ThingHiem XLTH

HNG DN THC HNH TH NGHIM
Mn hc: X L S TN HIU
MC LC
MC LC.......................................................................................................................... 1
M U ............................................................................................................................ 3
BI 1.
M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC BNG MATLAB.... 5
A. GII THIU V MATLAB: .................................................................................. 5

B. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN THI GIAN RI RC N ............ 7
1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ....................................................................... 7
2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim............................................................................ 7
3. Tm tt l thuyt.................................................................................................. 7
4. Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 10
5. Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 11
6. M rng ............................................................................................................ 15
C. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN Z, MIN TN S LIN TC ,
V MIN TN S RI RC K ................................................................................... 16
1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ..................................................................... 16
2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim.......................................................................... 16
3. Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 16
5. Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 21
6. M rng ............................................................................................................ 27
BI 2.
THIT K B LC S BNG MATLAB ................................................. 28
A. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI HU HN (B

LC S FIR) ................................................................................................................ 28
3. Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 28
5. Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 43
6. M rng ............................................................................................................ 51
B. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI V HN (B LC
S IIR).......................................................................................................................... 51
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 52
Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 60
Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 60
M rng ............................................................................................................ 66
BI 3.
GII THIU V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR................................. 67
1.
2.
3.
Mc ch: .......................................................................................................... 67
C s l thuyt. ................................................................................................. 67
Yu cu thit b.................................................................................................. 73
BI 4.
LM QUEN VI B TH NGHIM LABVOLT - DSP ........................... 74
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mc ch............................................................................................................ 74
Tho lun .......................................................................................................... 74
Tin trnh th nghim......................................................................................... 76
Kt lun............................................................................................................. 78
Cu hi n tp................................................................................................... 79
TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................................. 80

LINKS .............................................................................................................................. 80
M U
X l s tn hiu l mn hc nghin cu v cc phng trnh ton hc, cc gii
thut v cc tnh ton da trn phng php tnh gn ng cho cc tn hiu v h thng
ri rc. Ni dung mn hc X l s tn hiu c ging dy ti Khoa in t - Vin
thng trng i hc bch khoa H ni, chu trch nhim chnh bi b mn Mch v X
l tn hiu, tp trung vo bao trm cc vn sau:
Phn tch tn hiu v h thng
Thit k b lc.
Phng php hc tt nht sinh vin hiu, nh, vn dng v t nh gi c

cc kin thc l thuyt l trc tip bt tay vo gii quyt cc bi tp. h tr thm cho
vic nhn nhn cc vn mt cch trc quan, ng thi gip sinh vin hiu su hn v
l thuyt ca mn hc, chng ti bin son phn thc hnh ny. Phn thc hnh bao
gm 2 phn ln: 1. phn tch tn hiu s v thit k h thng x l tn hiu s bng
MATLAB; 2. lm quen vi cng vic thc hin pht trin cc h thng x l s tn hiu
bng b x l tn hiu s vi tn gi Digital Signal Processor DSP.
Hin nay c rt nhiu cc cng c phn mm tin ch rt mnh h tr tnh ton.
Hai trong s l MATHCAD ca Mathsoft v MATLAB ca MathWorks. Chng l 2
gi phn mm c th d dng kim c Vit Nam vo thi im hin nay. Ngoi ra,
gi phn mm MATHEMATICA ca Wolfram cng c gii khoa hc v k thut trn
th gii a dng. Kh nng tnh ton da trn cc phng php tnh gn ng chnh l
im mnh ca cc phn mm ny. Phn mm MATHCAD c c im l hin th ngay
kt qu tnh ton sau khi ngi dng trc tip nh cng thc vo giao din ngi s
dng. Tuy nhin s dng phn mm ny c kh khn khi ngi dng mun ng gi ri
k tha v ti s dng cc thit k trc . V im ny phn mm MATLAB l tng
i mnh, cho php ngi dng thit k phn mm thng qua cc cu lnh, d dng
mun ho di dng cc kch bn v cc hm c th s dng, hoc pht trin qua cc
qu trnh thit k v cc bi ton thit k khc nhau. V l do , MATLAB c la
chn cho phn th nghim ny.
Tc x l nhanh trn cc DSP cng nh tnh linh hot v s h tr y ca
cc phn mm pht trin, dng khi to cc n, vit chng trnh ngun, g ri v
ti u ho chng trnh, ca Texas Instrument (TI) lm mt s lng ln cc nh
nghin cu v pht trin v x l tn hiu s la chn DSP ca TI nh mt cng c dng
nghin cu v pht trin sn phm ca mnh. Bng chng c th hin trn s tng
trng ca cc con s tiu th sn phm v th phn DSP ca TI c ng cc tp ch
chuyn ngnh. Tc x l ca DSP c ci thin khng ngng. Vo thi im hin
nay, dng sn phm DSP mi nht ca Texas Instrument l TMS320C64xx thm ch c
th thc hin vi xung ng h ln n 1GHz, khng thua xa lm so vi cc b vi x l
mc ch chung thng thng v b li v tc xung ng h th DSP c cu trc
chuyn bit cho cc chc nng phc v x l s tn hiu. B DSP c s dng trong bi
th nghim l TSM320C50 c nhng trong bo th nghim ca LABVOLT.
V t chc cc bi th nghim, th nghim X l s tn hiu c chia lm 2 bi:
Bi 1: M phng h thng v tn hiu ri rc bng MATLAB
Bi 2: Thit k b lc s bng MATLAB
Bi 3: Gii thiu v Digital Signal Processor
Bi 4: Lm quen vi b th nghim LABVOLT - DSP
Mi bi th nghim li chia lm mt s phn. Phn A ca bi 1 gii thiu nhng

c im chnh ca MATLAB, gip sinh vin lm quen vi cng c tin ch ny. Phn B
v phn C ca bi 1 ln lt trnh by cc yu cu lm th nghim m phng vi tn
hiu v h thng min thi gian v cc min gin tip bao gm: min Z, min , v
min k. Phn A v phn B ca bi 2 ln lt trnh by cc yu cu th nghim thit k
b lc FIR v b lc IIR.
Vi mi phn th nghim c t chc theo cc mc, ln lt nu r cc yu cu
v kin thc cn chun b trc mi phn, mc ich sinh vin cn t c ti mi phn,
mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB c th c s dng trong phn , cc bc cn phi
gii quyt trong bui th nghim v cui cng l gi cc thc hnh c th m rng cho
phn ny.
i vi vn lm quen vi b x l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processor), bi 3
v bi 4 cng c chia lm mt s mc nhm lm sinh vin quen dn vi phn cng,
vic x l bng phn mm, o c v nh gi kt qu trn bo mch th nghim.
Trong iu kin c s vt cht ca phng th nghim b mn Mch v X l tn
hiu in t, khi thc hnh sinh vin c th chia lm cc nhm t 3 n 5 sinh vin cng
nhau gii quyt cc bc a ra trong mc Cc bc thc hnh mi phn. Chng ti
cho rng hon thnh tt mi phn th nghim, mi sinh vin cn chun b nh t nht
1 gi ng h cho phn th nghim . Cng vic chun b c th bao gm: c v tng
kt li cc kin thc l thuyt trong sch gio trnh, tm hiu k yu cu, mc ch ca
bi th nghim, xem lai phn tm tt l thuyt c trnh by trong phn th nghim v
hnh dung cc cng vic phi lm trong bui thc hnh. Nu c iu kin v c my tnh,
ng thi c phn mm MATLAB sinh vin c th chun b trc mt s bc s lm
trong bui th nghim.
nh gi kt qu ca mi bi thc hnh da trn hai tiu ch: phn thc hnh
hon thnh v tr li cc cu hi c t ra bi cc gio vin hng dn th nghim. Sau
bui thc hnh, mi nhm sinh vin cn np mt bo co trong trnh by li cc
chng trnh, cc kt qu v cc th theo tng cu hi ca cc phn Cc bc thc
hnh. Ti cui mi bui thc hnh tng sinh vin phi tr li cc cu hi do gio vin
hng dn t v cc vn sau:
Kin thc l thuyt v X l s tn hiu trong bi thc hnh
Cc cu lnh v hm ca MATLAB sinh vin s dng trong bi thc hnh.
Phn vit bo co c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 40 dnh cho tt c cc

thnh vin trong nhm, phn tr li cu hi c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 60
dnh cho mi c nhn. Nu t c t nht 60 im ca tng cng c hai phn, sinh vin
coi nh t yu cu ca bi thc hnh.
BI 1.
M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC

BNG MATLAB
A. GII THIU V MATLAB:

MABLAB, vit tt ca Matrix Labotary, l mt cng c phn mm h tr tnh
ton trn ma trn. MATLAB c tch hp trn mt mi trng chung mt lot cc kh
nng bao gm tnh ton, hin th kt qu v lp trnh nhm gii quyt cc vn lin
quan n ton hc. Cc vn bao gm:
Cc phng trnh ton hc v tnh ton
Pht trin cc gii thut
Thu thp d liu
M hnh ho, m phng v to cc mu theo thit k
Phn tch, kho st v th hin d liu bng hnh nh
Biu din cc biu mang tnh khoa hc v tnh k thut
Pht trin cc ng dng, bao gm vic pht trin vi cc giao din vi ngi
s dng
u im ni bt ca MATLAB, nh c cp trn, l kh nng tnh ton,

c bit l nhng bi ton lin quan n ma trn v vector, vi thi gian t hn nhiu ln
so vi cng mt cng vic tnh ton trn cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nh C hay Fortran.
Kh nng lp trnh ca MATLAB cng rt linh hot, c th l trong vic to ra cc cu
lnh ring v cc hm ca ring ngi s dng.
H thng MATLAB bao gm 5 phn chnh sau:
Mi trng pht trin: L mt tp hp cc cng c, phn ln trong chng l

cc giao din ho, gip ngi dng s dng cc cu lnh v cc hm ca
MATLAB.
Th vin cc hm ton hc: L mt tp hp cc hm ton hc bao gm t

cc hm c bn nh sin, cosin, cc php tnh i s phc n cc hm phc
tp nh tm ma trn o, tm ma trn ring, hm Bessel v bin i Fourier
nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform FFT).
Ngn ng lp trnh: L mt ngn ng bc cao lin quan n ma trn v

mng. Trong MATLAB c y nhng c trng ca mt ngn ng lp
trnh bao gm cc lnh r nhnh, cc hm, cu trc d liu, nhp/xut d liu,
v cc c tnh lin quan n lp trnh hng i tng (object-oriented
programming).
ho: L mt tp hp cc cng c biu din ma trn v vector bng

ho. Bn cnh cc cng c mc thp th hin d liu dng 2 chiu v 3
chiu, x l hnh nh tnh, nh ng cn c cc cng c mc cao dng
to ra cc biu din ho theo ca ngi s dng cng nh to ra cc

giao din ho ngi s dng.
Cc API: L mt th vin cho php ngi s dng gi cc hm vit trn ngn

ng C v Fortran. Chng bao gm c cc cng c cho php gi cc hm t
MATLAB di dng lin kt ng, v c v ghi cc tp .MAT.
MATLAB, bn cnh kh nng tnh ton trn ma trn, ng thi cng l mt ngn
ng lp trnh mnh. Cc tp chng trnh ca MATLAB c ghi di dng ui .m,
c gi l M-files. C hai loi tp dng ui .m:
Tp kch bn (scripts): Loi tp ny khng c cc bin u vo v u ra, n

n thun ch x l d liu vi cc bin trn vng lm vic hin thi (work
space) ca MATLAB. Khi g tn tp ti ca s lnh (command window), cc
lnh c lu trong ni dung ca tp ln lt c gi ra theo mt kch bn
tun t t trn xung di.
Tp m t hm (functions): Loi tp ny cn khai bo cc bin u vo v

u ra. Cc bin c khai bn trong loi tp ny l cc bin a phng
(local variables) v ch c phm vi nh hng ti chnh hm s . Ni dung
trong cc tp ny nhm mc ch tnh ton cc thng s u ra da trn cc
tham s u vo ca hm s. Tn ca tp loi ny cn trng vi tn ca hm
s c khai bo v m t bn trong ni dung ca tp.
khi ng MATLAB, ngi s dng c th nhy p chut vo biu tng

