Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basic Differentiation - A Refresher: v3. March 2003
Basic Differentiation - A Refresher: v3. March 2003
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Foreword
Preliminary work
Reminders
Introduction
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
24
28
Foreword
The material in this refresher course has been designed to enable you to cope
better with your university mathematics programme. When your programme
starts you will find that the ability to differentiate confidently will be invaluable. We think that this is so important that we are making this course
available for you to work through either before you come to university, or
during the early stages of your programme.
Preliminary work
You are advised to work through the companion booklet An Algebra
Refresher before embarking upon this basic differentiation revision course.
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
Reminders
Use this page to note topics and questions which you found difficult.
Seek help with these from your tutor or from other university support services as
soon as possible.
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
Introduction
Differentiation is an aspect of calculus that enables us to determine how one quantity
changes with regard to another.
In this booklet we will not however be concerned with the applications of
differentiation, or the theory behind its development, but solely with the
mechanisms by which the process of differentiation may be quickly and effectively carried
out.
Each section that follows will introduce a particular technique followed by several
problems for you to practice what you have learned.
At the end of the booklet you will find answers for each of the sections.
Included are some pages for you to make notes that may serve as a reminder to you of
any possible areas of difficulty. You should seek help with such areas of difficulty from your
tutor or other university support services.
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
Example
s = t3
new power.
ds
= ntn1
Answer
dt
ds
= 3t31
dt
= 3t2
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) s = t9 ,
(e) y = x12 ,
(i) T = 8 ,
ds
dt
dy
dx
dT
d
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
(b) v = t4 ,
(f) V = r 3 ,
(j) R = t19 ,
dv
dt
dV
dr
dR
dt
(c) a = t5 ,
(g) P = v 6 ,
(k) v = t11 ,
da
dt
dP
dv
dv
dt
(d) y = x7 ,
(h) A = r 2 ,
(l) p = V 10 ,
c mathcentre 2003
dy
dx
dA
dr
dp
dV
ds
=1
dt
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) r = t,
(e) z = y,
(i) T = ,
dr
dt
dz
dy
dT
d
(b) v = t,
(f) V = r,
(j) Q = r,
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
dv
dt
dV
dr
dQ
dr
(c) a = t,
(g) P = v,
(k) m = s,
da
dt
dP
dv
dm
ds
(d) y = x,
(h) W = z,
(l) x = y,
c mathcentre 2003
dy
dx
dW
dz
dx
dy
3. Differentiation of a constant
To differentiate s = a where a is a constant.
Example
ds
=0
dt
ds
=0
dt
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) s = 5,
(e) T = ,
(i) p = 4,
ds
dt
dT
dt
dp
dr
(b) v = 0.6,
(f) z = 29.6,
(j) q =
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
2,
dv
dt
dz
dx
dq
dt
1
(c) = ,
2
(g) x = 31 ,
3
(k) w = ,
4
d
dt
dx
dt
dw
dz
(d) r = 1,
(h) f = 2.7,
(l) m = 2.7,
c mathcentre 2003
dr
d
df
dx
dm
d
where a is a constant.
Example
s = 3t4
ds
= 4 3t41
dt
= 12t3
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) s = 3t4 ,
(e) A = r 2 ,
(i) y = 14x2 ,
ds
dt
dA
dr
dy
dx
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
(b) y = 7x3 ,
(f) T = 64 ,
(j) r = 5t7 ,
dy
dx
dT
d
dr
dt
(c) r = 0.45 ,
(g) v = 5t9 ,
(k) P = 7v 6 ,
dr
d
dv
dt
dP
dv
(d) v = 4r 3 ,
(h) p = 6v 3 ,
(l) C = 12N 8 ,
c mathcentre 2003
dv
dr
dp
dv
dC
dN
Notes Page
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
10
Example
s = 3t
Answer
ds
=3
dt
ds
=a
dt
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) y = 5x,
(d) C = 7n,
(g) N = 1.7n,
(j) s = 3.14,
dy
dx
dC
dn
dN
dn
ds
d
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
(b) s = 6t,
(e) Q = 0.5v,
1
(h) = t,
3
(k) w = 5z,
ds
dt
dQ
dv
d
dt
dw
dz
(c) p = 4v,
(f) z = w,
1
(i) r = t,
4
(l) R = 9.6,
dp
dv
dz
dw
dr
dt
dR
d
c mathcentre 2003
11
Example
s = t3.4
ds
= 3.4t3.41
dt
new power.
