Vibration Time Waveform Analysis

TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
Machinery vibration analysis techniques
Use of time domain analysis
Time domain analysis

Frequency analysis
Signal processing and presentation

Phase measurement
Demodulation
Instrument setup
Time waveform shape analysis
Synchronous vs nonsynchronous data
Random noise and vibration
Conclusions
USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

A graphic description of the overall physical behavior of a
vibration structure as a function of time
Clarification of FFT processed data
The position of the measurement point at each instant of
time relative to the position at rest
Overall peak amplitude
USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

(cont.)
The symmetry of a signal; this relates to the
linearity of the vibrating system, the nature of the
forcing function, and the severity of the vibration
A measure of damping in the system
Direction of the initial exciting force
Phase and amplitude relationships of different

frequencies and different positions
The nature of amplitude modulation or frequency content
SIGNAL PROCESSING and

PRESENTATION
Instrumentation
Presentation
Presentation setup
Differential time
12-1
Waveform Characteristics
Objectives
Describe five waveform characteristics.
Identify waveform symmetry using APD.
Discuss waveform modulation and how it translates
to the FFT.
12-1
A number of different displays "averaging modes" use the time

domain. Displays such as synchronous time averaged data is
averaged in the time domain.
APD (Amplitude Problability Distribution) this is a function of
Wavepak, displays the symmetry and skewness of the waveform
signal.
Each defect type has a characteristic waveform, which
subsequently translates to the frequency domain.
There are characteristics and specific events that do not
translate to the frequency domain as discrete peaks. In order to
truly understand this limitation, the analyst must first understand
how the time domain data is gathered and transformed into a
spectrum through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) process.
12-2
Time domain data, raw transducer output, signal voltage and
many other terms refer to waveforms.
Waveform or time domain data is comprised of amplitude with
respect to time. Signals with an amplitude, whether vibration,
current, voltage changes, or other signal types, change with time.
12-2
There are certain things to look for when conducting waveform

analysis, the waveform provides specific characteristics for
defects of a single or multiple nature.
BAL - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
8
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:36
RMS = 1.28
Acceleration in G-s
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 3550.
RPS = 59.17
PK(+) = 6.94
PK(-) = 5.84
-2
CRESTF= 5.40
-4
-6
-8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
12-3
140
Time: 135.09
Ampl: .00000
Time in mSecs
Note:
The waveform is only as good as its definition. If the
resolution of your waveform lacks definition, the data can be
worthless, or poor at best.
Once the characteristics have been properly identified, the
analyst can rule out certain fault types.
For example:
If a waveform is periodic (sinusoidal)
looseness
cracks
resonance
antifriction bearings
Could probably be ruled out. You may not know what the problem
is, but you know what it is not.
12-3
Listed below are waveform characteristics an analyst should look
for when analyzing the waveform:
Amplitude
Periodic
Asymmetry
Spikes/Impacts
Electrical vs Mechanical Non-Periodic
Distortions
Modulation
Complexity
Discontinuities
Low Frequency Events
Truncation/Restrictions
to Motion
12-4
Amplitude
When diagnosing machinery faults using the time
waveform, similar to spectral data, we are concerned with
the amplitude of the waveform.
When we are discussing bearing and gear waveforms,
we use the peak to peak amplitude of the waveform. This is
often referred to as g swing.
The g swing is the sum of the absolute value of the
maximum positive and negative amplitude in that period.
MasterTrend calculates this value and gives us the ability
to trend and alarm based on this and other waveform
values.
12-4
Amplitude
12-5
Periodic
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
RMS = 1.28
4
Acceleration in G-s
Sometimes referred to as a deterministic simple

signal, this is an ideal signal which repeats itself
exactly after a fixed period.
Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:36
FAULT
LOAD = 100.0
ALERT
RPM = 3550.
RPS = 59.17
This is not possible in the real world. However,

there are some machinery faults which have this
characteristic.
PK(+) = 6.94
PK(-) = 5.84
-2
CRESTF= 5.40
ALERT
-4
FAULT
A single plane balance problem will have a very

periodic waveform due to the mass rotational center
and the rotor shaft of other component center line
differences.
-6
-8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Time:
76.72
Ampl: -.109
Time in mSecs
12-5
Periodic
12-6
Complexity
BAL - ZONE 6 EXHAUST
C-30 Z6X -FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
0.6
Waveform Display
To determine the complexity of the waveform,

establish whether the signal is:
periodic in nature
estimate the harmonic content
determine if the signal is synchronous
non-synchronous
identify whether the waveform correlates
directly to the spectral data.
13-JUN-95 14:52
0.4
Acceleration in G-s
RMS = .1390
LOAD = 100.0
0.2
RPM = 1000.
RPS = 16.67
-0.0
PK(+) = .3672
PK(-) = .4322
CRESTF= 3.11
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time in mSecs
12-6
Complexity
Impacts/Spikes
C-20 FLOAT-FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:37
Acceleration in G-s
RMS = 1.59
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 3508.
RPS = 58.47
PK(+) = 4.88
PK(-) = 5.25
CRESTF= 3.30
-2
-4
-6
0
20
12-7
40
60
80
Time in mSecs
Label: LOOSE, OUT OF BALANCE
100
120
140
Impacts or Spikes may or may not be repetitive in nature.