MATLAB 6.5 trn mn hnh desktop hoc vo menu Start -> All Programs ->
MATLAB 6.5 -> MATLAB 6.5 t giao din ca Windows. Sau khi MATLAB c
khi ng, trn mn hnh ngi s dng s hin th ln mi trng pht trin tch hp ca
MATLAB bao gm mt s ca s, trong c cc ca s quan trng sau:
Ca s lnh (Command Window): c chc nng th hin du nhc nhp

vo cc lnh t bn phm, v hin th kt qu tnh ton sau khi g mt lnh
hoc gi mt hm.
Ca s cc lnh dng (Command History): th hin danh mc cc lnh

g hoc cc hm c gi theo cc phin lm vic.
Ca s th mc hin thi (Current Directory): th hin danh sch cc tp

dng ui .m ang tn ti trong th mc hin thi. thay i th mc hin
thi trn ca s nh nm ngay bn trn ca s lnh.
Vng lm vic (Workspace): th hin danh mc tt c cc bin bao gm: tn

bin, gi tr hin thi ca bin, kiu bin ang tn ti phin lm vic hin
ti.
Ngoi ra cn mt lot cc ca s khc s c kch hot v hin th khi gi mt

lnh hoc chn mt mc trong phn Menu ca MATLAB. bit thm v cc ca s c
th tham kho thm trong phn tr gip (Help) ca MATLAB bng cch nhn phm F1.
son tho mt kch bn hoc mt hm, thc hin chn menu File -> New ->
M-File hoc nhp chut vo biu tng New M-File trn thanh cng c (Toolbar). Trn
mn hnh s hin th ln ca s son tho (Editor) c y cc chc nng son tho

ging nh bt c mi trng son tho ca ngn ng lp trnh no khc.
xem tr gip v mt lnh hay mt hm c sn no ca MATLAB, g lnh
help km theo tn ca lnh hoc hm t ca s lnh ca MATLAB, v d:
>>
help fft
trn ca s lnh s a ra ni dung v chc nng, c php cho cc tham s vo/ra cho
hm thc hin php bin i Fourier nhanh c MATLAB t di tn fft.
B. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN THI GIAN RI

RC n
1.
Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim

Sinh vin nm vng kin thc v Tn hiu v h thng ri rc bao gm:
2.
Cc tn hiu c bn
H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt

bin
Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
Mc ch ca phn th nghim
Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau:
3.
Cc tn hiu c bn min thi gian
Tnh tch chp
p ng ca h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s

hng
Tm tt l thuyt
X l s tn hiu, v bn cht, l tm hiu v cc php ton v gii thut lin quan

n cc tn hiu ri rc v cc h thng ri rc. Cc tn hiu ri rc thng c th hin
di dng mt dy s nh sau:
{, x(-3), x(-2), x(-1), x(0), x(1), x(2), x(3), }
Tuy nhin, MATLAB ch c kh nng biu din mt dy s vi di hu hn.
Khi dy s c khai bo v lu tr di dng vector, v d:
>> x = [3, 2, -1, 7, -5]
Vi cch khai bo nh vy, dy s khng th hin c ch s ca cc thnh phn
trong dy. V vy, biu din mt dy ri rc c di hu hn, ta cn khi to v lu
tr chng di dng 2 vector. V d:
>> n = [-2:2]
>> x = [3, 2, -1, 7, -5]
c hiu l mt dy gm 5 phn t xut pht t -2 n 2 c: x(-2)=3, x(-1)=2, x(0)=-1,

x(1)=7 v x(2)=-5. Trong tt c cc bi th nghim trn MATLAB ca mn hc ny,
chng ta nn tun theo mt nguyn tc nh vy.
nh ngha mt s dy c bn
a. Dy xung n v:
1 n = 0
0 n 0
(n ) =
Dy xung n v tr (dch) i n0 mu:
1 n = n0
0 n n0
(n n0 ) =
b. Dy nhy n v:
1 n 0
u (n ) =
0 n < 0
c. Dy hm m thc:
x(n ) = a n , n a R
d. Dy hm m phc:
x(n ) = e ( + j0 )n , n
l suy gim ca tn hiu, 0 l tn s gc tnh theo n v radians
e. Dy lng gic: Dy lng gic l dy th hin tn hiu c dng hm ton hc l t
hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sin v cosin. Mt v d v dy lng gic nh sau:
x(n ) = cos( 0 n + ), n
vi l pha ban u ca tn hiu
f. Dy ngu nhin: L dy m cc phn t ca dy c gi tr ngu nhin. S phn b
ngu nhin c th c iu chnh l phn b u hay tun theo mt quy lut phn b
xc sut no . Trong MATLAB c sn mt s hm cho php khi to ra mt dy
ngu nhin theo phn b u v theo phn b Gauss.
g. Dy tun hon: Dy tun hon l mt dy c gi tr ca cc phn t lp li tun hon
sau mt s mu nht nh.
x(n ) = x(n + mN ) m Z
x (n ) v c c l x ng. Chng ta c th biu
Dy tun hon thng c k hiu l ~
din mt dy vi mt s chu k tun hon trong MATLAB bng cch t lin tip nhau
mt s hu hn cc dy xut pht t mt dy c chiu di hu hn. Mi dy ny th hin
mt chu k ca dy tun hon.
Mt s nh ngha khc
a. Cng hai dy: Dy thu c c mi phn t l tng ca hai gi tr tng ng vi tng

ch s ca hai dy ban u. Vn t ra l i khi ta cn m phng trong MATLAB
vic tm dy tng ca hai dy c cc ch s bt u v kt thc khc nhau. Khi vi
nhng phn t ca dy th nht m ti dy th hai khng c phn t c ch s tng
ng, chng ta cn b sung vo dy th hai phn t c gi tr bng khng. Qu trnh
thc hin sao cho hai dy c ch s ca phn t u v ch s ca phn t cui bng
nhau.
b. Nhn hai dy: Dy thu c c mi phn t l tng ca hai gi tr tng ng vi tng
ch s ca hai dy ban u. Tng t nh vic cng hai dy, ta cng cn c qu trnh
x l khi m phng trong MATLAB sao cho hai dy c ch s u v ch s cui
bng nhau.
c. Nhn vi hng s: Mt dy em nhn vi hng s thu c dy mi c gi tr ca
tng phn t bng gi tr phn t tng ng ca dy ban u nhn vi hng s.
a{x(n )} = {ax(n )}
d. Dch (Tr): Lm tr mt dy i mt khong n0 mu thu c dy mi:
{y(n )} = {x(n n0 )}
hay phn t th m ca dy ban u tr thnh phn t th m+n0 ca dy mi.
e. Bin s n o: Dy mi thu c l dy ban u c ly i xng qua trc vung
gc vi trc biu din ch s n ti gc to (trc tung)
{y(n)} = {x( n )}
f. Nng lng: Dy c tnh nng lng c th l dy thc hoc dy phc:
Ex =
x(n )x (n ) = x(n )
*
n =
n =
g. Cng sut: Cng sut trung bnh ca mt dy tun hon:

Px =
1
N
N 1
x(n )
n=0
H thng ri rc
Trong x l tn hiu, khi nim h thng (system) ch n mt khi, c th
hin trn hnh v bng mt khi ch nht trng nh mt hp en c cc k hiu u vo
v u ra, c chc nng tip nhn cc tn hiu t u vo, x l chng v a cc tn hiu
x l ti u ra. X l s tn hiu lin quan ti cc tn hiu ri rc nn cc h thng
c xt n l cc h thng ri rc. Tn hiu vo c gi l u vo (input) hay kch
thch (excitation) ca h thng. Tn hiu ra c gi l u ra (output) hay p ng
(response) ca h thng. Trong MATLAB, h thng c nh chung bi khi nim
filter.
Mt h thng l tuyn tnh bt bin (Linear Time-Invariant LTI) nu n hi
c hai tnh cht tuyn tnh (linearity) v bt bin theo thi gian (time-invariance). Tnh
cht tuyn tnh ni ln rng p ng ca h thng vi kch thch l mt t hp tuyn tnh
cc tn hiu ri rc s bng vi t hp tuyn tnh ca cc p ng, vi mi p ng ny l

u ra khi cho tng thnh phn ca u vo qua h thng. Tnh cht bt bin theo thi
gian ni ln rng p ng ca h thng c dng ging ht nhau vi cng mt kch thch
m khng ph thuc vo thi im a kch thch ti u vo. Trong mn hc X l s
tn hiu, tt c cc h thng c xt ti u l tuyn tnh bt bin.
Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin lun c p ng ra y(n) l tch chp (convolution
sum) gia u vo x(n) vi dy p ng xung h(n) ca h thng, l p ng ca h thng
khi a kch thch (n) ti u vo. Th hin tch chp bi cng thc:
y (n ) = T [x(n )] = x(n ) * h(n ) = h(n ) * x(n ) =
x(k )h(n k ) =
n =
h(k )x(n k )
n =
Mt h thng l nhn qu nu p ng ra ti thi im hin ti khng ph thuc

vo kch thch vo ti cc thi im tng lai. Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l nhn
qu nu p ng xung tho mn:
h(n ) = 0 khi n < 0

Mt h thng l n nh (Bounded In Bounded Out Stable BIBO Stable) nu vi
mt kch thch b chn lun sinh ra mt p ng cng b chn, tc l gi tr ca p ng
ra khng tin n v cng. Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l n nh nu p ng xung
tho mn:
h( n) <
n =
Ni chung, tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c th thc hin c, thng

qua phn cng hoc m t phn mm, u c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh h s hng c dng nh sau:
N
k =0
r =0
a k y(n k ) = br x(n k )
hay c th vit di dng sau thch hp vi th hin m hnh s khi ca h thng:
M
r =0
k =1
y (n ) = br x(n k ) a k y (n k )
Cc bc gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng c trnh by

rt c th trong sch gio trnh. Trong MATLAB c hm filter cho php tm dy p ng
u ra y(n) nu bit trc cc bin u vo l cc h s ca phng trnh sai phn, dy ak
v br, v kch thch u vo x(n). Chng ta c th dng lnh ny phc ho nh dng
u ra ca h thng vi cc tham s nu trn.
4.
Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB
Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong

phn th nghim ny. bit c th hn v chc nng ca hm v c php ca lnh gi
hm, g lnh help km theo tn ca hm ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB.
zeros: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 0.
10
ones: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 1.

