Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Seminar Report on
Environmental Studies.
Contents
Serial Topic
No.
1
Introduction
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History:
2.1 India : Taj-Mahal, Red Rain and Gray Rain
2.2 World
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4
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Page
No.
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Introduction
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e.
elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants,
aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain
is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen,
and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce
acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the production of
sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere with positive results. However, it can also be
caused naturally by the splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy produced
by lightning strikes, or the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere by volcano
eruptions.
"Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain, snow, sleet,
fog, cloud-water, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic
components. A more accurate term is acid deposition. Water, once carbon
dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic,
and those with a pH greater than 7 are Alkaline. Clean or unpolluted rain has a
slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react
together to form carbonic acid, but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.
H2O (l) + CO2 (g) H2CO3 (aq.)
Carbonic acid then can ionize in water forming low concentrations
of hydronium and carbonate ions:
2 H2O (l) + H2CO3 (aq.) CO32 (aq.) + 2 H3O+ (aq.)
Acid deposition as an environmental issue would include additional acids
to H2CO3.
History
India
Taj-Mahal:
More recent threats have come from environmental pollution on the banks of
Yamuna River including acid rain due to the Mathura Oil Refinery, which was
opposed by Supreme Court of India directives. The pollution has been turning the
Taj Mahal yellow. To help control the pollution, the Indian government has set up
the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ), a 10,400 square kilometer (4,015 square mile) area
around the monument where strict emissions standards are in place.
Cause Of Occurence :
The colored rain of Kerala began falling on July 25, 2001, in the districts of
Kottayam and Idukki in the southern part of the state. Yellow, green, and black
rain was also reported. Many more occurrences of the red rain were reported over
the following ten days, and then with diminishing frequency until late September.
According to locals, the first colored rain was preceded by a loud thunderclap and
flash of light, and followed by groves of trees shedding shriveled grey "burnt"
leaves. Shriveled leaves and the disappearance and sudden formation of wells were
also reported around the same time in the area. It typically fell over small areas, no
more than a few square kilometers in size, and was sometimes so localized that
normal rain could be falling just a few meters away from the red rain. Red rainfalls
typically lasted less than 20 minutes.Each milliliter of rain water contained about 9
million red particles, and each liter of rainwater contained approximately 100
milligrams of solids. Extrapolating these figures to the total amount of red rain
estimated to have fallen, it was estimated 50,000 kilograms of red particles had
fallen on Kerala.
WORLD
In the 1960s, fish populations in the Scandinavian countries were showing a rapid
decline as a result of acid rain. The infamous forest dieback in some parts of
central Europe was also from acid rain. Thus, experience from elsewhere bears out
clearly enough that the whole problem as it confronts India needs proactive
handling.
Acid rain would only increase this figure significantly. The prospect of increasing
consumption of coal in Asia makes the acid rain threat even more real than ever.
Possible options for mitigation are: radical improvements in energy efficiency, a
switchover to low sulphur fuels like natural gas, greater use of renewables, major
cut-down and removal of sulphur from crude oil distillates like diesel, fuel oil, etc.,
and finally, the widespread use of state-of-the-art pollution control devices in all
polluting sectors of the economy. As experience stands in Europe and north
America, the threat of acid rain was severely dealt with in these regions through
heavy spending on SO2 abatement technologies and rapidly cutting down the
dependence on coal by shifting to natural gas and nuclear energy. But, action in
these regions came only after a considerable amount of ecological damage.
Formation
Formation of Acid Rain
Acid Rain includes both dry and wet acidic deposits. Acid rain originates from sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide. Various Industries are responsible for emitting these gases onto the atmosphere like
electric power generation, industrial process, transportation, biological activities in soil. Once these
particles are emitted into air, they form sulfate and nitrate particles. These particles can travel through
long distances on wind currents. By combining with water vapor, these particles form acids.
Here, wet deposition of acid occurs, when any form of precipitation (snow, rain etc) removes acids from
the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's surface. Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the
absence of precipitation. This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60% of total acid deposition. This
occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground, plants or other surfaces.
Chemical Reactions:
Normal Rain
H20 + CO2 H2CO3
pH of Normal Rain is about 5.6
Acid Rain
2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4
4NO + 3O2 +2H2O 4HNO3
pH of Acid Rain is b/w 4 and 5
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about 5.5. By the year 2002 the pH level of acidic rain falling all over the polluted United States was
about 4.3.
Two networks of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitor the chemicals that cause acid rain
and acid rains pH. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program measures wet deposition, while The
Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) measure dry deposition. The National Atmosphere
Deposition Program monitors long-term trends by collecting precipitation weekly where the Central
Analytical Laboratory analyzes the samples for sulfate, hydrogen, nitrate, chloride, and ammonium.
Kentucky has had seven active wet deposition sites over the past twenty years, but the most recent
contaminated area was found October 7, 2003 at Seneca Park. As for dry deposition The Clean Air Status
and Trends Network measure and monitor the amounts of dry gaseous components polluting different
areas. Data compiled with atmospheric concentration are collected at each site with a three stage, openfaced filter pack. The filter pack contains a nylon filter for nitric acid and a base cellulose filter for sulfur
dioxide, and a Teflon filter for collections of particular species. CASTNET has previously recorded over
five sites in Kentucky are polluted by dry deposition including areas such as Mammoth Cave, Crockett,
and Mackville. The National Atmospheric and Clean Air Status and Trends Network are great programs
that not only test and monitor wet and dry deposition, but they also work extremely hard to find ways of
preventing acid rain.