The non repetitive spikes generate white noise.
Repetitive impacts or spikes, such as those produced by rolling
element bearing defects or broken gear teeth, may excite discrete
frequencies and therefore show up well in the spectrum.
This characteristic is best detected by defining a waveform
amplitude type in acceleration. Acceleration data is proportional
to force.
The crest factor, which is equal to the maximum peak (positive
or negative) divided by the RMS of the waveform, is a good
indicator of the impacting. This value can be setup as an analysis
parameter and trended in MasterTrend.
12-7
Impacts/Spikes
12-8
Discontinuities
This characteristic is usually associated with faulty
equipment due to the discontinuous nature of the
data.
Data with this characteristic has breaks in the data
where there appears to be a loss of input signal or a
significant increase/decrease in amplitude.
This is not a uniform change such as resonance,
load changes, or even sudden component failures.
Discontinuous data is typically unpredictable, and
very distinct.
If you see this type of waveform pattern
( YOU HAVE A PROBLEM )
Repetitive Spikes
12-8
Discontinuities
12-9
Asymmetry
Asymmetry refers to the relationship between the
positive and negative energy.
A waveform is asymmetric when there is more energy in
the positive plane than the negative or vice versa.
Asymmetry refers to the direction of movement relative to
the transducer mounting with a positive signal
representing energy into ( towards ) the accelerometer and
a negative signal representing away.
A tool which is designed to check this type of
characteristic is the APD, Amplitude Probability
Distribution.
12-9
Asymmetry
Asymmetry
MISC - #1 H2O BOOSTER
4661
2.5
-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL

Waveform Display
2.0
16-NOV-95 10:18
1.5
Acceleration in G-s
12-10
Select the Analyze Data feature in Diagnostics Plotting when in

Waveform Analysis.
RMS = .5155
LOAD = 100.0
1.0
RPM = 1789.
RPS = 29.82
0.5
PK(+) = 2.24
PK(-) = 1.43
CRESTF= 4.35
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
0
60
120
180
240
300
Time in mSecs
Label: LOOSE BASE
12-10
APD
12-11
APD
Amplitude Probability Distribution
An APD or Amplitude Probability Distribution is similar to a
Hystorgram.
The signal is broken down into amplitude percentages, and then
the amplitude is plotted.
The X-Axis is the amplitude and the Y-Axis is the percentage of
the signal that falls into that amplitude range.
The APD is typically used for acoustical analysis.
It can also be used for machine vibration analysis to find the
balance of the signal (asymmetries), the direction, and possibly
the location of a specific defect especially those that may not
stand out in the waveform or the spectrum.
12-11
Sinewaves
12-11
Sinewaves
Sinewaves are very symmetrical, which means

there is a balance of energy in the positive and
negative planes.
If most of the vibration signal is evenly distributed
and sinusoidal, there is a strong possibility it is due to
a synchronous component such as imbalance,
misalignment, gears, blades, etc.
Notice that the APD at the bottom of the above display shows a
set of peaks at the maximum and minimum amplitude locations.
This could also be called a Hysteresis display. The probability of
the signal being in the 10 volt location is much more probable
that the signal being at the zero location of the display.
The waveform and APD show the shape of a

sinewave and the probability related to this type of
signal.
12-13
Triangle Wave
12-13
Triangle Wave
With a triangle wave, we see the relationship of the

waveform and a different type of APD display.
Note that the data is skewed to the negative plane.
Again, this provides the analyst with the direction of
motion.
The following illustration displays the direct relationship
between the waveform and the APD. Bear in mind that
the APD provides another tool to determine location,
direction, and asymmetry.
12-14
Squarewave
12-14
Squarewave
The squarewave on the next slide provides some insight

into the use of the APD for checking asymmetries.
Remember that symmetry refers to the balance of energy.
Therefore, with a slightly more complex signal, this becomes
more important especially when performing Root Cause
Failure Analysis(RCFA).
In the next illustration, the signal is asymmetric, and there
is more energy in the positive plane than the negative.
The energy in the positive plane shows movement toward
the transducer, and the negative plane is obviously the
opposite.
12-15
Truncation/Restrictions to Motion
12-15
Modulation
Truncation means to abruptly shorten, or to appear to

terminate.
In waveform analysis, this characteristic indicates restrictive
motion.
All the waveform characteristics up to this point have

dealt with signals of a constant amplitude.
A varying signal will cause the waveform to become
modulated. The type of modulation occurring
determines its classification. Commonly referred to as
Beat frequencies, these may be broken into three
specific categories.
Amplitude
Beating
Frequency
12-16
Amplitude
The spectrum will have a peak at the signal's
frequency with one peak on each side spaced at the
frequency of the amplitude change. These peaks are
referred to as sidebands.
Amplitude modulation is common when analyzing
inner race bearing defects. This occurs when the
defective bearing component passes in and out of the
bearing load zone. The middle of the load zone is
typically where the highest amplitudes in the
waveform show up.
12-16
Amplitude
The spectrum and waveform show slot pass frequency from an

