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Well Testing: - Buildup Tests - Drill Stem Test - Production History and Decline Analysis
Well Testing: - Buildup Tests - Drill Stem Test - Production History and Decline Analysis
Buildup Tests
Drill Stem Test
Production History and Decline Analysis
Pressure Data
Damage
indicated by
difference
Pressure Derivative
Boundary
indicator?
Permeability Indication
Dimensionless Time
Multilayer, Multi-Reservoir or ?
1. Density Segregation,
2. Pressure Buildup and
3. Liquids Forced Back in Formation
Liquid Loading in Gas Well
As shut-in pressure
rises, the liquids
may be forced back
into the formation to
an equilibrium
height.
This changes liquid
level and the
pressure differential
between a gauge
recorder and the
formation.
PS
PS
PBH
PBH
PBH
1
Pressure
difference
between
the gauge
and the
perfs is the
density of
the fluid
between
them.
Perfs
1
Pressure
difference
between
the gauge
and the
perfs is the
density of
the fluid
between
them.
Perfs
2
As long as
the liquid is
above the
gauge, then
gauge and
perf
pressures
only
separated
by liquid
density.
3
As liquid
drops
below the
gauge, gas
density,
which is
much less
than liquid,
affects the
recorded
pressure
4
Gauge and
reservoir
read nearly
the same
when only
gas is in
the
wellbore.
Gas Gradient
Gauge reading
Liquid Gradient
Liquid,
Permeability
On a routine buildup
test, how can
permeability
difference be
recognized?
Permeability
Higher perms build
up fast, lower perms
build up slow.
Higher perm
Lower Perm
Constant Rate
Declining
Pressure
Production Data
Declining Rate
Constant
Pressure
Differences
Well Test
Production Decline
Noisy
Surface measurement
Averaged data
Data sometimes poor
Inexpensive
Always available
Long term
Hyperbolic
Harmonic
Transient
Pwf boundary
Wellbore
Reservoir
Boundary
Q
Q
Actual Time
Dimensionless Time
=Q/q (i.e., cum. Prod/rate)
Transient
Infinite acting
Boundary
Dominated
Log q/DP
Decreasing
Skin
Log q/DP
More
Damaged
Boundary
Dominated
Curve match in
this area indicates
pure volumetric
depletion
Log q/DP
Log q/DP
Log q/DP
Boundary
Dominated
Log q/DP
Boundary
Dominated
Transitional
Effects
Difficult to see
events in this
zone with
production data
Log Material Balance Time
Pressure support
Indicated by later
time data
CfD= 500
Xe/Xf= 1
CfD= 500
1 .E+ 0 1
Xe/Xf= 2
Xe/Xf= 5
CfD= 500
CfD= 5.0
CfD= 500
1.E+ 01
CfD= 0.5
CfD= 5.
CfD= 5.
0.20
1 .E+ 0 0
CfD= 0.05
CfD= 5.
0.18
1/PD
CfD= 0.5
CfD= 05
1.E+ 00
1 .E-0 1
0.16
GIP = 15.4
BCF
1/PD
0.14
Xe/Xf= 25
1 .E-0 2
Xe/Xf= 1
Xe/Xf= 2
Xe/Xf= 5
1/PwD
tD
1 .E-0 3
1.E-01
0.12
1 PD
GIP = 22.4
BCF
0.10
1 PD
t DA
re/rwa= 100
1.E +04
1.E +03
1.E +02
1.E +01
1.E +00
1.E -01
1.E -02
1.E -03
1.E -04
GIP = 18.5
BCF
0.08
1.E-02
re/rwa= 1.E+ 06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
1.E+01
1.E+00
re/rwa= 10000
1.E-01
1.E-02
0.06
1.E-03
1.E-04
1.E-05
re/rwa= 1000
tD
Fig. 1: Reciprocal Dimensionless Pressure,
, based on Xf
2.50
7000
1.50
Pbh (psia)
Rate (MMSCF/D)
5000
4000
3000
1.00
2000
0.50
1000
0.00
0.
1000.
2000.
3000.
4000.
tim e (days)
5000.
6000.
0
7000.