rand: to mt ma trn vi cc phn t nhn cc gi tr ngu nhin c phn b
u trong khong t 0 n 1.
randn: to mt ma trn vi cc phn t nhn cc gi tr ngu nhin theo phn b
Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1.
min: tr v gi tr nh nht trong mt ma trn.
max: tr v gi tr ln nht trong mt ma trn.
fliplr: ln ngc li th t cc phn t trong mt ma trn theo hng xut
pht t phi qua tri tr thnh t tri qua phi.
plot v stem: v th ca mt dy s, plot th hin dng lin tc, stem
th hin dng ri rc, thng s dng hm stem v tn hiu min n.
conv: tr v tch chp ca 2 vector.
filter: tr v p ng theo thi gian ca h thng c m t bi mt phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng.
Ngoi ra, sinh vin cn tm hiu mt cch rt cn thn cc php ton trn ma trn
v vector trong phn tr gip (Help) ca MATLAB bng cch nhn F1 ri vo mc
MATLAB -> Getting Started -> Matrices and Arrays.
5.
Cc bc thc hnh
1.1.
To cc dy xung n v v dy nhy n v theo chng trnh mu bng cch g
cc dng lnh cho 2 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn
tp ln lt l impseq.m v stepseq.m:
Dy xung n v:
function [x,n] = impseq(n0,n1,n2)
%Tao ra day x(n) = delta(n-n0); n1 <= n <= n2
%---------------------------------------------%[x,n] = impseq(n0,n1,n2)
n = [n1:n2]; x = [(n-n0) == 0];
Dy nhy n v:
function [x,n] = stepseq(n0,n1,n2)
%Tao ra day x(n) = u(n-n0); n1 <= n <= n2
%---------------------------------------------%[x,n] = stepseq(n0,n1,n2)
n = [n1:n2]; x = [(n-n0) >= 0];
1.2.
Vit chng trnh to dy hm m thc vi cc tham s u vo v u ra c
nhp theo cu lnh:
[x,n] = expseq(a,n1,n2)
11
Ch : tham s a c th thc hoc phc

1.3.
Vit chng trnh to mt dy thc ngu nhin xut pht t n1 n n2 v c gi tr
ca bin theo phn b Gauss vi trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1. Cc tham s
u vo v u ra c nhp theo cu lnh:
[x,n] = randnseq(n1,n2)
1.4.
To cc hm cng 2 dy v nhn 2 dy vi cc ch s u v ch s cui ca hai
dy tng ng khc nhau, hm to tr v hm bin s n o theo chng trnh mu bng
cch g cc dng lnh cho 4 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li
theo cc tn tp ln lt l sigadd.m, sigmult.m, sigshift.m, v sigfold.m:
Cng 2 dy:
function [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)
%Thuc hien y(n) = x1(n)+x2(n)
%---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)
% y = day tong co vector chi so n
%x1 = day thu nhat co vector chi so n1
%x2 = day thu hai co vector chi so n2 (n2 co the khac n1)
n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2));
y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1;
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1)) = x1;
y = y1+y2;
12
Nhn 2 dy:
function [y,n] = sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2)
%Thuc hien y(n) = x1(n)*x2(n)
%---------------------------------------------% y = day tich co vector chi so n
%x1 = day thu nhat co vector chi so n1
%x2 = day thu hai co vector chi so n2 (n2 co the khac n1)
n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2));
y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1;
y = y1.*y2;
Tr (dch):
function [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,n0)
%Thuc hien y(n) = x(n-n0)
%---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigshift(x,m,n0)
n = m + n0; y = x;
Bin s n o:
function [y,n] = sigfold(x,n)
%Thuc hien y(n) = x(-n)
%---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigfold(x,n)
y = fliplr(x); n = -fliplr(n);
1.5.
Vit chng trnh to hm nng lng ca mt dy vi cc tham s u vo v
u ra c nhp vo theo cu lnh:
Ex = energy(x,n);
1.6.
Th hin trn th dy x(n ) = 2 (n + 2) 2 (n 4) ,5 n 5 theo chng
trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor)
v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_6.
n = [-5:5];
x = 2*impseq(-2,-5,5) - impseq(4,-5,5);
stem(n,x);
title('Day so theo dau bai 1.5');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)');
G Solution_1_6 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem th
ca dy s.
1.7.
Vit chng trnh th hin trn th cc dy sau y:
13
a.
1
x(n ) = n[u (n ) u (n 10 )] + 10
3
n 10
[u (n 10) u (n 20)]
,0 n 20
b. x(n ) = cos(0.04n ) + 0.2w(n ) ,0 n 20 , vi w(n) l hm c gi tr ngu nhin

theo phn b Gauss, trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1
Sau tnh nng lng ca tng dy.
1.8.
Th hin trn th 4 chu k ca dy tun hon vi chu k N=5
~
x (n ) = ...,5,4,3,2,1, 5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,... ,10 n 9 theo chng trnh mu bng cch
g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp

Solution_1_8.
n = [-10:9]; x = [5 4 3 2 1];
P = 4;
xtilde = x'*ones(1,P)
xtilde = xtilde(:)'
stem(n,xtilde);title('Day so theo dau bai 1.8');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('xtilde(n)');
G lnh Solution_1_8 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem
th ca dy s.
Tnh cng sut trung bnh ca dy cho trn.
1.9.
Cho dy x(n ) = 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,6,5,4,3,2,1
2 n 10 . Vit chng trnh th trn
th cc dy sau y:
a.
x1 (n ) = 2 x(n 5) 3x(n + 4)
b. x2 (n ) = x(3 n ) x(n )x(n 2)

1.10. Trong MATLAB c hm conv thc hin tr v mt dy l kt qu ca php tnh
tch chp gia 2 dy c cho theo tham s u vo ca hm conv. Tuy nhin, cc dy
u vo v u ra cng nh dy kt qu u khng ni ln ch s bt u v ch s kt
thc ca dy m ch c ngm hiu l cc dy c bt u t ch s 0. To hm tnh
tch chp c tn conv_m thc hin vic tnh tch chp ca hai dy, m mi dy c th
hin bi 2 vector, mt vector th hin ch s, mt vector th hin gi tr ca dy, ging
nh cc dy c biu din cc bc tin hnh trc bng cch g cc dng lnh theo
bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp conv_m.m.
14
function [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh)

%Ham tinh tich chap da duoc sua doi danh cho
%xu ly so tin hieu
%-------------------------------------------------%[y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh)
%[y,ny] = day ket qua
%[x,nx] = day thu nhat
%[h,nh] = day thu hai
%
nyb = nx(1)+nh(1); nye = nx(length(x))+nh(length(h));
ny = [nyb:nye];
y = conv(x,h);
1.11.
Vit chng trnh th hin trn th kt qu php tnh tch chp gia 2 dy sau:
x(n ) = rect 6 (n )
1
h(n ) = 4
0
0n<4
n cn li
vi -4 n 10
1.12.
Vit chng trnh th hin trn th kt qu hm t tng quan ca dy sau:
x(n ) = 6,8,2, 5,4,7,1
1.13.
sau:
3 n 3
Cho h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng nh
y (n ) y (n 1) + 0.9 y(n 2) = x(n )

Vit chng trnh s dng hm filter ca MATLAB thc hin cc cng vic sau:
a. Biu din bng th hm p ng xung n v ca h thng vi -20 n 100
b. Biu din bng th dy p ng ca h thng vi -20 n 100 khi dy u vo
l dy nhy n v.
6.
M rng
Xem xt vic gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng vi cc iu kin
u cho trc. Gi : da trn hm filter v filtic nm trong b cng c Signal
Processing Toolbox.
15
C. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN Z, MIN TN S

LIN TC , V MIN TN S RI RC k
1.
Sinh vin nm vng kin thc v cc php bin i trong x l s tn hiu, v ng

dng ca cc php bin i trong vic biu din cc h thng v tn hiu mt cch
gin tip cc min khc nhau bao gm: biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong
min Z, biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc (min ), biu
din tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc (min k).
2.
3.
Biu din bng th hm ph bin v ph pha ca mt dy tn hiu khi

bit trc hm nh qua php bin i Fourier ca hm s
Vit chng trnh tnh gn ng v biu din bng th bin i Fourier ca

mt dy c chiu di hu hn
Biu din bng th phn b cc im cc v im khng ca mt h thng
Biu din bng th hm p ng tn s ca mt h thng
Biu din bng th nh ca php bin i Fourier ri rc ca mt dy c

chiu di hu hn
nh gi hiu qu ca thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh vi chiu di dy

thay i.
Tm tt l thuyt
Tt c cc h thng c xt n trong mn hc X l s tn hiu u l H thng

tuyn tnh bt bin. iu c ngha khi kch thch u vo ca mt h thng l t hp
tuyn tnh ca cc thnh phn tn hiu khc nhau th u ra l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc
p ng khi cho tng tn hiu thnh phn qua h thng. Vic xem xt quy lut ca tn
hiu v h thng i vi cc tn hiu thnh phn c bn thng thng l d dng hn khi
xem xt tng th tn hiu ban u.
C mt s cch thc phn tch mt tn hiu thnh t hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn
hiu thnh phn. Trong nhng cch , la chn tn hiu thnh phn l cc hm xung n
v ti cc thi im khc nhau l mt v d in hnh. Mt h thng tng ng vi ton
t T tc ng ln dy x(n) ti u vo s c dy p ng ra y(n) l:
y (n ) = T [x(n )] = T x(k ) (n k ) = x(k )T [ (n k )] = x(k )h(n k ) = x(n ) * h(n )

k =
k =
k =
vi h(n ) = T[ (n )] - p ng xung ca h thng.

i vi h thng tuyn tnh bt bin, mt cch phn tch c tiu chun ho
v rt hu ch trong vic xt n hu ht cc tn hiu v h thng l phn tch cc tn
16
hiu thnh t hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn hiu thnh phn m mi tn hiu thnh phn l
cc hm lng gic (ejt - vi l cc gi tr tn s khc nhau). Cng c thc hin
vic phn tch trn l bin i Fourier, mt php bin i bin mt dy s ri rc theo
thi gian thnh mt hm s phc vi bin s thc lin tc, tun hon min tn s.
Php bin i Fourier cho dy s x(n), vi x(n) tho mn iu kin
x(n ) < :
n =
( )
X e j = FT [x(n )] =
x(n )e
jn
n =
Bin i Fourier ngc i vi hm X(ej):
[ ( )]
x(n ) = IFT X e
1
=
2
X (e )e
j
jn
X(ej) l hm phc vi bin s thc nn n thng c th hin bi 2 thnh

phn ph bin v ph pha di dng sau y:
( )
( )
( )
j
X e j = X e j e j arg [X (e )] = X e j e j ( )
( )
arg[X (e )] = ( )
X e j
: L ph bin ca tn hiu x(n)