AC induction motor. The primary signal at 34xTS is marked with
a vertical line. The sideband cursors mark the amplitude change
at 120 Hz.
12-17
Beating
12-17
Beating
AMGL - CENTAC 3 STAGE COMPRESSOR
PK Vel in In/Sec
A beat is comprised of two unrelated single

frequency signals, closely spaced in frequency.
Beating is often found in two pole induction AC
motors. The close proximity of two times line
frequency and the second harmonic of turning speed
cause this beat.
An example of beating is shown next. The 2x RPM
and 2x line frequency are separated by less than .5
Hz. The waveform shows the amplitude modulation
associated with beating.
#1 CENTAC -1BA MOTOR OUTBD AXIAL TO 200 Hz
0.04
REFERENCE SPECTRUM
0.03
06-DEC-94 10:15
OVRALL= .0581 V-DG
0.02
PK = .0380
0.01
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 3575.
RPS = 59.58
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Acceleration in G-s
Frequency in Hz
0.10
0.05
WAVEFORM DISPLAY
06-DEC-94 10:15
-0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
RMS = .0678
PK(+) = .1300
PK(-) = .1790
CRESTF= 2.64
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Time in Seconds
Freq:
Ordr:
Dfrq:
12-18
Frequency
1.997
1.000
12-18
Frequency
Rarely seen in a routine environment, this is a change in

frequency without a change in the signal amplitude.
Frequency modulation typically occurs in gearmeshing
vibration, due to the small speed fluctuations caused by
tooth spacing errors and faults as they develop. A very wide
spread of sidebands in the spectrum is usually an indication
that significant frequency modulation is present.
On our example shown next. The vertical line in the
spectrum marks gearmesh frequency at 24xTS. The
sideband cursors mark the output shaft speed with labels
identifying sidebands spaced at input shaft speed. The
waveform has been expanded to show the frequency
modulation occurring. A good illustration is shown between
170 and 180 msecs.
Frequency modulation
12-19
119.00
Spec: .02520
12-20
When performing detailed analysis, you need to be

able to collect and analyze data in excess of one
minute for low frequency problems. This is extremely
important when the machine in question has an
operational speed below 200 RPM. The challenge in
identifying low frequency defects is having sufficient
time in the waveform. A low frequency event may only
appear once in the collected time domain. As
discussed earlier, this event will not be transformed
into the spectrum.
12-20
Electrical vs. Mechanical
12-20
Electrical vs. Mechanical
Determining if the source of energy is mechanical

or electrical is sometimes difficult.
Appropriately set up waveforms can be a great
help. Setting up for a long enough time to capture
the operational conditions and the machine shutoff
point can identify the source.
The advantage of using the time domain as
opposed to the frequency domain is there is no need
to worry about the screen update time or sampling
rate.
Waveform and Spectrum

Relationships
12-21
Waveform and Spectrum

Relationships
12-21
Each spectrum has an associated waveform. The

spectrum is made of this waveform. As discussed earlier in
this section, some of the characteristics in the waveform do
not translate to the FFT due to the way the calculations are
made. The assumption is that there is a repetitive cycle of
events made up of sines and cosines. However, this is not
actually the case.
If an event happens only once, then this event has no
frequency; therefore, the spectral representation is a
continuous spectrum.
In the waveform shown next, there is no repetition in the
event; therefore, there is no frequency.
12-22
Modulated Waveforms
12-22
Modulated Waveforms
Finally, when modulation is involved, there is a direct

relationship between the waveform and the spectrum
depending on the differential time (t).
Knowledge of the modulation t helps determine the
resolution required for detailed spectral analysis. Also,
from our previous discussion on modulation, we know
there is a carrier frequency that the modulation must
follow.
Gears, bearings, and electrical defects each have
carrier frequencies. For gears the carrier is the
frequency where the gears mesh. However, a carrier
frequency for an electrical defect could be the line
frequency (FL ) or 2 * FL.
12-23
Waveform Analysis As Confirmation

Every fault condition has a corresponding waveform
characteristic.
Unbalance, for example, has a sinusoidal pattern with
one major event per revolution.
Misalignment, which is primarily offset, typically has
harmonic activity with the waveform having the same
number of events per cycle as the spectral data has peaks.
A misalignment condition generating a second and possibly
a third order peak shows two or three sinewaves per
revolution.
Looseness will have a complex waveform with many
peaks within one revolution. This will confirm the spectral
characteristics of multiple harmonics of turning speed.
12-25
Vertical Turbine Pump