Time
(days )
31.0
61.0
92.0
122.0
153.0
184.0
212.0
243.0
273.0
304.0
334.0
365.0
396.0
426.0
de ve lo pe r do c ume ntatio n: dc g
"v102799.xls " 10/27/1999
Cumulative
Pro duc tio n
(MMS CF)
8.72
14.65
52.03
110.22
164.04
216.39
236.21
278.21
322.72
363.92
407.00
407.00
459.82
497.91
Daily Rate
(MMS CF/D)
0.28
0.20
1.21
1.94
1.74
1.69
0.71
1.35
1.48
1.33
1.44
0.00
1.70
1.27
Tubing Le n
Tubing ID
K:
Xf:
Ne t Pay:
Re s . te mp:
Hydro c arb' Po ro s ity:
Initial Pre s (BHo le ):
OGIP:
WH te mp:
Gas g rav:
Indic ato r:
Input Pre s
(ps ia);
0=BHP
2=WHP
4760.49
4751.27
3527.06
2335.70
2017.40
1698.92
2524.93
1958.24
1585.53
1549.71
1247.57
2781.85
1184.10
1338.61
Bo tto m Ho le
Pre s s ure
(ps ia)
5748.81
5738.61
4373.77
2964.81
2562.91
2156.53
3185.50
2482.30
2007.29
1958.58
1573.61
3495.66
1499.96
1686.47
8500.0
2.2
0.000
532.7
30.0
185.0
0.063
5100
0.00
60.00
ft
in
md
fe e t
fe e t
F
fra ction
ps ia
BS CF
de g F
0.68
1
(a ir=1.0)
(0=BHP ,>1=WHP )
Re s ults
0.0
are a:
0.993
Z(Pint):
m(Pint): 1.35E+09
(uCg )i: 3.42E-06
C|Qd: #DIV/0!
C|Td: 0.00E+00
0.00
Xe / Xf:
N/A
SuPs T-C=
Data-TC var=
numbe r o f
Pre s s ure
Vis c o s ity
Pro d. data (ps ia)
If (c 'po is e ) is
value s
GAS PRO
us e d, be
(be lo w)
will
194
10
71.22
132.45
193.67
254.9
316.12
377.35
438.57
499.8
561.02
622.24
683.47
744.69
805.92
0.01306
0.01308
0.0131
0.01312
0.01316
0.01319
0.01323
0.01328
0.01333
0.01338
0.01344
0.0135
0.01357
0.01365
N/A
a cre s
@ P initia l
@ P initia l
@ P initia l
Ca lc.'d
Ca lc.'d
Ca lc.'d
99
0.000E+00
0.999 1.592E-01
5.270E-01
0.99293 0.000E+00
0.98693 corne rs of s e le ction tra pe zoid
4.470E-01
0.98101 4.690E-02
3.290E-01
0.97516 4.690E-02
1.139E-01
9.700E-02
0.9694
1.139E-01
2.150E-01
0.96373
4.470E-01
0.95814 4.690E-02
0.95266
0.94727
0.94199
0.93682
0.93176
0.92683
2.50
r^2 OGIP :
2.00
Rate (MMSCF/D)
cha rt title
>>>>>>
1.50
1.00
K (md)=
Xf (ft)=
Fcd=500
0.064
Pinit (psia)=
532.7
5100
OGIP (BCF)=
15.10
Area (ac)=
Xe/Xf=
Fcd=5
651.4
5.00
1.E+00
9.722E-02
Fcd=0.5
qD
Fcd=0.05
Xe/Xf=25
1.E-01
Xe/Xf=5
Xe/Xf=1
1.E-02
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
tD(Xf)
Xe/Xf=2
1.E+02
1.E+03
2.50
7000
1.50
Pbh (psia)
Rate (MMSCF/D)
5000
4000
3000
1.00
2000
0.50
1000
0.00
0.
1000.
2000.
3000.
4000.
tim e (days)
5000.
6000.
0
7000.
1
1422 q(t ) T
qD
pD
k g h Dm( p)
k g h Dm( p)
1422 q(t ) T
Dimensionless Time
tD =
2.637 10
kgt
cg (t ) x 2f
t DA =
2.637 10
kgt
cg (t ) A
Dimensionless Cumulative
p
QDA
t
DA
pD
Dm p(t) = 2
p (t )
pdp
( p)z( p)
cg (t )
2 pi Q(t )
zi Gi Dm( p )
p Q(t )
p
i 1
z ( p ) zi
Gi
k f wf
k reservoir x f
xe
xD=
xf
Pressure maintenance =
Reservoir pressure
(2)
Artificial lift required (gas lift, ESP, etc)
Sharp increase in production cost
Multi phase production > reduced
saturation, loss of capilary pressure
Loss of cohesive forces
2
RpAL
RpAban
3
100
80
(1)
Initial Reservoir pressure
Maximum energy to drive production
Maximum permeability
Single phase production
No depletion, No compaction, Min.
formation stress
Minimum production cost
60
40
20
(3)
Abandonment pressure
Minimum energy to drive production
Maximum depletion, compaction,
formation stress
Minimum remaining permeability
Permeability (% of initial K)
* (SPE 56813, 36419. 71673)
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