: L ph pha ca tn hiu x(n)
Khi quan tm n cc thnh phn tn s ca mt tn hiu, ta cn quan tm n

hm ph bin v hm ph pha ca tn hiu i vi cc tn s. C hai im cn lu
i vi biu din tn hiu min tn s:
Do x(n) l ri rc nn X(ej) l hm tun hon chu k 2 theo bin s .
Do tnh cht i xng ca php bin i Fourier nn nu dy x(n) l thc th

hm X(ej) c tnh cht i xng Hermit (Hermitian Symmetric), iu ny c
ngha ph bin l mt hm thc chn v ph pha l mt hm thc l.
Hai tnh cht trn ni ln rng nu x(n) l mt dy tn hiu thc th ch cn kho

st hm X(ej) trong phm vi 0 l c y thng tin v ton b hm X(ej)
vi . Trn thc t khi xem xt th ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu,
chng ta thng th hin th trong mt vi chu k tun hon.
MATLAB, cng nh mi phn mm h tr tnh ton v cc ngn ng lp trnh
khc khng c kh nng tnh ton trc tip cng nh th hin mt hm s vi bin s lin
tc bin thin t - n . iu ny c ngha MATLAB khng th trc tip tnh X(ej)
t x(n). Tuy nhin, nu bit c biu thc ca hm nh ca tn hiu qua php bin i
Fourier (hm ph ca tn hiu), ta c th tnh cc gi tr ca hm ph tn hiu ti cc im
ri rc trong mt khong no v th hin gn ng trn th ph bin v ph pha
ca tn hiu gc.
Trong trng hp x(n) l mt dy c chiu di hu hn, ta c th tnh gn ng
X(ej) ti M+1 gi tr gn ng trong khong [0,] theo nguyn tc sau:
17
Do x(n) ch xc nh trong mt khong hu hn 0 n N 1 nn:
( )
N 1
X e j = FT [x(n )] = x(n )e jn
n =0
Khi ly M+1 im ri rc cch u nhau trong khong [0,], bin lin tc
tr thnh bin ri rc k vi k =
k , k = 0,1,..., M
M
Gi tr ca X(ej) ti cc im ri rc l: X e jk =
( ) x(n)e
kn
n =
Cng thc trn c th vit di dng phng trnh ma trn nh sau:
(e )
(e )
j 0
j 1
j 00
e M
j 10
= e M
M

e j M M 0
(e )
j M
e
e
e
j
j
01
11
M1
x (0 )
j 1( N 1 )
x (1)
e M
j M ( N 1 ) x ( N 1)
e M
0 ( N 1 )
ly chuyn v ca c hai v, phng trnh trn tr thnh
[X (0)
X (1) L X (M )] = [x(0 ) x(1)
j M 00
e
j M 01
L x( N 1)] e
M
j 0( N 1)
e M
e
e
e
j
j
10
11
1( N 1)
j ( N 11)
L e M
j M ( N 1)
M
L e
( N 1)0
on chng trnh sau nhm thc hin vic tnh gi tr ca hm X(ej) ca dy

x(n) c chiu di hu hn t n1 n n2 vi M+1 gi tr ri rc trong khong [0,]:
>> k = [0:M]; n=[n1:n2];
>> X = x * exp(-j*pi/M) .^ (n*k);
D cho vic phn tch tn hiu v h thng bng php bin i Fourier l thun
tin v rt hu ch trong rt nhiu trng hp, cng c ny i khi cng gp mt s kh
khn:
Mt s dy tn hiu trong thc t v d nh u(n) v nu(n) l khng c bin i

Fourier, dn n khng phn tch c cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu.
p ng ca h thng trong thi gian qu gy bi iu kin u ca h

thng hoc t ngt thay i dng tn hiu dy u vo l khng kho st
c bng bin i Fourier.
18
Php bin i Z cho php chng ta c th gii quyt c bi ton trong cc

trng hp nh vy. nh ngha php bin i Z cho dy s x(n) l:
X ( z ) = ZT [x (n )] =
x(n )z
n =
X(z) l mt hm phc vi bin s (c lp) phc. Tp cc gi tr z chui hm

bn tay phi ca biu thc trn hi t v mt hm s, hay ni mt cch khc X(z) tn
ti gi l min hi t RC (Region of Convergence) ca bin i Z. C th chng t c
rng, trong trng hp tng qut min hi t ca bin i Z ca mt dy s nm bn
trong mt hnh vnh khuyn Rx- < z < Rx+, vi Rx- v Rx+ l cc s thc dng.
Bin i Z ngc i vi hm X(z):
x(n ) = ZT [ X ( z )] =
1
2
X (z )z
dz
vi C l mt ng cong kn ly theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h, bao quanh

gc to v nm hon ton trong min hi t ca X(z) (RC[X(z)]).
Trn thc t, phng php c s dng trong hu ht cc trng hp tm bin
i Z ngc ca mt hm phn thc hu t X(z) l phn tch thnh tng ca cc phn
thc n gin. Hm residuez ca MATLAB cho php nhanh chng tm ra cc im cc
v cc h s trong khai trin ng vi cc im cc ca mt hm phn thc hu t
X(z).
Trong trng hp ng trn n v nm trong min hi t ca bin i Z th
bin i Fourier chnh l bin i Z nh gi trn ng trn n v.
i vi mt h thng, hm truyn t H(z) ca h thng c nh ngha l bin
i Z ca hm p ng xung:
H ( z ) = ZT [h(n )] =
h(n )z
n =
Hm truyn t ca h thng chnh l t s gia bin i Z ca tn hiu u ra

trn bin i Z ca tn hiu u vo:
H (z ) =
Y (z )
X (z )
Nh phn trc cp tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c th thc

hin c u c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng. Cc h thng
ny c nh ca p ng xung qua php bin i Z u c dng phn thc hu t m t s
v mu s l cc a thc theo z (hoc z-1). Cc im khng, ti gi tr ca X(z) bng 0,
chnh l cc nghim ca t s. Cc im cc, ti gi tr ca X(z) tin ti v cng,
chnh l cc nghim ca mu s. S phn b cc im cc v im khng ca bin i Z
i vi mt tn hiu, hoc hm truyn t ca h thng, quyt nh n ton b cc tnh
cht ca tn hiu hay h thng c xt n. V vy, xem xt phn b im cc v im
khng ca mt hm X(z) cng l mt ni dung cn c thc hin trong phn th nghim
ny bng hm zplane ca MATLAB.
19
Hai php bin i ni trn, bin i Fourier v bin i Z, v bn cht l bin i

mt dy s tr thnh mt hm phc vi bin s thc, i vi bin i Fourier, v mt
hm phc vi bin s phc, i vi bin i Z. Cc min mi c xt n l min v
min Z. c im chung ca cc hm s trn hai min mi l hm s vi bin s lin tc,
do , MATLAB cng nh tt c cc ngn ng lp trnh v cng c phn mm h tr
bng my tnh khng th tnh ton chnh xc ton b hm s nh ca cc php bin i
ni trn, thay v ta ch thu c kt qu gn ng ti cc im ri rc.
Bin i Fourier ri rc, ng dng trn dy tun hon v dy c chiu di hu hn
l php bin i cho php my tnh tm c chnh xc mi gi tr ca hm nh ca php
bin i ti tt c cc bin ca hm s bi hm nh l hm trn min ri rc, min ny gi
l min k. Cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc cho mt dy s x(n) c chiu di hu hn
hu hn t 0 n N-1 c cho nh sau:
N 1
X (k )N = DFT [x(n )N ] = x(n )e
2
kn
N
n =0
N 1
= x(n )WNkn
n =0
T N gi tr ri rc ca dy s X(k), ta hon ton c th xy dng li c dy

gc x(n) ban u. Cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc ngc i vi dy X(k)N l:
x(n )N
-j
N 1
1
= IDFT [ X (k )N ] =
N
X (k )e
2
kn
N
k =0
vi WN = e N , dn n WNkn = e
trong khong t 0 n N-1.
-j
2
kn
N
1
=
N
, WN kn = e
N 1
X (k )W
k =0
2
kn
N
kn
N
, x(n) v X(k) ch khc 0
Di dng ma trn cc cng thc trn c th hin:
[X ] = [WN ][x] v [x] = [W N ]1 [X ] = 1 [W N ]* [X ]

N
vi X, x, v WN l cc vector v ma trn c nh ngha:

WN 00
X (0)
X (1)
10
WN
[X ] =
, [WN ] =
M
M
( N 1)0
WN
X ( N 1)
WN
01
WN
11
WN
( N 1)1
x(0)
WN
L
, v [x ] = x(1)
M
M
( N 1)( N 1)
L WN
x( N 1)
L
WN
0 ( N 1)
1( N 1)
Chng ta hon ton c th xy dng thut ton bin i Fourier ri rc thun v

v ngc mt cch trc tip xy dng t cng thc nhn ma trn trn, ging nh thut
ton tnh gn ng ca bin i Fourier c cp n u phn tm tt l thuyt
ny. Tuy nhin, s php tnh tnh ton l rt ln, tng ng vi NxN php nhn trn
s phc v N(N-1) php cng trn s phc cho bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy c
di l N mu. Nm 1965, Cooley v Turkey a ra mt thut ton rt gn s lng
php tnh trong bin i Fourier i rt nhiu. Thut ton ny c bit n vi tn gi
bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform FFT). T tng ca thut ton ny
cng c th p dng cho php tnh bin i Fourier gn ng trn M+1 im ri rc trong
khong [0,].
20
Hm fft ca MATLAB cho php thc hin vic bin i Fourier ri rc theo thut
ton bin i Fourier nhanh. Hm fft c vit bng ngn ng my ch khng phi bng
ngn ng MATLAB nn n qu trnh thc hin bin i Fourier ri rc c tin hnh
rt nhanh. Nu N l lu tha ca 2, hm fft s gii quyt bi ton theo thut ton c s 2.
Nu N khng phi l lu tha ca 2, hm fft tch N thnh tch ca cc tha s nguyn t
v thut ton c s hn hp c p dng trong trng hp ny. Cui cng, khi N l mt
s nguyn t, hm fft s suy gim v thut ton bin i Fourier ri rc dng nguyn th
theo ng nh cng thc ca nh ngha trn. Hm ifft thc hin qu trnh ngc li,
bin i Fourier ngc. nh gi tc thi gian tnh ton ca hm fft l mt trong
nhng ni dung thc hnh ca phn ny.
4.