Unbalance Example
The multiple point spectrum plot below shows radial and axial
measurements taken from the top of the vertical motor.
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
MIV
Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations
PK Velocity in In/Sec
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison
Plot
Scale
131-546-03-MOA
09-FEB-96 09:22
0.7
131-546-03-MOV
09-FEB-96 09:22
131-546-03-MOH
09-FEB-96 09:22
9
12
15
18
21
12-26
The sharpness of the peak indicates that it has been created

from a waveform dominated by a single frequency.
131-546-03-MOV
1.0
MIH

Unbalance Example
131-546-03 - PTS=MOH MOV MOA

.65
MOH
MOV
Max Amp
12-24

Unbalance Example
24
27
MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL

Route Spectrum
09-FEB-96
0.8
OVRALL=
PK
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL
0.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
45
50
Ordr:
1.000
Freq:
1776.2
Spec:
.646
Fan Bearing
Looseness Example
12-28
The fan bearing looseness data provides the initial spectral data
for diagnostics and the waveform data to confirm the looseness
fault diagnosis.
Waveform Display
RMS = .2679
0.4
Acceleration in G-s
40
09-FEB-96 09:22
0.6
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal
1776.
29.60
0.2
Frequency in Order
Approximately 270 milliseconds of time (8 shaft revolutions)

shows the clear one per revolution signal generated by the
unbalance condition.
RPM =
RPS =
0.4
12-27
09:22
.6466 V-DG
.6464
LOAD = 100.0
0.6
Frequency in Order

Unbalance Example
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1776.
0.2
RPS = 29.60
-0.0
PK(+) = .5932
PK(-) = .6215
-0.2
CRESTF= 2.32
Direct Driven Overhung Fan
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0
60
120
180
Time in mSecs
240
300
The fan ran in an out of balance condition for two years. The
bearings now have excess clearance, allowing the shaft to move
around.
12-29
Fan Bearing
Looseness Example
The spectral plot below shows vibration in the

horizontal direction on the fan outboard bearing.
Note the small amounts of harmonic activity and axial data

amplitude.
C-20 FLOAT - PTS=FIH FIV FIA FOH FOV FOA
Max Amp
14-JUN-95 08:10
Scale
C-20 FLOAT-FOV
14-JUN-95 08:10
1.0
C-20 FLOAT-FOH
14-JUN-95 08:09
C-20 FLOAT-FIA
14-JUN-95 08:09
C-20 FLOAT-FIV
14-JUN-95 08:09
C-20 FLOAT-FIH
14-JUN-95 08:08
0
10
Frequency in Order
12
14
16
Ordr:
1.000
Freq: 3499.0
Sp 1:
Route Spectrum
14-JUN-95 08:08
0.5
OVRALL= .5095 V-DG

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations
C-20 FLOAT-FOA
Plot
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison
0.6
.46
12-30
Fan Bearing
Looseness Example
PK = .5065
0.4
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 3498.
RPS = 58.30
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
.395
10
12
14
Ordr:
16
1.000
Freq: 3499.0
Frequency in Order
Spec:
.395
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS
Fan Bearing
Looseness Example
12-30
12-31
Fan Bearing
Looseness Example
The cursor markers note the locations of harmonics

of running speed.
Virtually all the vibration energy in this spectrum is
caused by turning speed and harmonics. The sides, or
skirts, of this peak are also very narrow.
The number of harmonics tells us that the spectrum
is derived from a complex, repetitive time waveform.

Waveform Display
14-JUN-95 08:08
Acceleration in G-s
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal Character
RMS = 1.06
RPM = 3498.
LOAD = 100.0
RPS = 58.30
PK(+) = 3.08
PK(-) = 3.01
-1
CRESTF= 2.88
-2
-3
-4
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time in mSecs
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS
Fan Bearing
Looseness Example
A clear and repeatable waveform occurs once per
shaft revolution, 1 x RPM.
There is also multiple peaks within one revolution
The waveform shows the acceleration created on the
bearing housing by the looseness.
The repeatability of the waveform in time with
respect to the shaft turning speed and amplitude
means that the vibration force is tied to the shaft
running speed.
12-31
12-32
Motor to Pump
Misalignment Example
The pump has had high vibration since installation and

numerous seal/packing and bearing failures. The maintenance
personnel stated that the alignment was difficult because the
base was drilled incorrectly at the manufacturers facility.
P1H
P1V
P2H
P2V
P1A
M2H
M2V
M1H
M1V
M1A
M2A
P2A
10
12-33
Motor to Pump
At first glance, the problem might appear to be unbalance. If
we take a closer look we see that 2X running speed peaks
are present in all directions.
Harmonics of running speed are denoted by the fault

frequency markers (dashed lines).
The first through sixth orders of running speed are visible
with the 2X T.S. predominant.
#1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO - PTS=MOH MOV MIH MIV MIA
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
0.24
Max Amp
.43
TIMBSTRPRO-MIA
Reference Spectrum
A AA AA
0.21
21-JUN-95 16:11
21-JUN-95 16:12
Plot
Scale
OVRALL= .1780 V-DG
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV
21-JUN-95 16:11
0.5
TIMBSTRPRO-MIH
21-JUN-95 16:11
TIMBSTRPRO-MOV
21-JUN-95 16:11
TIMBSTRPRO-MOH
21-JUN-95 16:11
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.18
Single Spectrum - 2xTS
Multi-Spectral - Amplitude Comparison
12-34
Motor to Pump
PK = .1771
LOAD = 100.0
0.15
RPM = 1768.
RPS = 29.47
0.12
A=MOTOR HARMONIC
0.09
: 1.00
0.06
0.03
55
0
0
Frequency in Order
12
15
18
21
Frequency in Order
12-35
Motor to Pump
The waveform is repetitive for each revolution with two distinct

peaks for each period.
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
Waveform Display
0.6
21-JUN-95 16:11
RMS = .1784
0.4
Acceleration in G-s
Time Waveform - Twice per Revolution
0.8
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1768.
0.2
RPS = 29.47
-0.0
PK(+) = .5682
PK(-) = .5457
-0.2
24
27
Ordr:
1.004
Freq: 1774.9
Spec: .01562
12-36
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example
The diagram above shows a centerhung pump with bearing

housing dimensions worn oversize .
The worn housings makes the pump very loose .
Typical of many looseness problems, this has grown worse over
time. A small dimension problem has gradually made itself worse.
Speed 1775 RPM
H.p.
150
CRESTF= 3.19
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0
60
120
180
240
300
Time in mSecs
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1

