Thermal Analysis

What is thermal analysis?

A group of techniques in which a physical property of a substance"
and/or its reaction products is measured as a function of temperature
whilst the substance is subjected to a controlled temperature program

1-Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) or

Thermogravimetry
Principle
1- Changes in the mass of a sample are studied while the sample is
subjected to aprogramme.
2-The temperature programme is most often a linear increase in
temperature, but,also be carried out, when the changes in sample mass
with time are followed.
3-TGA is inherently quantitative.

Instrumentation
1-Thermobalance/microbalance
2- Furnace
3- Temperature programmer
4-Sample holder/pan
5- An enclosure for establishing the required atmosphere
6-Microcomputer/microprocessor

Data Analysis
Thermogram is graph of mass versus temperature. Sometimes given as %
of original mass.

Applications of TGA
1- Thermal Stability: related materials can be compared at elevated
temperatures under the required atmosphere. The TG curve can help to
elucidate decomposition mechanisms.
2-Material characterization: TG and DTG curves can be used to
"fingerprint" materials for identification or quality control.
3-Compositional analysis:

2-Derivative thermogram (DTG)

plots change in mass with temperature, dm/dt, and resolves changes more
clearly.

Factors affecting TG Analysis

1-heating rate and sample size

2-particle size and packing of the sample

3-crucible shape
4-Gaseous atmosphere

3-Differential Thermal Analysis

What is Differential Thermal Analysis?
Difference in temperature, DT, between a sample and a reference material
is measured when they are subjected to a controlled temperature program
(usually T increases linearly with time).

Applications of DTA
1. To construct phase diagrams and study phase transitions.
2. To find H