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Soil water gets very acidic as the rain soaks into it. The roots of the trees take up and
transpire acidic water from the soil, just like you drinking acid. This damages the insides
of trees and leads to heavy leaf fall. Trees are often stripped of all their leaves.
Trees are weakened and more affected by pests, diseases and draught.
Large areas of forest are often destroyed, especially the coniferous forests of Norway and
Sweden.
The acidic water dissolves toxic metals from the soil, such as aluminum and
cadmium.
Therefore, these metals also end up in the rivers and lakes with the acidic rain.
The heavy metals and acids in the water are taken in by all animal and plant life. This causes
Eggs if animals such as dusks and birds become too thin and brittle to hatch
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b)
Toxic metals build up in gills of fish and their eggs fail to fertilize, the means their numbers drop.
c)
d)
Toxic metals build up in plants and are passed through the food chain- herbivores eat the plants
with heavy metals and carnivores eat animals which have eaten the poisoned plants in the first place.
e)
Acidic water encourages massive growth of ` uses up oxygen from the lake bed and deprives
Acid attacks and weakens calcium in the bones of animals so they are injured easily.
g)
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Most lakes and streams have a pH between 6 and 8. Lakes and streams become acidic (pH value
goes down) when the water itself and its surrounding soil cannot buffer the acid rain enough to neutralize
it. In areas like the Northeastern United States where soil buffering is poor, some lakes now have a pH
value of less than 5. One of the most acidic lakes reported is Little Echo Pond in Franklin, New York.
Little Echo Pond has a pH of 4.2. Lakes and streams in the western United States are usually not acidic.
Generally, the young of most species are more sensitive than adults. Frogs may tolerate relatively high
levels of acidity, but if they eat insects like the mayfly, they may be affected because part of their food
supply may disappear. As lakes and streams become more acidic, the numbers and types of fish and other
aquatic plants and animals that live in these waters decrease. Some types of plants and animals are able to
tolerate acidic waters. Others, however, are acid-sensitive and will be lost as the pH declines. Some acid
lakes have no fish. At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At lower pH levels, some adult fish die. Toxic
substances like aluminum that wash into the water from the soil may also kill fish.
Together, biological organisms and the environment in which they live are called an ecosystem. The
plants and animals living within an ecosystem are highly interdependent. For example, fish eat other fish
and also other plants and animals that live in the lake or stream. If acid rain causes the loss of acidsensitive plants and animals, then fish that rely on these organisms for food may also be affected.
Human-Made Materials
Acid rain eats away at stone, metal, paint -- almost any material exposed to the weather for a long period
of time. Human-made materials gradually deteriorate even when exposed to unpolluted rain, but acid rain
accelerates the process. Acid rain can cause marble statues carved long ago to lose their features. Acid
rain has the same effect on buildings and monuments. Repairing acid rain damage to houses, buildings,
and monuments can cost billions of dollars. Ancient monuments and buildings, such as the Parthenon in
Greece, can never be replaced.
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Prevention:
Prevention of Acid rain is very important for the future of our environment.
Since acid rain is caused mainly by the emission of sulphur dioxide from coal-fired
power plants. There are a number of preventions, including: switching fuel sources
to natural gas, oil, or renewable energy sources; switching to low-sulphur coal;
removing the sulphur from the coal before burning; using fluidised-bed
combustion processes to burn the coal; and removing the sulphur from the smoke
stack after combustion through the installation of pollution control equipment.
Other prevention methods are catalytic converters, road traffic restrictions, and
equalising acidity in affected water systems by using powdered limestone and
reduction in the sulphur content of fuels. Things you could do in the community to
prevent are protest against the use of coal fire in industry, walking more and
driving less, buy fuel efficient cars or alternative fuel powered vehicles and head
community campaigns promoting awareness of the issue.
On a more personal level, there are many things you can do to help prevent acid
rain. Try to use your car as little as possible: walk, use public transportation, and
carpool. Turn the heat down in your house, and dont use air conditioning (these
things require more gas burning). Conserve water by running a washing machine
or dishwasher only with a full load. And remember to turn off lights, and use
energy efficient lightbulbs! By following these tips, you will reduce the emissions
of fossil fuels by using less energy. If we all pitch in and do our part, we can
improve our quality of life and the beautiful earth on which we live.
Basically, there are three types of Prevention Methods. They are:
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the
United
States,
many
coal-burning power
gas
16
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Conclusion:
Look to the future:
As emissions from the largest known sources of acid deposition - power plants and automobiles-are
reduced, EPA scientists and their colleagues must assess the reductions to make sure they are achieving
the results Congress anticipated. If these assessments show that acid deposition is still harming the
environment, Congress may begin to consider additional ways to reduce emissions that cause acid
deposition. They may consider additional emissions reductions from sources that have already been
controlled, or methods to reduce emissions from other sources. They may also invest in energy efficiency
and alternative energy. The cutting edge of protecting the environment from acid deposition will continue
to develop and implement cost-effective mechanisms to cut emissions and reduce their impact on the
environment.
Turn off lights, computers, and other appliances when you're not using them
Use energy efficient appliances: lighting, air conditioners, heaters, refrigerators, washing
machines, etc.
Carpool, use public transportation, or better yet, walk or bicycle whenever possible