341-545-01 - PTS=PIV PIH POV POH POA
Max Amp
341-545-01-POA
18-APR-96 08:47
Multi-spectral - Broadband
.14
Plot
Scale
341-545-01-POH
18-APR-96 08:47
0.14
341-545-01-POV
18-APR-96 08:46
341-545-01-PIH
18-APR-96 08:46
341-545-01-PIV
18-APR-96 08:46
0
400
800
Frequency in Hz
1200
1600

341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
0.14
Route Spectrum
18-APR-96 08:47
0.12
OVRALL= .3663 V-DG

Many harmonics of running speed are visible on all measurement

positions. Baseline or floor energy is also very visible.
12-38
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example
Single Spectral - 9-15xTS and Broadband
12-37
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example
0.10
PK = .3675
0.08
RPM = 1775.
LOAD = 100.0
RPS = 29.58
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
400
800
Frequency in Hz
1200
1600
Freq:
29.58
Ordr:
1.000
Spec: .03901
11
12-38
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example
A cursor is positioned at 1x running speed and on the

harmonics of running speed.
The peaks are broad and have wide skirts.
Notice, no individual peak exceeds .1 in/sec, but the
overall energy is .3663 in/sec.
This is common with looseness. Broad humps of energy
show up in the 9X to 15x running speed range.
This indicates that the time waveform cannot be cleanly
transformed into a spectrum. Therefore, the waveform
must have random, non-periodic energy present.
Rolling Element Bearing Example
341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL

Waveform Display
18-APR-96 08:47
6
Acceleration in G-s
12-40
Maintenance personnel reported vibration from the back end

of the motor after only 200 hours operating time on a newly
installed drive.
The analyst investigated and found visible flakes of a bronze
colored material near the back end of the motor. The motor
manufacturer was contacted to determine if the 6330 bearings
had a bronze retainer and the reply given was no.
Time Waveform - Random Energy
There is no similarity in its pattern from

revolution to revolution. Non-periodic, random
patterns do not convert well in the FFT process.
It is very difficult to assign specific frequencies
and amplitudes to patterns in waveforms like
the one on the next page.
This difficulty leads to the broadband energy
humps in the spectrum. Broader humps
indicate more random energy. Higher humps
indicate more impacting in the waveform.
12-39
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example
10
12-39
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example
RMS = 2.12
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1775.
RPS = 29.58
PK(+) = 7.68
PK(-) = 6.42
CRESTF= 3.63
-2
Ski Lift Motor
850 HP DC Motor
-4
Right Angle Gearbox
6330 Bearings
-6
-8
0
60
120
180
240
300
Time in mSecs
12-41

All the levels appear very low in amplitude, but notice the location of the
dominant peaks.
There appears to be groups of many peaks closely spaced in the mid to
higher frequency range. These mounds of energy can indicate bearing
defects.

The fault frequencies for the 6330 bearing ball pass frequency outer race
are marked. Notice the number of peaks surrounding the higher frequency
defect harmonics.
The large number of harmonics and sidebands will be created from a
complex waveform.
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
Scale
BACKSIDEQD-MOH
05-JAN-96 08:56
0.20
BACKSIDEQD-MOA
05-JAN-96 08:57
BACKSIDEQD-MOV
05-JAN-96 08:46
0
400
800
1200
Frequency in Hz
1600
2000
Analyze Spectrum
C CC CC C C CC C
05-JAN-96 08:56
0.24
Plot
Single Spectrum - Bad Bearing
.19
BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
0.30
Max Amp
Multi-spectral - Non-Synchronous Energy
BACKSIDEQD - PTS=MOV MOA MOH
12-42
PK = .3611
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1298.
0.18
RPS = 21.64
>SKF 6330
C=BPFO
0.12
: 77.64
0.06
0
0
400
800
1200
Frequency in Hz
1600
2000
Freq:
77.50
Ordr:
3.582
Spec: .03297
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB
12
12-43

The number and height of the spikes in the time
waveform confirm the presence of severe impacting.

BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Waveform Display
05-JAN-96 08:56
The waveform shape is random and complex. This

shape cannot be transformed into a clean spectrum,
so the spectrum on the previous page with broad
humps of energy is created.
RMS = 1.75
Acceleration in G-s
Time Waveform - Bad Bearing
LOAD = 100.0
RPS = 21.64
RPM = 1298.
PK(+) = 5.81
PK(-) = 5.13
CRESTF= 3.32
The bearing cage turned out to be bronze! It was

deteriorating and did not have much life left. The outer
race had major spalls from impacting balls. The
bearing was replaced.
-2
-4
-6
0
40
80
120
160
12-43
200
Time in mSecs
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB
12-44
This is an example of Unbalance.
12-44

The cursor on the previous slide is marking 1xTS
(1 Order) at 59.34 Hz in the Spectrum.
How does that frequency relate in the Waveform.
The discussions on waveform analysis are not
intended for the analyst to discard the Spectral
analysis.
The Spectrum is Amplitude vs. Frequency. The
Time Waveform is Amplitude vs. Time.
12-45

Now let us look at the Waveform in Time.
12-45

The cursors are marking the harmonics of
the turning speed frequency, harmonic
cursors was selected. The frequency at
59.34 Hz 0r 59.35 Hz. = (1 Order).
The time is 16.85 msec. 16.85 msec
divided by 1000 = .01685 sec, this is the Time
to complete 1 revolution.
Frequency = 1 divided by the Time
1 divided by .01685 = 59.347 Hz = turning
speed of the rotor.
13
12-46
12-47
Change the display to Revolutions of the shaft.

Notice the time is now 1.000 that is (1 Order).
Viewing the Waveform in Revolutions can often make
analyzing a little simpler.
Now look at a Misalignment example.

The cursors are marking harmonics of turning speed. The
peak at 2x turning speed is the highest amplitude. We have 3
or 4 peaks per revolution of the shaft in the Time Waveform.
12-48
12-49
Take a closer look at the misalignment waveform pattern.

Harmonic cursors are marking the harmonics of what frequency?
From this display you still do not really know! You only know
that these marked peaks are harmonic.
From this display the same frequency was marked and the
Set Mark enabled, and the Difference cursors was
selected.
12-49
Look at the
time, it is 13.05 msec.
13.05 msec divided by 1000 = .01305 sec

1 divided by .01305 sec = 76.63 Hz
12-50
Change the display to Revolutions of the shaft.
Mark the same frequency, Set Mark select Difference
cursors.
76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm

When we look at the freq: 76.65 in the display at
lower right hand corner we can see the frequency
has already been calculated for us. The
harmonics displayed are harmonics of 76.63 Hz.
This the frequency of 1xTS.
14
12-51
12-52
We can control the cursor and look at the time.

The time is in Orders .999 orders.
We must remember it is very difficult marking exact
frequencies in the Time Waveform.
1x turnining speed is at 76.63 Hz. 76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm.

We can see two events occurring in 1 revolution of the shaft.
How often is the second event occurring in the Time Waveform
We will mark the 1st event, select Set Mark, select
Difference cursors
12-52
12-53
Bearing Problem
Move cursor to the peak representing the 2nd event in

one revolution.
Look at the time between these two frequencies. It is
6.523 msec. 6.523 divided by 1000 = .006523 sec.
On the following slide the cursor is marking

1xTS, we have peaks at the bearing defect
frequencies.
1 divided by .006523 sec = 153.3 Hz

153.3 Hz x 60 = 9,196 rpm
Also displayed on the following slide is the

Spectrum with Fault Frequencies for the BPFI .
The 1x TS was 4,598 rpm, 4,598 x 2 = 9,196 rpm
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the

BPFI is 5.91 orders. There are about 10
harmonics of 5.91 orders in the spectral data.
Now, it is easy now to see that this frequency is

occurring at 2 x TS of the rotor. It is repeated every
revolution of the shaft.
12-53
Bearing Problem
12-54
Bearing Problem
How do the bearing frequencies relate in the Time Waveform?
This display shows the Fault Frequencies for the BPFI displayed.
We must realize that the dotted lines do not automatically fall on

the defect frequency we may want to mark. Just any frequency
was selected. Notice where the fault lines are now.
15
12-55
Bearing Problem
12-55
Bearing Problem
In the plot displayed below the cursor was placed on a different

frequency before the fault lines where brought up. We can see
that the fault lines will fall where we place the cursor.
Our main concern is knowing the spacing of the defect

frequencies. This is what is displayed when we bring
up the fault frequencies in the Time Waveform, the
Spacing.
Let us examine the Waveform further:
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI = 134.4 HZ, so the repetition rate of the
impacts would calculate to 134.4 Hz.
We still have to find the impacts that are occurring at
that spacing. This will take some time for the analyst
to develop this ability to spot the equal spacing.
12-56
12-56
When initially viewing the Waveform we look for events that are
repeated, we also look for events that are equally spaced. In this
plot there are several events that are repeated and equally
spaced.
We know from the Spectral display that we have an inner race

defect. Lets display the fault frequency for the BPFI, first without
a cursor marking any event.
12-57
12-57
Bearing Problem
Bearing Problem
Bearing Problem
All we are trying to do with this display at this point is to look for
impacts that may represent the BPFI. There could be BPFOs,
BSFs also. We will focus on the BPFIs.
Bearing Problem
After placing the cursor on a peak we suspect is an impact from