Answer
ds
= ntn1
dt
= 3.4t4.4
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) s = t2.8 ,
ds
dt
(b) y = x2/3 ,
dy
dx
(c) r = 0.41/4 ,
dr
d
(d) v = 4r 3,
dv
dr
(e) A = r 1/2 ,
dA
dr
(f) T = 6 ,
dT
d
(g) v = t1 ,
dv
dt
(h) p = v 3.5 ,
dp
dv
(i) y = x3/4 ,
dy
dx
(j) r = t1/3 ,
dr
dt
(k) P = v 1.8 ,
dP
dv
(l) C = N 6 ,
dC
dN
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
12
Example
s = 2.5t4
Reduce the old power by one and use this as the new power.
ds
= 4 2.5t41
dt
Answer
ds
= antn1
dt
= 10t5
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) y = 5x1.5 ,
(d) C = 6n1 ,
(g) N = 5.2n10 ,
(j) s = 2.5p2.5 ,
dy
dx
dC
dn
dN
dn
ds
dp
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
(b) s = 4t3 ,
(e) Q = 2v 0.5 ,
1
(h) = t6 ,
5
(k) w = 15z 0.1 ,
ds
dt
dQ
dv
d
dt
dw
dz
(c) p = 8v 1/2 ,
(f) z = 6w 2.5,
(i) r = 5t2 ,
(l) v = 3r 4 ,
dp
dv
dz
dw
dr
dt
dv
dr
c mathcentre 2003
13
s = 3t2 6t 3
1
ds
1
= 2 3t21 6t 3 1
dt
3
Answer
ds
df
dg
=
+
dt
dt
dt
or
ds
df
dg
=
dt
dt
dt
= 6t 2t 3
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) s = t2 + t3 ,
(d) v = 5t 10t2 ,
(g) y = x2 + 3x4
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
ds
dt
dv
dt
dy
dx
(b) v = 2t + 3t4 ,
(e) a = 3t4.5 4t1
(h) y = 2x1 x2 ,
dv
dt
da
dt
dy
dx
(c) a = 3 + 4t,
(f) s = 4t1/2 2.5t2 ,
1
(i) x = 3y + y 2 ,
4
c mathcentre 2003
da
dt
ds
dt
dx
dy
14
Notes Page
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
15
a
tn
where a is a constant.
Example
2
t3
= 2t3
ds
= 3 2t31
dt
Rewrite as s = atn .
s=
Answer
= 6t4
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
ds
dt
(b) s =
2
,
t2
ds
dt
(c) y =
5
,
x3
dy
dx
2.4
,
r7
dp
dr
(e) v =
4.5
,
t1/2
dv
dt
(f) a =
10
,
t6
da
dt
4.9
,
x4
2
(j) = 5 ,
t
dv
dx
(h) s =
2.5
,
3
ds
d
(i) x =
dx
d
d
dt
(k) z =
7
,
2x
dz
dx
(l) q =
1
(a) s = ,
t
(d) p =
(g) v =
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
3
r 2.5
c mathcentre 2003
dq
dr
16
a + btn
.
ctm
Example
btn
a
+
.
ctm ctm
s=
3t2
4
+
5t3 5t3
4t3 3t1
+
5
5
Rewrite as s =
4 + 3t2
5t3
ds
3 4t31
3t11
=
+ (1)
dt
5
5
Answer
amtm1 b
ds
=
+ (n m)tnm1
dt
c
c
12t4 3t2
5
5
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
(a) s =
4t + 1
,
t
ds
dt
(b) s =
5t3 + 3t
,
t
ds
dt
(c) v =
5t2 + 3t + 1
,
t3
dv
dt
(d) y =
7 + 6x + 5x2
,
x2
dy
dx
(e) y =
3 + 5x
,
4x
dy
dx
(f) z =
7 + 2t
,
3t
dz
dt
(g) =
2 + 5t + 2t3
,
t2
d
dt
(h) w =
dw
dz
(i) x =
3y + 2y 2
,
4y
dx
dy
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
8 + 6z 2
,
3z 4
c mathcentre 2003
17
Notes Page
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
18
Example
s = (3t + 6)5
Reduce the old power by 1 and use this as the new power.
Differentiate the expression inside the bracket.
ds
= 5 (3t + 6)51 3
dt
ds
= an(at + b)n1
dt
= 15(3t + 6)4
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
ds
dt
dz
dx
dy
dx
(b) v = (5 + 2t)7 ,
(e) a = (5t 3)2 ,
(h) y = (2 + 0.5t)3 ,
dv
dt
da
dt
dy
dt
c mathcentre 2003
d
dt
ds
dt
dz
dx
19
Example
df
.
dt
ds
df
= n[ f (t) ]n1.
dt
dt
ds
= 7(5t3 3t2 + 1)71 (3 5t31 2 3t21 + 0)
dt
= 7(5t3 3t2 + 1)6 (15t2 6t)
= 21t(5t3 3t2 + 1)6 (5t 2)
Practice: In the space provided write down the requested derivative for each of
the following expressions.
