIGN DATA fc = 3000 psi fy = 60,000 psi SollWt= 120 PCF Soil Bearing = 4.0 KSF (NET) (No increase allowed for wind) MESSEL Wis. Fab. Wi. Oper. Wt. Test Wt 20] Dis 1239.7 ios. 20] qe PLL cave et. 10 10,000 K (including col WAS TRS fireproofing) yt ye non Spec. gravity of the product = 0.61 ‘Avg. wall thickness of the sphere = t =1.91" ‘Sphere supported on 11 pipe columns equally spaced i 4" 0.D., SE Wall Thk W/ 2" of fireproofing; Base PL Thk = 1) WIND LOADS; (Per job spec. and ASCE 7-88) HEIGHT oar son 3100 F Fat PSF 25 PSF 3075 cones 12S 15 PSE 18 PSF “*Do not consider seismic loads in design of this particular sphere foundation (ie. seismic zone = 0) WTOF FIREPROOFING ON THE COLUMNS: (USE H = 40 Ft- Conservative) Conc. FP. Volume = 40% x3x (8.17?-2.637) = 6.41 FT? Cone. F.P.WLCol. =64.1 (0.150 KCF) = 9.62 KICol Total FP. Wt. = 9.62 (11) = 105.82K ‘TOTAL DESIGN WEIGHTS: Empty Wt. = 1239.74 105.82 = 1345.62 K Operwt, «= 7977.2+ 105.82 = 8083.02K Test Wt. = = 1000.00 K Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223, ‘Publication Date 27Mar96 ‘Attachment 02 Page 4of 14 FLUOR DANIEL SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL CALCULATE WIND LOADS: Basic Dia. of Vessel = 62-6"+2( 1.91") = 62.82 Ft Dia F.P. columns =94"4+2(2°)= 38" = S.A7Ft Use max. wind pressure (50-100 FO) for the entire vessel: Curved surface wind = 18 PSF For brevity wind load calculations are not shown, Refer to technical practice 000-215-1215 for procedures. Pwind = 672K Wind force = 672K Moment = 67.2K(40.06Ft) = 2692 K-Ft GASE=1; WIND APPLIED AT COLUMN 1 ‘Structural Engineering. JPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar36 Attachment 02 Page 5 of 14 FLUOR DANIEL ‘SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL Pp = 5146 Py =2692(30.58)/5144 = +16.00K Pay = 2602 (25.73)/5144 = + 13.47K Psyo = 2692(12.70)/5144 = £6.65K Pag = 2602 (4.35)/5144 = 4 2.28K Pog = 2692 (20.03)/5144 = + 10.48K Per = 2692 (29.34)/5144 = + 15.35K CASEI WIND APPLIED BETWEEN COLUMNS 1 AND 11 nove: GRAM Has BEEN x ROTATED. COUNTER 4 Clockwise FoR sae ig PRESETATION PURPOSES + 15.35 K 2 a $10.48 K Ener BECTON £228K Pas = £665K Psy = £1347K Ps = +16.00K ‘Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 6 of 14 FLUOR DANIEL SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOL. DETERMINE THE SHEAR IN EACH PANEL: Panel Shear: (= Angle between panel and direction of lateral force ) (Refer to Attachment No.1 for derivation of equation) CASE-1: DIRECTION OF FORCE ACTING AT PANEL INTERSECTION a= M2 x 180° ai(180) =73.64 Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 7 of 14 ‘FLUOK DANIEL ‘SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL 2E12) cos 73.64° = 3.44K = 492. o0s40.91° = 9.23 K 222 ens8.18° = 12.00 K — weak CASE-I DIRECTION OF FORCE ACTING NORMAL TO PANEL Vea = 2:2 cos 90° =00 Vor: = 2Scos 67.279 = 661K Vpas = 3 2c0s24.55° = 11.11 =eTHIS CASE DOES NOT