a BPFI, then displaying the fault frequency for the BPFI, we can
see we have several peaks that match up.
16
12-58
Bearing Problem
12-58
Bearing Problem
We can view an expanded plot to see this a little clearer.
Place the cursor on an impact that matches up with a fault

line. Select the Set Mark option. Select Difference
cursor. Move the cursor to the next fault line, now look at the
Freq: at lower right hand corner. This should be very close to
the Primary Calculated Freq. for the BPFI.
In this example it is very close.
12-59
Bearing Problem
12-59
Bearing Problem
Alarms can also be utilized in Waveform analysis.Select Set-Up

from Tool Bar and you can set the Alarms and display them in the
Waveform.
12-60
Bearing Problem
12-60
Bearing Problem
The value for the Crest-Factor has been set to Peak 1.5 for the
display seen below.
17
12-61
Part 1 - Summary
TABLE 4.5. TIME WAVEFORM SHAPE ANALYSIS
SHAPE
harmonic
MECHANISM
mass unbalance, resonance, eccentricity, misalignment, bow, blade/diffuser interaction
truncated 1x
excessive mass unbalance, thermal growth, bearing clearance problems, pedestal nonlinearity, rubs
truncated harmonics
gear mesh, blade pass, natural frequencies, nonlinear behavior
subharmonics
rubs, oil whirl, resonance, trapped fluid hysteresis, looseness
orders
misalignment, looseness, generator faults
order excited natural

frequencies
heavy 1x behavior can excite order located natural frequencies
multiple harmonics
generators (slot passing), gears, vane pass, bearings, naturally generated harmonics superimposed on 1x
beats
grinders, motor driven fans, pumps where two forcing frequencies are close
pulses
bearings, recips, flat spots, gear teeth (broken) some functional; some fault based
modulated frequencies
motor faults, gears, bearings a forcing frequency is modulated by a fault frequency
modulated pulses
bearings, gears, rolls natural frequencies or forcing frequency modulated by low frequency that is generated by the
fault
truncated beats
truncation of signal by bearings, supports, foundations or couplings nonlinear behavior
synchronous vs
nonsynchronous
nonsynchronous frequencies cause moving, non stationary waveform
random vibration and noise
pumps, fans, steam flow, late life bearings
DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN

TRENDS
Waveform data may be used for much more than what

is typically seen in industry. The ability to check for
specific characteristics such as periodicity and
modulation, helps the analysis process.
Energy balance (asymmetry) may be checked for
direction of signal and for the predominant traits of the
signal.
Overall waveform is much more understandable and
useful than most would lead us to believe. However,
this section enhances your analysis abilities using the
time waveform.
DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN

DETAILS
What is this spectrum Lines?
PRESENTATION OF TIME
WAVEFORM
What is this spectrum Lines?
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM TREND
Table 4.4. An Approach to the Presentation of a Standardized Time Waveform4.1

TIME (sec.)
DISPLAY
PURPOSE
T/100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DETAILS OF
T/80
HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/20
T/10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -TRENDS OF
T/3
HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/2
T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - BALANCING/PHASE
2T
3T
10 T- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - PHASE TRENDS
20T
80T
100T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - LONG TERM TIME TRENDS
4000 HP Induction Motor with 200T Display
18
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM SHORT

TERM
4000 HP Electric Motor with 20T Display
TIME DISPLAY SMALL MOTOR

400T
Small Motor with a 400T Display
GEARBOX 10T
Gearbox with 10T Display
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM BALANCING
4000 HP Electric Motor with T Display
SMALL MOTOR 100T
Small Motor with a 100T Display
GEARBOX 1T ON MESH
Gearbox with T Display Shows Gearmeshing Effects
19
PRESENTATION SETUP
STANDARD SETUP
Visual process
Setup to accommodate visual analysis
to evaluate
periodicity
to evaluate amplitude changes
Processing types
dual processing
expansion
Standard Time Waveform Display from an FFT Analyzer
DUAL PROCESSING
DUAL PROCESSING
Dual Processing means:the capability to produce each
Spectrum and Time waveform data independently
(spectrum Fmax not equal to waveform Fmax)
SPECTRUM:
10x operating speed
fmax = 250 Hz
TIME WAVEFORM:
Period =
= 0.0421
Display = 8 cycles x 0.0421
0.336 sec
Use 0.4 sec then

=
Dual Processing to Enhance the Time Waveform
PHASE MEASUREMENT
Use of Cursor to Measure Period and Amplitude
TRUNCATED 1X
Single Frequency Due to Mass Unbalance with

Clipping Due to Excessive Amplitude
20
TRUNCATED HARMONIC
Clipped Vane Pass Signal from Hull of a Ship
ORDERS
Nonlinear Generator Pedestal Response to Differing Vertical

Stiffness
BEATS
Beats Caused by Two Adjacent Cavitated Vacuum Pumps
SUBHARMONIC
Loose Bearing Housing Orders and Multiples
FAR REMOVED ORDER
Slot Passing Frequency, 36X, Generated by Air Gap Variation (120

Hz)
PULSES
Pulses from a Bearing Defect
21
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Sidebands Caused by Amplitude Modulation Broken Rotor Bar
TRUNCATED BEATS
Truncated Beat Waveform from a Motor Driven Fan
RANDOM NOISE and VIBRATION RMS