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
ds
dt
d
dt
dz
dx
dr
d
dp
dt
ds
dt
c mathcentre 2003
dv
dx
dy
dt
dx
dy
20
Notes Page
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
21
ds
.
dt
(b) s = t1/2
(e) s =
2t + 1
t
(j) s = 5t2 + 3t + 6
(k) s = 2t3 + t4
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
(c) s = 4t2
t3 3t + 4
t2
2
(i) s =
3t + 1
(l) s = (2t + 3t1 )5
(f ) s =
c mathcentre 2003
22
1
x
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
dy
.
dx
3
+1
x
(b) y = (x + 1)1/2
(c) y =
(e) y = 5x2
(f ) y = 7(x2 + 1)5
7 + 2x
x
(k) y = 24 2x3/4
5
3x2
(l) y = (2x3 + 3x2 5x)2
(h) y =
(i) y =
c mathcentre 2003
23
4
+ 3t
t
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
dv
.
dt
(e) v = 6
(f ) v = 2t2 3t1 + 4 + 5t
3
t2
(k) v = (5t2 + 3t2 )3
(i) v = 3t
(h) v =
1
t0.1
(l) v = t
c mathcentre 2003
24
Answers to Problems
Section 1
(a) 9t8
(b) 4t3
(c) 5t4
(d) 7x6
(e) 12x11
(f ) 3r 2
(g) 6v 5
(h) 2r
(i) 87
(j) 19t18
(k) 11t10
(l) 10V 9
Section 2
(a) 1
(b) 1
(c) 1
(d) 1
(e) 1
(f ) 1
(g) 1
(h) 1
(i) 1
(j) 1
(k) 1
(l) 1
(a) 0
(b) 0
(c) 0
(d) 0
(e) 0
(f ) 0
(g) 0
(h) 0
(i) 0
(j) 0
(k) 0
(l) 0
Section 3
Section 4
(a) 12t3
(b) 21x2
(c) 24
(d) 12r 2
(e) 2r
(f ) 243
(g) 45t8
(h) 18v 2
(i) 28x
(j) 35t6
(k) 42v 5
(l) 96N 7
Section 5
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 7
(e) 0.5
(f )
(g) 1.7
(h) 1/3
(i) 1/4
(j) 3.14
(k) 5
(l) 9.6
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003
25
Section 6
2 1/3
x
3
(a) 2.8t1.8
(b)
(e)
1 1/2
r
2
(f )
(i)
3 1/4
x
4
(c) 0.13/4
(d)
12r 4
67
(g)
t2
(h)
3.5v 4.5
(j)
31 t4/3
(l)
6N 7
(a) 7.5x0.5
(b)
12t4
(c) 4v 1/2
(d)
6n2
(e) v 0.5
(f )
15w 3.5
(g) 52n9
(h)
6 5
t
5
(i) 10t3
(j) 6.25p1.5
(k)
(l) 12r 5
Section 7
1.5z 1.1
Section 8
(a) 2t + 3t2
(b) 2 + 12t3
(c) 4
(d) 5 20t
(f ) 2t1/2 + 5t3
(g) 2x + 12x3
(h)
(i) 3 +
2x2 + 2x3
y
2
Section 9
(a)
t2
(b)
4t3
(c)
15x4
(d)
16.8r 8
(e)
2.25t3/2
(f )
60t7
(g)
19.6x5
(h)
7.54
(i)
(j)
5 2t6
(k)
7
x2
2
(l)
7.5r 3.5
Section 10
(a)
(e)
(i)
t2
3
x2
4
1
2
(b) 10t
(f )
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
7
t2
3
(c)
(d)
14x3 6x2
(g)
4t3 5t2 + 2
(h)
c mathcentre 2003
32 5
z 4z 3
3
26
Section 11
(a) 12(2t + 3)5
(e)
10(5t 3)3
(f ) 18(3 6t)4
(i)
2(4x 6)1.5
Section 12
(a) 10(3t2 + 2t + 4)4 (3t + 1) (b)
(d)
3(3t + 1)2
(e)
20v(5v 2 + 2)3
(g)
(f ) 2(t3 + t + 1)(3t2 + 1)
(i) 6(3y 2 4y)2(3y 2)
Section 13
Exercise 1
(a)
2t2
(b)
1 1/2
t
2
t2
(c)
8t3
(d) 1/3
(e)
(f ) 1 + 3t2 8t3
(h)
3(3t + 1)2
(i)
6(3t + 1)2
(j) 10t + 3
(k)
6t4 + 4t3
(l)
Exercise 2
1 1/2
x
2
(d) 5 x2
(a)
1
(x + 1)1/2
2
(e) 10x
(b)
(c)
3x2
(f ) 70x(x2 + 1)4
(g)
2
(2x + 1)2/3
3
(h)
7x2
(i)
(j)
8x3 3x2
(k)
3 7/4
x
2
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
10 3
x
3
c mathcentre 2003
27
Exercise 3
(a) 3
(b)
(d)
4t2 + 3
(g)
3(6t 2)1.5
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
2.1t4 18t2
(c)
2.5(5t 6)1.5
(e) 0
(f )
4t3 + 3t2 + 5
(h)
(i) 3 + 0.1t1.1
6t3
(l)
c mathcentre 2003
28
Acknowledgements
If departments wish to customise and print their own copies, the contents of the book can
be supplied in electronic format suitable for printing.
email: enquiries@mathcentre.ac.uk
tel: 01509 227465
www: http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
c mathcentre 2003