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Grounding Demystified: Importance of Grounding Techniques
Grounding Demystified: Importance of Grounding Techniques
Grounding Demystified: Importance of Grounding Techniques
Demystified
3-1
15
10
5
20
Grounding 42%
Case Shield 22%
Case 22%
25
Grounding 42%
30
PCB Layout 6%
Filter
12%
PCB 6%
0
Percent Used
3-2
Ground Systems
3-3
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
3-4
What Is Grounding?
Connecting all grounds in the system in a manner
such that all of the objectives are met.
What is ground?
Ground wire
Zero volts
Ground plane
Signal ground
Chassis ground
Conductive paint
A trace on PCB connecting chassis
3-5
1.
2.
3-6
I/O cable
Power Cable
Noise source
Faraday Cage
3-8
Chassis Ground
Capacitor
Printed Wiring Board
Mounting Hole
3-9
Connection To Chassis
Card edge
guides
Connector
bonded to
system
enclosure
Motherboard
Another economical way to make chassis connection is by
means of connector body- such as D connectors.
DIN connectors are available with shield and spring contacts for
easy and reliable contact to the chassis.
Power line filter body should also be used for chassis
connection.
3 - 10
B2
Transmitted
wave
Reflected
wave
E3
E1
Shield material
E2
Eo = Incident
wave
Absorption Loss
2/()
3 - 12
Grounding Considerations
3 - 13
3 - 14
Equipment Circuit
GROUND
Ground Definitions
--- Based on Purpose :
3 - 17
Ground Loop
+
VS
VIN
RS
-
Vn=Noise voltage
Vn= In X Rs
In
High
Noise
Ground
Low Noise
Analog
Ground
Digital
Ground
Single Point
System Chassis
Relays/Solenoids
Motor Drivers
Digital Logic
115 Volts
Analog Circuits
Power
Supply
Neutral
Digital Logic
Ground
3 - 23
Circuit
2
Z2
Circuit
3
Z3
SPG
I1 + I2 + I3
I2 + I3
I3
Question :
3 - 24
Circuit
1
Circuit
2
Circuit
3
Z1
I1
Z2
I2
SPG
Z3
I3
3 - 25
Circuit 2
Circuit 3
Circuit 4
3 - 26
With the SPG, the signal circuit has magnetic loop coupling:
These are formed by signal conductors and all ground
paths returning through SPG. The coupling increases
with frequency.
3 - 27
Solution
A
Multi-layer board
with ground plane
Choices:
Return current takes path of the lowest resistance.
Return current is distributed inversely proportional to the
resistance of each path.
Return current takes path of the lowest impedance.
3 - 29
IL
ISHIELD
RL
IGROUND
RSHIELD
ISHIELD
IL-ISHIELD
RL
IL
3 - 30
3 - 31
AMP
AMP
COMP
Shift Register
Digital circuit
3 - 32
Transmission Line
L
3 - 34
Daughter
Board
Mother board
3 - 35
Signal traces
Ground plane
Ground Plane
Layer 3 = signal
Layer 4 = signal
Layer 5
Power Plane
Layer 6 = signal
Summary
Chassis ground is important for RF.
Consider Signal loop more important than
ground loop look at ground as return path.
Transmission line is your goal when you add
ground and power planes on PCB.
3 - 38