CONTROL, Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223, ‘Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 8 of 1¢ FLUOR DANIEL a SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL LOAD CONDITIONS FOR DESIGN 1) Test 2) Operating + Wind 3) Empty + Wind TestLoad = 1000/11 = 908K /Col snt.1) Oper. Load = 8083/11 = 735K/Col (ht. 1) Empty Load = 1346/11 = 122K/Col (ent. 1) ANCHOR BOLT CHECK: Bolts will nt experience any tension Max. Shear = 12.00K (Case |, Col. 3, Sht 7) Friction Force ~ 0.5(122K)= 61K where 0.5= concisteel (Empty Case) Bolts will not experience any shear because friction force will never be overcome. USE: 2-3 TYPE MBOLTS/ PIER -Rofer to Practice 670-215-1207 "Anchor Bolt Design Griteria” for design procedures. Projection 7 M@)=3.4", say 4" PIER DESIGN: (DESIGN AS A COLUMN) Base Plate = 48" Sq. Bolt Spacing = 42" cle Try: 4-6" X 4'-6" pier w/ 2-6" thk. Fig (ot, of Fig. E1.=95'-0") Height of Pier = 6/—8 Wye" = 6.75 Ft Pier Wt. = (4.5)? (0.150) (6.75) = 20.5K OAD CONDITION I: IGHT P 309 K + 20.5 K =929.5K oP, =P, | 440295) =1301.3K DP = 0.86] 0.85f,(Ag Au) +fy Aw] (ACI 318-89, Sec. 10.3.5.2) ‘Assume minimum reinforcement (p=0.01); Ay 0.01 (54)? = 28.2 in? © Prymag = 0.80(0.70)[0.85(3)(54? ~29.2) +60(28.2)]= 5103K > 1301K OK LOAD CONDITION ||; OPER + WIND ‘Structural Engineering,FLUOR DANIEL Practice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 9 of 14 SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL (Case |: Col 3, Sht. 7) M, = 11.60K (6.75) = 78a KFt M, AIK (6.75) = 23.0 KF Pp’ = 735K + 20.5K-6.65K = 748.9 K P, = 0.9 (736 + 20.5)-1.3 (6.65) =672K M, = 1.3(78.3) =101.8KFt My =13@30) =29.9KFt :CK BIAXIAL CAPACITY: 4. Determine Eccentricity R & = BS = 0.010 Sat? = 0.34 2 Find: Se; Se pos y= SS =0.90 Pe . Pm. (For = 0.010; p= 0.01) ‘LOAD CONDITION: 3) EMPTY + WIND (Ref.: Col R3-60, Pg. 128) (REF.: ACI SP-17A, VOL tI) (Ref; Col R3-60, Pg. 75) Structural EngineeringFLUOR DANIEL Practice 670 215 1223, Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 10 of 14 SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL Not critical - ©.K. by inspection Use minimum reinforcement p=0.01 A= 0.01064)" = 29.2 in? Use: 24#10" (6 EA, faco) w/ #4 Ties (Ay= 30.48 in?) cu oP (PER ACI 318-89, SECTION 12.5) For #10 Bars: le =28" AawdBage — = 0.95 (leone = 28° (0.95) (0.7) =186" Tyeuo = 3° +2(1") 44 (4.27) + 18.6" = 28.7" < 30" OK. FOOTING DESIGN: ‘Try Ring Type Foundation: 0.0. = 75-6" 10. = 48-10" Area = 114 (75.5°- 46.83") = 2755 Fe Footing Wt. = 2755 (2.5) (0.15) 1033 K Soil Wt. = [2755 - (4.5) (14)](2.5)(0.12) = 760K TOTAL 1793 K EmplyWt = 1346K = #1120.5)K +1793K = 3364.5 K a. 3) (Col) a) Oper. Wi = 8083 K + 11 (20.5) K + 1793 K = 10101.5K Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 ‘Attachment 02 Page 11 of 14 FLUOR DANIEL ‘SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL Test Wt = 10000 K+ 11(20.5) K + 1793 K = 120185K ‘Moment = 67.2 K (6.75425) = 621.6 KFt ‘Soil Bearing (Gross) = 4.0+ 5 (0.12) = 4.6 KSF @ 5 Ft Bolow Grade beta = &l(75.5)* - (48.83)4] = 1358905 Fre 1) TEST ONLY: SB. = P/A= 12018.5 K/ 2755 Ft = 4.36 KSF < 4.6 KSF OK 2.) OPERATING + WIND: .B8KSF or 3.65KSF =< 4.6KSF OK. S.R.= O.K. by inspection 3) EMPTY + WIND: SB = £4:Me = SOAS 5 SEEM = 1.24KSF oF 1.20KSF <48KSF OK. SR.= OK. by inspection FEQUNDATION SIZE ADEQUATE FOR SOIL BEARING AND STABILITY (ONE WAY SHEAR: (TEST CONDITION CONTROLS) ‘Assume beam action between piers. One foot wide beam with both ends fixed. Chord length =2rsin, = 2 (30.58) sin(@@™/) = 17.23 Ft Critical Shear occurs @ *d" from face of piers dd -=30r-3"-144(7) = 25.5" Effective beam length = 17.23 Ft-208%,)-45Ft =848FU . 7 Dieta i S.B.=1.4(4.36 KSF) = 6.10 KSF (Page 12) @ awn ig w= 6.10- 1.4 [2.5 (0.15) +25 (0.12)] = 5.16 KSF Vow WHIZ, =5.16(848)/2 -=21.9K = pig = 04.2 PSI <2/ = 100.5 PSI OK Structural EngineeringPractice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 ‘Attachment 02 Page 12 of 14 FLUOR DANIEL SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL Chock Shear @ cross-section: (‘d" from face) & 4,92- 25.5/12 = 2.80 Ft V, = 2.8066.16) = 144K ieee = 55.4 Psi <2/% Vu aeriaxe55) (CHECK PUNCHING SHEAR: d= 25.5" (Pa. 12) Test condition: Py = 1.4(@09K 420.5K) = 1301.3K ror Pee by = 4(79.5") = 318" 20 T= vu= GQUSIMS, = 188.8PS1 <4 J =219.1PS1 ox <. Use 2-6" Thk Footing EQOTING STEEL: Radial Reinforcing: (Test Condition) : Moment @ face of Ped=M, = wi'/2 = 5.16 (4.92)"/2 Agnn = 0.0033 (12) (25.5) = 1.01 in"/FL CLI weene KEP Jse #8" @ 12° cle (As = 0.79 in*/Ft) - Bottom, Racial For Radial Top Steel use minimum temperature steel - O.K. by inspection - (Ref.: ACI-89, Sec 7.12.2) ‘Structural EngineeringLUOR DANIEL Practice 670 215 1223 Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 13 of 14 SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL, A,= 0.0018 (12) (30) = 0.65 invFt Use Hts @ 12" cle (A, = 0.79 in/FN - Top Radial LONGITUDINAL STEEL: (TEST CONDITION) ‘Assume footing acts as a continuous beam between piers. ‘Take 1'-0" strip (Chord length = 17.23 Fi, Po. 12) h noe LT W235 ceed Assume: (Ref: ACI 318-89, sec. 8.3) Positive Moment hw? (Top Stee!) Negative Moment = hw? @otiom Steel) Check Torsional strength of footing: (Ref. ACI 318-89, Sec. 11.8) T,= 6.5/2 Ex?y) y, * 85(0.5 {3000 (14.33x12)*(30)(12x1000) 1720 KFL> 621.6 KFt Nealet Torsional effects on rina footing BOTTOM STEEL: w= SK = 450.2 KL Fe i, BS 0.88 K,= Me = 8? = 235.7 a= 4.25 A= My = 153.2104 25x25.5)=1 Atin2/Ft $A¢=1.88in7Ft “Contos Amn 0.0033 (12 ) (25.5) .01 Inte Use #10" @ 10° cle (A= 1.52 in/E1) - Bottom Longitudinal (Splice.Length = 8-0") Structural EngineeringFLUOR DANIEL Practice 670 215 1223, Publication Date 27Mar96 Attachment 02 Page 14 of 14 SPHERE FOUNDATION ON SOIL ‘TOP STEEL: d=30"-2°- 14017) = 26.5" Ma = 2295.7 KL 4A = 1.40 intr Assn = 0,0033(12)(26.5) = 1.05 In?/Ft Use #8 @ 10° cle (A, = 0.95 int ELD = CONTROLS = Top Longitudinal (Splice Length = 5-0") Structural Engineering