abs, angle: tr v cc hm th hin Moun v Agumen ca mt s phc
real, imag: tr v cc hm th hin phn thc v phn o ca mt s phc
residuez: tr v cc im cc v cc h s tng ng vi cc im cc
trong phn tch mt hm phn thc hu t min Z thnh cc thnh phn l cc
hm phn thc n gin, ngc li nu u vo l danh sch cc im cc v cc
h s, hm residuez s tr v hm phn thc hu t min Z
poly: xy dng mt a thc t danh sch cc nghim ca n
ztrans: tr v bin i Z ca mt hm s c nh ngha theo cng thc ca
mt biu tng (symbol)
iztrans: hm ngc li ca hm ztrans
zplane: th hin phn b im cc v im khng ca mt hm phn thc hu
t ln mt phng Z
freqz: tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng ti mt s hu hn cc im ri
rc trn vng trn n v khi bit hm truyn t ca n
fft: thc hin bin i Fourier ri rc ca mt dy s c di hu hn theo
thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh v tr v kt qu bin i Fourier ri rc ca
dy s
clock: tr v thi gian thc hin ti
etime: tr v thi gian tnh bng giy gia 2 thi im.
5.
Cc bc thc hnh
1.14. Cho dy x(n ) = 0,5 n u (n )

a. Da trn nh ngha ca bin i Z, tm bin i Z ca dy trn
b. Kim chng li kt qu cu a bng hm ztrans
21
c. T kt qu trn, tm bin i Fourier ca x(n)

d. Dng MATLAB th hin trn th ph X(ej) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong
[0,] theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo
ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_14.
w = [0:1:500]*pi/500;
X = exp(j*w) ./ (exp(j*w)- 0.5*ones(1,501));
magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X); imagX = imag(X);
%
subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX); grid;
title('Magnitude Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('Magnitude');
subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,angX); grid;
title('Angle Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('Radians');
subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,realX); grid;
title('Real Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('Real');
subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX); grid;
title('Imaginary Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('Imaginary');

cc th.
1.15. Cho ph X(ej) c dng sau:
X (e j ) = e
sin 3
Vit chng trnh th hin trn th cc hm ph bin , ph pha, phn thc v phn
o ca X(ej), tnh ti 2001 im ri rc trong khong [-2,2].
1.16. Cho dy x(n) c dng nh sau:
x(n ) = ...,0,0,1, 2,3,4,5,0,0,...
y l mt dy s xc nh trong mt khong hu hn t -1 n 3.
Tnh v th hin ph ca dy x(n) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong [0,] theo chng
trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor)
v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_16.
22
n = -1:3; x = 1:5;
k = 0:500; w = (pi/500)*k;
X = x*(exp(-j*pi/500)).^(n'*k);
magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X); imagX = imag(X);
%
subplot(2,2,1); plot(k/500,magX); grid;
title('Magnitude Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units');
subplot(2,2,3); plot(k/500,angX); grid;
title('Angle Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('Radians');
subplot(2,2,2); plot(k/500,realX); grid;
title('Real Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('Real');
subplot(2,2,4); plot(k/500,imagX); grid;
title('Imaginary Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('Imaginary');

cc th.
1.17. Cho dy x(n ) = rect 7 (n )
Vit chng trnh tnh v th hin ph ca dy x(n) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong
[0,] tng t nh bi 1.16.
1.18. Mt hm min Z c cho vi cng thc sau y:
X (z ) =
z
3z 4 z + 1
2
Hm s X(z) c th vit di dng t s ca hai a thc theo z-1 nh sau

X (z ) =
z
z 1
0 + z 1
=
=
3z 2 4 z + 1 3 4 z 1 + z 2 3 4 z 1 + z 2
a. S dng lnh residuez ca MATLAB, tnh cc im cc, thng d ti cc im

cc theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo
ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_18.
b = [0 1]; a = [3 -4 1];
[R,p,C] = residuez(b,a)
%
[b a] = residuez(R,p,C)

kt qu tnh ton. T hy vit dng tng cc hm phn thc n gin ca X(z).
23
b. T kt qu cu trn, vit cng thc khai trin X(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n
gin, t tm bin i Z ngc ca X(z) trn min sao cho x(n) l mt dy nhn
qu.
c. Kim chng li kt qu cu b bng hm iztrans
1.19. Cho hm X(z) vi cng thc nh sau:
X (z ) =
(1 0,9 z ) (1 0,9 z )
1 2
a. Vit chng trnh tnh cc im cc, thng d ca cc im cc ca hm X(z)

trn
(gi : c th dng hm poly ca MATLAB khi phc li a thc mu s t
mt mng cc nghim ca a thc - mng cc im cc ca X(z))
b. T kt qu cu trn, vit cng thc khai trin X(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n
gin, t tm bin i Z ngc ca X(z) trn min z > 0,9 .
1.20. Cho h thng nhn qu biu din bi phng trnh sau:
y(n ) 0,9 y(n 1) = x(n )

a. Tm hm truyn t ca h thng
Sau thc hin cc cng vic sau:
b. Dng lnh zplane ca MATLAB biu din trn th mt phng Z s phn b
cc im cc v im khng
b = [1 0]; a = [1 -0.9];
% Tim phan bo diem cuc va diem khong
subplot(1,2,1);
zplane(b,a);
title('Z plane');
% Tim dap ung tan so bang cach danh gia 200 diem roi rac
% cua H(z) tren duong tron don vi
[H, w] = freqz(b,a,200,'whole');
magH = abs(H(1:101)); phaH= angle(H(1:101));
% Ve dap ung tan so
subplot(2,2,2); plot(w(1:101)/pi,magH); grid;
title('Magnitude Response');
xlabel('frequency in pi units');
subplot(2,2,4); plot(w(1:101)/pi,phaH/pi); grid;
title('Phase Response');
xlabel('frequency in pi units');
ylabel('Phase in pi units');
c. Dng lnh freqz tnh v biu din trn th hm p ng tn s H(ej) ca h

thng (bao gm p ng bin - tn s v p ng pha - tn s) ti 200 im ri
24
rc trn ng trn n v theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh

theo bng trn vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp
Solution_1_20.
cc th.
1.21. Cho h thng nhn qu biu din bi phng trnh sau:
y (n ) 0,81y(n 2) = x(n ) x(n 2)

a. Vit cng thc hm truyn t H(z) ca h thng
Vit cc chng trnh bng MATLAB thc hin cc cng vic sau:
b. Tnh v tr cc im cc, cc h s trong khai trin H(z) thnh tng cc phn thc
n gin.
c. Biu din phn b im cc v im khng trn mt phng Z
d. Tnh v biu din trn th hm p ng tn s H(ej) ca h thng (bao gm
p ng bin - tn s v p ng pha - tn s) ti 200 im ri rc trn ng
trn n v.
T kt qu thu c cu b. tm hm p ng xung h(n) ca h thng.
1.22. To cc hm thc hin vic bin i Fourier ri rc thun v Fourier ri rc
ngc theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho 2 bng di y vo ca
s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn tp ln lt l dft.m, v idft.m:
Tm bin i Fourier ri rc thun:
function [Xk] = dft(xn,N)
% Tim bien doi Fourier roi rac thuan
% --------------------------------------------% [Xk] = dft(xn,N)
% Xk = day cac he so DFT tren doan 0<=k<=N-1
% xn = day huu han N diem
% N = chieu dai DFT
%
n = [0:1:N-1];
k = [0:1:N-1];
WN = exp(-j*2*pi/N);
nk = n' * k;
WNnk = WN .^ nk;
% ma tran DFT
Xk = xn * WNnk;
25
Tm bin i Fourier ri rc ngc:

function [xn] = idft(Xk,N)
% Tim bien doi Fourier roi rac nguoc
% --------------------------------------------% [xn] = idft(Xk,N)
% xn = day co chieu dai huu han tren doan 0<=n<=N-1
% Xk = day cac he so DFT tren doan 0<=k<=N-1
% N = chieu dai DFT
%
n = [0:1:N-1];
k = [0:1:N-1];
WN = exp(-j*2*pi/N);
nk = n' * k;
WNnk = WN .^ (-nk);
% ma tran IDFT
xn = (Xk * WNnk)/N;
1.23. Da trn cc hm dft c xy dng trn, tm bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy

c chiu di N=20:
1 0 n 4
x(n ) =
0 n cn li
theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son
tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_23.
L = 5; N = 20;
n = [0:N-1];
xn = [ones(1,L), zeros(1,N-L)];
k = n;
Xk = dft(xn,N);
magXk = abs(Xk);
%
subplot(4,2,1); stem(n,xn);
axis([min(n),max(n)+1,-0.5,1.5]);
title('Sequence x(n)');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)');
subplot(4,2,3); stem(k,magXk);
axis([min(k),max(k)+1,-0.5,5.5]);
title('DFT of SQ. wave: L=5, N=20');
xlabel('k'); ylabel('X(k)');

cc th.
1.24. Vit chng trnh tnh v th hin trn th bin i Fourier ri rc ca cc dy
sau:
26
1 0 n 4
a. Dy c chiu di N = 40 v x(n ) =
0 n cn li
1 0 n 4
b. Dy c chiu di N = 60 v x(n ) =
0 n cn li
1 0 n 6
c. Dy c chiu di N = 60 v x(n ) =
0 n cn li
1.25. Biu din trn th biu th hin mi quan h gia chiu di dy N, N bin
thin t 1 n 2048, vi thi gian thc hin bin i Fourier ca hm MATLAB theo
chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho
(Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_25.
Nmin = 1;
Nmax = 2048;
fft_time = zeros(1,Nmax-Nmin+1);
for n = Nmin:1:Nmax
x = rand(1,n);
t = clock;
fft(x);
fft_time(n-Nmin+1) = etime(clock,t);
end %for
n = [Nmin:1:Nmax];
plot(n,fft_time,'.')
xlabel('N');ylabel('Time in Secs');
title('FFT execution times');

kt qu trn th. Nhn xt v kt qu th hin trn th.
6.
M rng
1. Vit cc chng trnh m phng kim chng li cc tnh cht ca: Bin i Z, bin
i Fourier, v bin i Fourier ri rc.
2. Vit chng trnh m phng gii thut tnh tch chp nhanh (hay tch chp phn
on), c s dng ng dng ca fft v ifft trong tnh tch chp tng dy con.
27
BI 2.
THIT K B LC S BNG MATLAB
A. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI HU

HN (B LC S FIR)
1.
Sinh vin cn nm vng cc kin thc v cc c trng ca b lc s c p ng

xung chiu di hu hn, c th:
Tnh cht tun hon ca hm p ng tn s, tnh cht hm chn ca hm p

ng bin - tn s, tnh cht hm l ca hm p ng pha - tn s
Vi b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, tnh cht i xng hoc phn i xng ca dy
p ng xung
Quan h gia p ng tn s ca tng loi b lc theo p ng xung
Phn b im khng ca hm truyn t trn mt phng Z.
ng thi, sinh vin cn nm vng cc k thut tng hp b lc c p ng xung

chiu di hn hn bao gm cc phng php sau:
2.
Phng php ca s
Phng php ly mu tn s
Phng php lp
3.
Thit k b lc bng phng php ca s
Thit k b lc bng phng php ly mu tn s
Thit k b lc bng phng php lp.
Tm tt l thuyt
Qu trnh lc tn hiu (filtering) nhm tin hnh vic phn b li cc thnh phn
tn s ca tn hiu. Qu trnh lc tn hiu c thc hin thng qua cc b lc (filters).
Da trn dy p ng xung ca b lc, c hai kiu b lc c quan tm trong qu trnh
thit k l: B lc s c p ng xung chiu di hu hn, cn gi l b lc FIR v B
lc s c p ng xung chiu di v hn, cn gi l b lc IIR. Phn ny quan tm n
cc k thut tng hp b lc s FIR. Cc k thut tng hp b lc IRR c xem
xt phn sau.
V mt l thuyt, da trn c im ca p ng tn s, X l s tn hiu quan

tm n 4 loi b lc l tng sau y:
a. B lc thng thp l tng
28
1 , c
p ng bin - tn s: H d e j =
0 , n cn li
( )
Khi p ng xung ca b lc thng thp l tng vi tr nhm l:
hd (n ) =
c
sinc c (n )
b. B lc thng cao l tng
1 , c
0 , n cn li
( )
Khi p ng xung ca b lc thng cao l tng vi tr nhm l:
hd (n ) = (n )
c
sinc c(n )
c. B lc thng di l tng
1 , c1 c 2
, n cn li
0
( )
Khi p ng xung ca b lc thng di l tng vi tr nhm l:
hd (n ) =
c 2
sinc c 2 (n ) c1 sinc c1 (n )
d. B lc chn di l tng
0 , c1 < < c 2
, n cn li
1
( )
Khi p ng xung ca b lc chn di l tng vi tr nhm l:
hd (n ) = (n )
c 2
sinc c 2 (n ) + c1 sinc c1 (n )
Ngoi ra, b vi phn v b bin i Hilbert cng c xem xt n bi chng

c ng dng rt nhiu trong truyn thng.
e. B vi phn l tng
,0 <
j
p ng tn s: H d (e j ) =
j , < 0
Khi p ng xung ca b vi phn l tng vi tr nhm l:
cos (n )
,n
hd (n ) = (n )
0
,n =
29
f. B bin i Hilbert
j ,0 <
p ng tn s: H d (e j ) =
j , < 0
Khi p ng xung ca b bin i Hilbert l tng vi tr nhm l:
2 (n )
2 sin
hd (n ) =
(n )
,n
,n =
Chng ta c nhn xt l p ng xung ca cc b lc l tng ni trn c chiu

di v hn, xut pht t ch s - n +, v khng nhn qu, dn n khng th thc
hin c v mt vt l. Khi tng hp b lc thc t, ta phi chp nhn p ng xung
phi xut pht t ch s 0 p ng iu kin nhn qu. Khi , p ng tn s ca b
lc thc t c phn qu t di thng n di chn, hoc ngc li, v c gi l di
chuyn tip (transition band). ng thi phi c s gn sng (ripple) c di thng v
di chn hoc t nht ti mt trong hai, di thng hoc di chn.
Vic thit k b lc l qu trnh tm ra cc tham s, hay dy p ng xung ca b
lc, tho mn cc yu cu ch tiu k thut cho trc, c th l mt s hoc tt c cc
tham s tuyt i (absolute specification) sau:
Tn s ct di thng p
Tn s ct di thng s
B rng di qu
gn sng di thng 1
gn sng di chn 2
Trn thc t, cc tham s thng c cho di dng tng i (relative

specification) tnh theo n v decibels di dng sau y:
gn sng di thng theo dB, c tnh bng cng thc:
R p = 20 log
1 1
[dB]
1 + 1
suy gim di chn theo dB c tnh bng cng thc:
As = 20 log
2
[dB]
1 + 1
Do p ng tn s l bin i Fourier ca dy p ng xung, m dy ny c tnh

cht ri rc theo thi gian, nn hm p ng tn s ca mt h thng l tun hon vi chu
k 2. Bi yu cu thit k l b lc tng hp c v mt thc t, hay ni mt cch
khc x l cc dy tn hiu vi gi tr thc, nn dy p ng xung h(n) l dy thc, do
hm p ng tn s H(ej) c tnh cht i xng Hermit, c ngha l H*(ej) = H(e-j).
30
iu ny dn n vi mi b lc thc t p ng bin - tn s l mt hm chn, p

ng pha - tn s l mt hm l. V vy, khi xem xt hm p ng tn s ca b lc, ch
cn xem xt trong khong [0,] l .
B lc FIR c mt s u im v mt thc hin nh sau:
p ng pha l tuyn tnh
Tng i d thit k v lun lun l h thng n nh
Thc hin c vi hiu qu cao
C th thc hin c trn c s p dng bin i Fourier ri rc.
Vi b lc FIR ta lun t c iu kin pha tuyn tnh, iu ny c ngha p

ng pha - tn s l mt hm s bc nht theo tn s , tng ng vi thc hin vic tr
hm p ng xung min thi gian. Khi mt h thng c pha tuyn tnh, tr nhm (group
delay) l mt hng s, th c u im l cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu ti
u vo c cng thi gian tr nh nhau sau khi cho qua h thng ti u ra. Hm p ng
pha - tn s ca b lc FIR c dng nh sau:
( ) = , vi , l cc hng s
v hm p ng tn s ca b lc FIR c cho di dng ln v pha nh sau:
H (e j ) = A(e j )e j ( ) , vi A(e j ) l hm thc
Khi p t thm iu kin pha tuyn tnh vo b lc FIR, dy p ng xung ca

b lc ch c th i xng hoc phn i xng. Da trn tnh cht i xng hay phn i
xng ca dy p ng xung v chiu di N ca dy p ng xung, ngi ta phn loi b
lc FIR lm 4 loi sau y:
N 1
2
B lc FIR loi 1: h(n) i xng, N l, = 0 , =
B lc FIR loi 2: h(n) i xng, N chn, = 0 , =
B lc FIR loi 3: h(n) phn i xng, N l, =
B lc FIR loi 4: h(n) phn i xng, N l, =
N 1
2
,=
N 1
2
,=
N 1
2
p ng tn s ca b lc FIR cho tng loi l nh sau:

a. FIR loi 1:
N 1
N21
j
j
H (e ) = a(n ) cos n e 2
n=0
31
vi
N 1
a (0 ) = h
N 1
, h
l mu gia ca dy p ng xung.
2
N 1
N 1
a (n ) = 2h
n , vi 1 n
2
2
dn n A(e j ) =
N 1
2
a(n )cos n , v ( ) =
n =0
N 1
b. FIR loi 2:
N 1
N2
1 j 2
H (e ) = b(n ) cos n e
n =1
2
vi
b(n ) = 2h n
2
, vi 1 n
N
2
N
2
1
N 1
dn n A(e j ) = b(n ) cos n , v ( ) =
2
2
n =1
c. FIR loi 3:
j N 1
N21
H (e ) = c(n )sin n e 2 2
n =1
vi
N 1
N 1
c(n ) = 2h
n , vi 1 n
2
2
dn n A(e j ) =
N 1
2
c(n )sin n , v ( ) = 2
n =1
N 1
d. FIR loi 4:
N 1
N2
1 j 2 2
H (e ) = d (n )sin n e
n =1
2
vi
d (n ) = 2h n
2
, vi 1 n
N
2
N
2
1
N 1
dn n A(e j ) = d (n )sin n , v ( ) =
2
2
2
n =1
32
i vi cc h thng FIR ni chung, hm truyn t H(z) c duy nht mt im

cc ti 0, bc N-1, v min hi t RC: z > 0 .Bi dy p ng xung l dy thc nn hm
truyn t c tnh cht i xng Hermit, cho nn nu z0 l mt im khng ca H(z) th
z0* cng l mt im khng ca H(z). Do dy p ng xung ca b lc FIR pha tuyn
tnh l i xng hoc phn i xng, dn n nu z0 l mt im khng ca H(z) th 1/z0
cng l mt im khng ca H(z). Trng hp tng qut, nu nh bit mt im khng
ca p ng tn s b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh H(z) ti z 0 = re , chng ta suy ra rng H(z)
*
1
c 4 im khng l: z 01 = z 0 = re , z 02 = z 0 = 1 e , z 03 = z 0 = re , v
r
1 *
z 04 = z 0
= 1 e . Trng hp c bit, im khng nm trn trc thc hoc ng
r
trn n v, s im khng c suy ra suy gim cn 2, v khi im khng l 1 hoc -1,
khng suy ra c thm im khng no. Tnh cht ny c th p dng trong thit k b
lc bng cch mc ni tip nhiu khu, mi khu c p ng pha tuyn tnh.
( )
Theo sch gio trnh X l tn hiu v lc s, c 3 phng php tng hp

b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, l:
Phng php ca s
Phng php ly mu tn s
Phng php lp
a. Phng php ca s
T tng c bn ca phng php ca s l tm ra p ng xung ca b lc l
tng ri sau ct xn hai u (hay nhn vi mt hm ca s) dy p ng xung
sao cho ta thu c mt b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, ng thi l nhn qu. im nhn
mnh phng php ny l tm ra p ng xung thch hp ca b lc l tng v la
chn hm ca s thch hp. V mt l tng, b lc thng thp l tng pha tuyn tnh
c li di thng bng 1 v p ng tn s bng 0 trn ton di chn, tc l:
e j
H d e j =
0
( )
, c
, n cn li
, vi c l tn s ct v l tr nhm
th ta s thu c dy p ng xung
hd (n ) =
c
sinc c (n )
c tnh cht i xng ti .

Vi cc b lc s l tng khc, bao gm thng cao, thng di, v chn di, dy
p ng xung cng c dng tng t nh vy v c th suy ra t dng p ng xung ca
b lc thng thp l tng ni trn. Vi b vi phn v b bin i Hilbert, bng bin i
ton hc, ta cng c c p ng xung c tnh cht phn i xng ti .
thu c p ng xung ca b lc FIR v mt thc t, phng php ca s
dng k thut nhn hm p ng xung ca b lc l tng hd(n) vi mt hm ca s
w(n), vi w(n) l mt hm i xng i vi trong khong t 0 n N-1 v bng 0 trong
33
khong cn li. Kt qu l hm p ng xung ca b lc thc t h(n) l i xng hoc

N 1
trong khong [0,N-1].
phn i xng i vi =
2
Mt s ca s thng dng c la chn l:
Ca s ch nht
1 ,0 n N 1
w r (n ) = rect N (n ) =
, n cn li
0
Vic nhn ca s ch nht vi p ng xung ca b lc l tng min thi gian
tng ng vi ly tch chp lin tc tun hon min tn s gia p ng tn s ca
b lc l tng vi nh qua php bin i Fourier ca hm ca s.
( )
( )( ) ( )
~
1
H e j = H d e j * WR e j =
2
( )
H (e )W (e )d
j
Bin i Fourier ca dy ch nht c cho nh hnh v di ( c thc hnh

Bi 1). y ta c mt s nhn xt v hm bin i Fourier ca dy ch nht v p
ng tn s ca b lc thc t khi dng ca s ch nht:
Bi ca s w(n) c rng bng N nn trong

khong [-,] min tn s, WR(ej) c mt
bu chnh bin rt cao, rng 4/N v cc
bu bn c bin nh hn.
Tch chp tun hon gia p ng tn s ca b

lc s l tng Hd(ej) vi WR(ej) s to ra p
ng tn s ca b lc H(ej) ging vi dng ca
Hd(ej) nhng b x i.
Bu chnh ca WR(ej) s to ra di chuyn

tip ca H(ej), bu chnh ca WR(ej) cng
hp, tng ng vi N ln, di chuyn tip ca H(ej) s cng nh.
Cc bu bn ca WR(ej) s to ra s gn sng nh nhau c di thng v di chn

ca H(ej).
L thuyt v thc t chng t mt s c im chnh ca b lc thc t c tng

hp theo phng php ca s ch nht nh sau:
Gi tr xp x ca rng di chuyn tip (tnh t nh gn sng cui cng ca di

thng n khi p ng tn s gim n khng) bng rng ca bu chnh v bng
4
.
N
T s gia nh bu bn u tin v nh bu chnh l 13dB.
Sau php tnh tch chp lin tc tun hon, p ng bin c tch lu vi nhiu
bu lin tip v bu bn u tin di chn s ri vo v tr suy gim 21dB so vi
34
nh di thng, gi tr ny khng ph thuc M. Do suy gim di chn ti thiu

l 21dB v cng khng ph thuc M.
Nhng c im trn ni ln rng dng ca s ch nht c mt s nhc im
sau:
Cho d chiu rng ca ca s N tng, rng ca mi mt bu bn gim i nhng