AVERAGING
PULSE INDUCED NATURAL

FREQUENCIES
Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll
SYNCHRONOUS ORDERS
Exciter to Generator Misalignment Causing 1x and 2x
CONCLUSIONS
True physical behavior
Determine origin of frequencies
Determine severity
Excessive Flow Noise Caused by

Pump Operating Off the Curve-Recirculation
22
NONSYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLE
FREQUENCIES
Boiler Feed Pump Drive Nonsynchronous Second Order and

Multiples
NONSINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
SINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
Amplitude Modulation by a Single Frequency
MACHINE RESPONSE TO IMPACT

EXCITATION
Response of a Machine to Impulse Excitation

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox Nonsinusoidal
IMPACT INDUCED NATURAL

FREQUENCIES
Broken Gear Tooth Yielding Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies and

Abrupt Pulse Loading in Time Domain
LIGHT IMPACT
INDUCED ORDERS
Gradual Entering Pulse Caused by Misalignment, Eccentricity, or

Tooth Profile Wear in a Gearbox
23
FREQUENCY MODULATION
Torsional Vibration a Form of Frequency Modulation
MECHANISMS FOR
ORDER GENERATION
DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES
Two Lobed Blower Generated Difference Frequencies Pressure

Pulsations Generated by Lobes Passing Discharge Port
BEAT MECHANISM
Natural excitation
Nonlinear parameters
Signal truncation
Figure 4.50. Beat Mechanism
TRUNCATED BEATS
SUM and DIFFERENCE

FREQUENCY TABLE
Hypothetical Vibration Response Exhibiting Beat Frequency
24
SUM and DIFFERENCE

FREQUENCY MECHANISMS
Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Sum and Difference

Frequencies (Sidebands) (After Eshleman 4.2)
SUM and DIFFERENCE

FREQUENCIES
TURBINE PIPING
Frequency Domain Record of Line Shaft

Turbine Piping Vibration
DEMODULATION
Mechanism
Rolling element bearings
Techniques
SUM and DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES

PISTON PUMP/ENGINE
Pulsating Torque from an Engine-Pump Unit
SPECTRUM SHAPE
Misalignment Induced Air Gap Vibration
MODULATION MECHANISM
High frequency vibration amplitude is altered due
to mechanical defects
Low frequency modulator points to problem area
Used extensively for gears and bearings
25
GEARBOX MODULATION
IMPACT INDUCED MODULATION
Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox Nonsinusoidal
DEMODULATION
Figure 4.58. Spectrum of a Demodulated Signal
BEARING DEFECT FREQUENCY

ZONES
Machine Vibration Response to Bearing Faults
Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll
BEARING DEFECT
Outer Race Defect on Rolling Element Bearing Pulsation Effect
DEMODULATION
OF A SIGNAL
Demodulation of a Signal
Copyright 2002 by Ronald L. Eshleman. All rights reserved. This figure may not be reproduced without permission of
Ronald L. Eshleman.
26

Vibration Time Waveform Analysis

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Vibration Time Waveform Analysis

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TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

Machinery vibration analysis techniques

Use of time domain analysis

Time domain analysis

Signal processing and presentation

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

Phase and amplitude relationships of different

SIGNAL PROCESSING and

A number of different displays "averaging modes" use the time

There are certain things to look for when conducting waveform

C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

Sometimes referred to as a deterministic simple

This is not possible in the real world. However,

A single plane balance problem will have a very

To determine the complexity of the waveform,

C-20 FLOAT-FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL

Impacts or Spikes may or may not be repetitive in nature.

-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL

Select the Analyze Data feature in Diagnostics Plotting when in

Sinewaves are very symmetrical, which means

The waveform and APD show the shape of a

With a triangle wave, we see the relationship of the

The squarewave on the next slide provides some insight

Truncation means to abruptly shorten, or to appear to

All the waveform characteristics up to this point have

The spectrum and waveform show slot pass frequency from an

A beat is comprised of two unrelated single

#1 CENTAC -1BA MOTOR OUTBD AXIAL TO 200 Hz

Rarely seen in a routine environment, this is a change in

Low Frequency Events

Low Frequency Events

When performing detailed analysis, you need to be

Electrical vs. Mechanical

Electrical vs. Mechanical

Determining if the source of energy is mechanical

Waveform and Spectrum

Waveform and Spectrum

Each spectrum has an associated waveform. The

Finally, when modulation is involved, there is a direct

Waveform Analysis As Confirmation

Vertical Turbine Pump

FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations

Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

The sharpness of the peak indicates that it has been created

Vertical Turbine Pump

131-546-03 - PTS=MOH MOV MOA

Vertical Turbine Pump

MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL

FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1

131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL

Time Waveform - Sinusoidal

Approximately 270 milliseconds of time (8 shaft revolutions)

Vertical Turbine Pump

Direct Driven Overhung Fan

The spectral plot below shows vibration in the

Note the small amounts of harmonic activity and axial data

C-20 FLOAT - PTS=FIH FIV FIA FOH FOV FOA

C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN

OVRALL= .5095 V-DG

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations