Thermal Analysis

What is thermal analysis?

A group of techniques in which a physical property of a substance"

and/or its reaction products is measured as a function of temperature
whilst the substance is subjected to a controlled temperature program

1-Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) or

Thermogravimetry

Principle

1- Changes in the mass of a sample are studied while the sample is

subjected to aprogramme.

2-The temperature programme is most often a linear increase in

temperature, but,also be carried out, when the changes in sample mass

with time are followed.

3-TGA is inherently quantitative.

Instrumentation

1-Thermobalance/microbalance

2- Furnace

3- Temperature programmer

4-Sample holder/pan

5- An enclosure for establishing the required atmosphere

6-Microcomputer/microprocessor
Data Analysis

Thermogram is graph of mass versus temperature. Sometimes given as %

of original mass.
Applications of TGA
1- Thermal Stability: related materials can be compared at elevated

temperatures under the required atmosphere. The TG curve can help to

elucidate decomposition mechanisms.

2-Material characterization: TG and DTG curves can be used to

"fingerprint" materials for identification or quality control.

3-Compositional analysis:
2-Derivative thermogram (DTG)

plots change in mass with temperature, dm/dt, and resolves changes more

clearly.

Factors affecting TG Analysis

1-heating rate and sample size

2-particle size and packing of the sample

3-crucible shape

4-Gaseous atmosphere

3-Differential Thermal Analysis

What is Differential Thermal Analysis?

Difference in temperature, DT, between a sample and a reference material

is measured when they are subjected to a controlled temperature program

(usually T increases linearly with time).

Applications of DTA

1. To construct phase diagrams and study phase transitions.

2. To find H