din tch tng i ca tng bu i vi bu chnh khng h thay i nn suy
gim di chn ti thiu vn gi nguyn khng thay i l 21dB. suy gim di chn
ti thiu l 21dB trong nhiu trng hp l khng vi yu cu ca thit k.
Ca s ch nht c s thay i t ngt vin ca s, tc l n gin ta ch ct c

hai u ca p ng xung b lc l tng hd(n), dn n hin tng Gibb. Nhn trn
p ng tn s s thy cc b gn dy ln khi tin ra cnh ca di thng v di chn.
Nhm tng suy gim di chn v hn ch hin tng Gibb, mt s dng ca s

sau c a ra v c p dng rt nhiu trong thit k cc b lc thc t:
Ca s Bartlet (hay ca s tam gic)
2n
N 1
2n
w (n ) = 2
N 1
,0 n
N 1
2
N 1
n N 1
2
, n cn li
Ca s Hanning (hay ca s Hann)
2n
0,5 0,5 cos
,0 n N 1
w (n ) =
N 1
0
, n cn li
Ca s Hamming
2n
0,54 0,46 cos
,0 n N 1
w (n ) =
N 1
0
, n cn li
Ca s Blackman: cho n hi bc hai
2n
4n
+ 0,08 cos
0,42 0,5 cos
,0 n N 1
w (n ) =
N 1
N 1
0
, n cn li
R rng lun c s nh i gia tnh cht hp ca di chuyn tip v tnh gn
sng di thng v di chn. Cc loi ca s lm gim hiu ng gn sng di thng v
di chn lun c xu hng lm cho b rng ca di chuyn tip tng ln.
Di y l bng tng kt cc thng s v rng di chuyn tip v suy gim
di chn ti thiu i vi tng loi ca s:
35
Tn ca s
rng di chuyn tip
suy gim di
chn ti thiu
Xp x
Chnh xc
Ch nht
4
N
1,8
N
21dB
Bartlett
8
N
6,1
N
25dB
Hanning
8
N
6,2
N
44dB
Hamming
8
N
6,6
N
53dB
Blackman
12
N
11
N
74dB
Dng ca s cng phc tp, b cho suy gim di chn thp v gim hin
tng Gibb th phi nh i ly di chuyn tip c rng ln hn hay cn di p
ng xung N ln hn nu mun duy tr di chuyn tip c rng khng i v ng
nhin l b lc s c thit k phc tp hn.
Ca s Kaiser:
L dng ca s hiu qu nht cho php thit k vi b lc c suy gim di

chn i hi rt nh. Phng trnh ca s c cho bi:
2
2n
I 0 1 1

N 1
w(n ) =
I 0 [ ]
vi I0[] l hm Bessel bc khng.

Trong sch gio trnh X l tn hiu v lc s, tham s c thay bng
N 1
, tuy nhin phn tm tt l thuyt ny ghi l cho ph hp vi cng thc tnh
2
di y v hm to ca s kaiser ca MATLAB.
Cc cng thc tnh rng ca s N v tham s c tnh t rng di
chuyn tip, gn sng di thng, v suy gim di chn nh sau:
rng di chuyn tip c chun ho:
Bc ca b lc:
f =
s p
2
As 7,95
+1
14,36f
36
0,1102( As 8,7 )
, As 50
0, 4
0,5842( As 21) 0,07886( As 21) ,21 < As < 50
Cc hm ca s ni trn u c MATLAB cung cp sn.

b. Phng php ly mu tn s
T tng ca phng php ny l xy dng mt b lc c p ng xung chiu di
N v c p ng tn s xp x vi p ng tn s ca b lc l tng. C th, ta c th
xt ti N mu ri rc cch u nhau trong khong t 0 n 2, hm p ng tn s ca b
lc thc t bng ng vi hm p ng xung ca b lc l tng.
Nu nh ta bit N mu ri rc H(k) trn hm p ng tn s, tng ng vi
N mu nh qua php bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy p ng xung h(n), ta hon ton c
th xy dng hm p ng tn s H(ej) bng php ni suy theo cng thc:
H (e j ) =
1 e jN
N
X (k )
N 1
k =1
1 e
2k
N
ng nhin l cc gi tr X(k) chnh l cc gi tr ca H(ej) ti cc mu ri rc:

j 2N k
, vi k = 0,1,..., N 1
H (k ) = H e
Do H(ej) l p ng tn s ca mt h thng c trng bi dy p ng xung n

v thc nn H(ej) c tnh cht i xng Hermit, tm i xng ti 0, ng thi H(ej) tun
hon chu k 2 hay H(k) tun hon chu k N. Do cc mu ri rc X(k) phi c tnh
cht:
H (k ) = H * ( N k ) vi k = 1,..., N 1
Ring mu ng vi k=0 l mt ngoi l bi n l tm i xng nu xt trong chu
k tun hon ca H(ej) l [-,].
Nu p ng tn s c vit di dng ln v pha:
H (e j ) = A(e j )e j ( ) , vi A(e j ), ( ) l cc hm thc
nh ca h(n) qua php bin i Fourier ri rc cng c vit di dng ln

v pha:
H (k ) = A(k )e j (k ) , vi A(k ) , (k ) l cc dy thc
th ln v pha ca dy H(k) s c tnh theo cng thc:
j 2 k
2
A(k ) = A e N v (k ) =
N
Do H(ej) v H(k) u c tnh cht i xng Hermit nn:
A(k ) = A(N k ) vi k = 1,..., N 1
37
v:
N 1
N 1 2
, k = 1,...,
2 N k
2
i vi b lc FIR loi 1: (k ) =
+ N 1 2 ( N k ) , k = N + 1 ,..., N 1
2 N
2
N 1 2
N 2
, k = 1,...,
2 N k
2
N
1
2
N
+
(N k ) , k = ,..., N 1
2 N
2
i vi b lc FIR loi 3:
N 1 2
N 1
k
, k = 1,...,
2
2 N
2
(k ) =
+ N 1 2 (N k ) , k = N + 1 ,..., N 1
2 N
2
N 1 2
N 2
k
, k = 1,...,
2
2 N
2
+ N 1 2 ( N k ) , k = N ,..., N 1
2
2 N
2
Nu coi hm sai s xp x c tnh bng sai lch gia p ng tn s ca b

lc l tng vi p ng tn s ca b lc thc t , ta c cc nhn xt sau:
Hm sai s xp x bng khng ti cc tn s c ly mu
Hm sai s xp x ti cc tn s khc ph thuc vo mc dc hay bin

i t ngt ti tn s . Ti tn s c p ng cng dc, v d gn bin ca
di thng v di chn, th c hm sai s xp x cng ln.
Dy p ng xung ca b lc c suy ra t bin i Fourier ri rc ngc ca

dy cc mu X(k):
h(n ) = IDFT [X (k )]
v hm tm bin i Fourier ri rc ngc bng thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh
c th c p dng trong trng hp ny.
Nu nh chng ta p dng k thut th, tc l cc mu c nhn gi tr bng 1
ti di thng v nhn gi tr bng 0 ti di chn, hin tng gn sng, hay hin tng
Gibb, gn ra cc di l tng i ln, suy gim di chn rt nhiu trng hp l
khng t yu cu. Chng ta li c nhn xt l t suy gim di chn ti thiu cng
nhiu ta lun phi nh i ly i rng di chuyn tip ln (ging nh c phn tch
phng php ca s). K thut ca chng ta c th p dng l to ra mt s mu di
chuyn tip c th nhn cc gi tr trung gian nm gia 0 v 1. S mu di chuyn tip
38
l khng ln, ch cn t 1 n 2 mu l do trn thc t di chuyn tip l rt nh so vi

di thng v di chn.
Thay i cc gi tr chuyn tip qu c th dn n kt qu tt hn, ni mt
cch khc suy gim di chn ti thiu ln hn. Bi ton t ra y l vic phi tm
cch ti u ho gi tr ti 1 hay 2 mu t c suy gim di chn ti thiu ln
nht tng ng vi vic ti thiu ho bu bn ln nht. Trong ti u ho, bi ton
ny gi l bi ton minimax, v MATLAB cng cung cp hm ny trong b cng c
Optimization Toolbox. Tuy nhin trong phn thc hnh ny, cc gi tr di chuyn tip
l cho trc.
c. Phng php lp
Hai phng php c trnh by trn, phng php ca s v phng php
ly mu tn s, tn ti mt s bt cp. Th nht ta khng th nh c chnh xc cc tn
s ct p v s. Th hai ta khng th rng buc iu kin ng thi iu kin v gn
sng 1 v 2 c di thng v di chn. Th ba l hm sai s xp x phn b khng u
trn cc di v c xu hng tng ln khi n gn di chuyn tip. Phng php lp da
trn thut ton ti u c th gii quyt c cc vn trn.
Phng php ny c cc ti liu cp n vi mt s tn gi khc nhau:
Optimal (Optimum) Equiriple, Remez Exchange. Bn cht ca phng php ny l xut
pht t mt chiu di dy N cho trc, bng thut ton trao i Remez tm ra dy p
ng xung sao cho cc i ca hm sai s gia p ng tn s ca b lc l tng v p
ng tn s ca b lc thc t l nh nht. Nu nh hm p ng tn s ng vi dy p
ng xung tm c ni trn vn cha tho mn iu kin yu cu ca thit k, gi tr N
cn phi tng. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li n khi tm ra c b lc tho mn cc
yu cu c t ra.
Di y s trnh by tm tt v mt l thuyt qu trnh ti thiu ho sai s cc
i gia p ng tn s ca b lc thc t v p ng tn s cat b lc l tng. Trc
tin, ta a hm ln ca p ng tn s ca 4 loi b lc FIR v dng sau:
A(e j ) = P( )Q( )
vi P() l hm c dng: P( ) = (n ) cos n

n=0
Bng sau y a ra gi tr R, cc hm P() v Q() cho 4 loi b lc:

Loi b lc
FIR loi 1
FIR loi 1
FIR loi 1
Q()
N 1
2
cos
sin
N
1
2
N 1
1
2
P()
R
a (n )cos n
n =0
R
b (n )cos n
n =0
R
c (n )cos n
n=0
39
FIR loi 1
sin
N
1
2
d (n )cos n
n =0
Hm sai s gia b lc l tng v b lc thc t c xy dng nh sau:

E ( ) = W ( )[A d ( ) A( )] vi S = [0, p ] [ s , ]
Hm E() c min xc nh ch l phn di thng v di chn, m khng

xc nh ti di chuyn tip.
Hm W() c gi l hm trng s c tc dng tri u sai s gia b

lc thc t v b lc l tng trn c di thng v di chn.
Nu ta la chn hm trng s trong trng hp 2 > 1 , vi 1 v 2 ln lt l

gn sng ca di thng v di chn, l:
W ( ) = 1
1
d i thng
d i chn
th hm sai s c di thng v di chn u khng vt qu 2 c di thng v di

chn. iu ny c ngha nu nh ta ti thiu ho cc i ca hm sai s E() l 2 ta t
ng c lun cc i ca sai s gia b lc thc t v b lc l tng di chn l 2 v
di thng l 1 .
Chng ta nhn thy l hm Q() 4 loi b lc l khc nhau, trit tiu hm
ny, hm sai s c bin i nh sau:
A ( )
P( )
E ( ) = W ( )[A d ( ) A( )] = W ( )[A d ( ) P( )Q( )] = W ( )Q( ) d
Q( )
y nu nh nh ngha cc hm trng s bin dng v hm ln ca p ng

tn s b lc l tng bin dng l:
( ) = A d ( )
( ) = W ( )Q( ) v A
W
d
Q( )
th hm sai s ca c 4 loi b lc c cng dng chung:
( ) P( )
( ) A
E ( ) = W
d
Bi ton Chebyshev t ra l: Tm cc h s a (n ) , hoc b (n ) , hoc c (n ) , hoc

d (n ) nhm ti thiu ho cc i ca tr tuyt i hm sai s trn di thng v di chn,
tc l tm ra:
min
trong tp cc h s
[max E( ) ]
S
nh l xoay chiu: S l mt khong ng bt k (cn gi l on v n cha c

bin) trn on [0, ], gi s P( ) c dng:
40
P ( ) = (n ) cos n
n =0
Hm sai s E ( ) c tnh theo cng thc:
E ( ) = W ( ) A d ( ) P( )
iu kin cn v P( ) duy nht v xp x theo kiu cc i l nh nht,

