DATA PROCESSING AND

ANALYSIS IN BUSINESS
RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

The data ,after the collection

has to be processed and
analyzed in accordance with the
outline laid down for the purpose
at the time of developing
research plan.

PROCESSING OF DATA

Technically

speaking processing

implies
editing,coding,classification and
tabulation of data so that they are
available for analysis.
C.R.KHOTHARI

FIVE STAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.

Editing
Coding
Classification
Tabulation

EDITING

1.
2.

Editing of data is a process

of examining collected raw data
and to correct there wherever
possible.
Two types of editing :Field editing
Central editing

CODING
Coding refers to the process of
assigning numerals or other symbols to
answers so that responses can be put in to
a limited numbers or categories or classes.

Here, the criteria for classes should be

exhaustiveness but, criteria for specific
answers should be mutually exhaustive.

Another concept is unidimensionality.

CLASSIFICATION

1.

Classification of data,which
happens to be the process of
arranging data in groups or classes
on the basis of common
characteristics.
Two types of classification :Classification according to attribute
- simple
-manifold

2.Classification according to interval

-The number of classes its
magnitude.
-How to choose class limits.
-Determination of frequency of each
classes.

TABULATION
When a mass of data has been
assembled it becomes necessary for
the researcher to arrange the same in
some kind of concise and logical
order, this is called tabulation.
Some

Methods of
tabulation :-

- mechanical or computerized v/s final

tabulation.

-Listing method
-card sorting method

Two types of tabulation

- simple tabulation
- complex tabulation

Two types of problems

- the problem concerning
dont know responses.
- usage of percentage

ANALYSIS OF DATA
Definition :In the process of analysis
relationship or differences supporting or
conflicting with original or new hypotheses
should be subjected to statistical test to
determine with what validity data can be
said to indicate any conclusion.
-C.R.KHOTHARI

TYPES OF ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS OF DATA
DISCRIPTIVE &
CAUSAL

INFERENTIAL/STA
TISTICAL

ANALYSIS OF DATA
REGRESSION ANALYSIS :-

It is the study
of how one or more variable affects
changes in another variable, it
shows linear relationship existing
between two or more variables.
Two types of regression
analysis:- Simple regression analysis
- Multiple regression analysis

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

Multivariate analysis which

may be define as all statistical
methods which simultaneously
analyse more than two variables
on sample of observations.

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS (DA)

Through DA technique researcher may
classify individuals or objects in to one of two
mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups on
the basis of set of independent variables.
The objective is to predict an objects
likelihood of belonging to a particular group
based on several independent variable.

FACTOR ANALYSIS
Factor analysis seeks to resolve a large set
of measured variables in terms of relatively
few categories ,known as factor
The value which explain how closely the
variables are related to a factor is called factor
loading.

SCORE MATRIX
a

P
E
R
S
O
N

1
2
3
N

VARIABLES
b
c

a1
a2
a3

b1
b2
b3

c1
c2
c3

k1
k2
k3

an

bn

cn

kn

CLUSTER ANALYSIS
cluster analysis consist of methods of
classifying variables in to cluster. A cluster
consist of variables that co relate highly
with one another and have comparatively
low co relation with variable in other
cluster.
The objective is to determine how
many mutually and exhaustive groups or
clusters in population and then to state the
composition of such groups.