( ) trn S l: Hm sai s E ( ) phi c ti
theo ngha gn ng Chebyshev, so vi A
d
thiu R+2 gi tr cc tr i du xen k nhau trn S m:
E ( i ) = E ( i 1 ) = max E ( )
S
vi 0 < 1 < 2 < ... < R +1
nh l ni trn khng ch ra cch thc thu c hm P( ) . Tuy nhin n ch

ra rng nghim tn ti, khng nhng th nghim l duy nht v iu kin bit l
nghim khi hm sai s E ( ) c t nht R+2 cc tr, cc cc tr ny c gi tr tuyt i
bng nhau, hai cc tr lin tip c mt l cc i v mt l cc tiu. tm ra hm P( ) ,
thut ton trao i Remez c tin hnh nh sau:
1. Chn ly R+2 im ri rc, gi s l cc cc tr ca hm sai s
2. Trn c s ti R+2 im ri rc ni trn, hm E ( ) lun phin i du v c
tr tuyt i bng mt gi tr no , tnh ni suy li gi tr v hm P( ) ,
t tnh ra hm sai s E ( ) , tnh c gi tr cc tr thc ca hm sai s
3. Xem xt xem cc gi tr ri rc c chn ban u c thc s l cc im m
hm sai s E ( ) t cc tr v c tr tuyt i bng nhau hay khng. Nu
khng, tm cc im ti E ( ) t cc tr.
4. Trong cc im cc tr ca E ( ) ly ra R+2 im v quay v lp li t
bc 2.
5. Lp li cc bc 2, 3, v 4 cho n khi tp hp cc im ri rc hi t
6. T tp cc im ri rc cui cng, tnh ra hm P( ) , t tnh ra cc h s
(n) .
Vng lp tip theo bao gi cng thu c R+2 im ri rc tin gn ti nhng cc
( ) theo ngha Chebyshev
tr ca hm P( ) m chng ta mong mun gn ng vi A
d
hn, v cui cng n s hi t v cc im cc tr thc. Mt vn trong vic s dng
chng trnh my tnh tm ra nghim l my tnh khng th lm vic vi cc gi tr
lin tc trn min S m ch c kh nng tnh ton trn tp cc gi tr ri rc. Thc t ta c
th thit k mt li cc gi tr ri rc trn min S ri tnh gn ng trn .
Parks v McClellan a ra gii php s dng thut ton Remez tm ra p
ng xung ca b lc ti u nht, tc l gn ng theo ngha Chebyshev i vi mt b
41
lc l tng, cho gi tr N l chiu di ca dy p ng xung no vi cc iu kin

rng buc v gn sng di thng v di chn nh sau:
1. Xc nh loi b lc, tnh gi tr R v xy dng cc hm W ( ) , Q( )
2. Xy dng bi ton gn ng bng cch xc nh cc hm W ( ) , A d ( )
3. S dng thut ton trao i Remez tm ra hm ti u P( )
4. Tnh cc gi tr ca dy p ng xung h(n)
Tt nhin khi chn gi tr N cng chun th kt qu l thu c b lc c hm p
ng tn s cng gn vi yu cu bi ton. Nu nh vi gi tr N no m cha tho mn
c yu cu cu ca bi ton th ta phi tng gi tr N n khi no tho mn cc iu
kin rng buc cho 1 v 2 (hay As v Rp) th thi. V mt kinh nghim, mt s ti liu
a ra cng thc la chn ban u cho chiu di N ca dy p ng xung l:
20 log 1 2 13
N =
14,6f
,vi f =
s p
2
Trong MATLAB, vic tm ra dy p ng xung ca b lc ti u vi gi tr N v

hm p ng tn s l tng cho trc c thc hin bi hm firpm.
4.

freqz: tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng ti mt s hu hn cc im ri
rc trn vng trn n v khi bit hm truyn t ca n
sin, cos, sinc: tr v cc hm ton hc th hin cc cng thc lng gic
boxcar, bartlett, hanning, hamming, blackman, kaiser: tr
v cc hm ca s vi chiu di cho trc
firpm: thc hin cng vic tm ra dy p ng xung ca b lc ti u theo ngha
Chebyshev bng thut ton ca Parks v McClellan.
Ngoi ra, b cng c Signal Processing Toolbox ca MATLAB cung cp rt

nhiu hm hu ch thit k b lc nh fir1, fir2, firls... Thm vo na b cng c ny
cng cung cp mt gi phn mm thit k sn vi tn FDATool gip cc k s gim thi
gian rt nhiu trong thit k cc h s ca b lc. Tuy nhin b cng c Signal
Processing Toolbox c th khng c cung cp km theo phin bn phn mm
MATLAB dnh cho sinh vin thc hnh. ng thi, gip sinh vin hiu r thm v
bn cht ton hc trong qu trnh thit k b lc, phn thc hnh ny yu cu tin hnh
tng bc thit k cc b lc rt c th. Ch c mt hm thit k b lc c sn trong b
cng c nn c dng l firpm bi xy dng li mt chng trnh phn mm theo thut
ton ca Parks v McClellan dng thut ton trao i Remez l kh phc tp.
42
5.
Cc bc thc hnh
2.1. To cc hm th hin ln ca p ng tn s cc b lc FIR loi 1 v FIR loi

2 t dy p ng xung ca chng theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho
2 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn tp ln lt l
Hr_Type1.m v Hr_Type2.m:
function [Hr,w,a,L] = Hr_Type1(h)
% Tinh ham do lon cua dap ung tan so Hr(w)
% bo loc FIR loai 1
% --------------------------------------------------% [Hr,w,a,L] = Hr_Type1(h)
% Hr = Do lon
% w = Vector tan so trong khoang [0 pi]
% a = Cac he so cua bo loc FIR loai 1
% L = Bac cua bo loc
% h = Dap ung xung cua bo loc FIR loai 1
%
M = length(h);
L = (M-1)/2;
a = [h(L+1) 2*h(L:-1:1)];
n = [0:1:L];
w = [0:1:500]'*pi/500;
Hr = cos(w*n)*a';
Hm ln ca p ng tn s b lc FIR loi 1:
Hm ln ca p ng tn s b lc FIR loi 2:
2.2. Vit chng trnh tnh hm ln ca p ng tn s b lc FIR loi 3 v b lc
FIR loi 4 vi cc tham s u vo v u ra c nhp theo cc cu lnh:
>> [Hr,w,c,L] = Hr_Type3(h) -> cho b lc FIR loi 3
>> [Hr,w,d,L] = Hr_Type4(h) -> cho b lc FIR loi 4
2.3.
Cho b lc FIR vi p ng xung nh sau:
function [Hr,w,b,L] = Hr_Type2(h)

% Tinh ham do lon cua dap ung tan so Hr(w)
% bo loc FIR loai 2
% --------------------------------------------------% [Hr,w,a,L] = Hr_Type2(h)
% Hr = Do lon
% w = Vector tan so tron khoang [0 pi]
% b = Cac he so cua bo loc FIR loai 2
% L = Bac cua bo loc
% h = Dap ung xung cua bo loc FIR loai 2
%
M = length(h);
L = M/2;
b = 2*h(L:-1:1);
n = [1:1:L]; n = n-0.5;
w = [0:1:500]'*pi/500;
Hr = cos(w*n)*b';
43
h(n ) = 4,1,1,2,5,6,5,1,2,1,4
a. Xc nh loi ca b lc.
Tnh v biu din trn th:
b. Dy p ng xung ca b lc
c. Cc h s ca b lc
d. Hm ln ca p ng tn s
e. Phn b im cc v im khng
theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son
tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l Solution_2_3.m
h = [-4,1,-1,-2,5,6,5,-2,-1,1,-4];
M = length(h); n =0:M-1;
[Hr,w,a,L] = Hr_Type1(h);
a, L
amax = max(a)+1; amin = min(a)-1;
%
subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,h);
axis([-1,2*L+1,amin,amax]);
title('Impulse Response');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('h(n)');
%
subplot(2,2,3); stem(0:L,a);
axis([-1,2*L+1,amin,amax]);
title('a(n) coefficients');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('a(n)');
%
subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,Hr); grid;
title('Type-1 Amplitude Response');
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr');
%
subplot(2,2,4); zplane(h,1);

cc th.
2.4.
Cho b lc FIR vi p ng xung nh sau:
h(n ) = 4,1,1,2,5,6,6,5,1,2,1,4
a. Xc nh loi ca b lc.
Vit chng trnh tnh v biu din trn th:
b. Dy p ng xung ca b lc
c. Cc h s ca b lc
44
d. Hm ln ca p ng tn s
Phn b im cc v im khng
2.5. To hm th hin dy p ng xung ca b lc thng thp l tng t cc
tham s u vo l tn s ct c v chiu di p ng xung M theo chng trnh mu
bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li
theo tn tp l ideal_lp.m:
function hd = ideal_lp(wc,M)
% Ideal LowPass filter computation
% -------------------------------% [hd] = ideal_lp(wc,M)
% hd = ideal impluse response between 0 to M-1
% wc = cutoff frequency in radians
% M = length of the ideal filter
%
alpha = (M-1)/2;
n = [0:1:(M-1)];
m = n - alpha + eps;
hd = sin(wc*m) ./ (pi*m);
2.6. Hm freqz ca MATLAB tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng s khi bit

trc h s ca a thc t s v a thc mu s theo z-1 ca hm truyn t H(z). Trong
nhiu trng hp, thun tin ta cn tm thm cc thng s: hm ln ca p ng tn
s, hm pha ca p ng tn s, hm tr nhm, th hin ln theo thang decibels. To
hm tnh p ng tn s c tn sau freqz_m nhm tnh cc thng s trn theo chng
trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor)
v ghi li theo tn tp l freqz_m.m:
function [db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(b,a)
% Phien ban sua doi cua ham freqz
% ------------------------------------% db = Do lon tuong doi theo dB tren doan tu 0 den pi
% mag = Do lon tuyet doi tren doan tu 0 den pi
% pha = Dap ung pha tren doan tu 0 den pi
% grd = Tre nhom tren doan tu 0 den pi
%
w = Cac mau tan so doan tu 0 den pi
%
b = Cac he so da thuc tu so cua H(z) (voi FIR: b=h)
%
a = Cac he so da thuc mau so cua H(z)(voi FIR: a=[1])
%
[H,w] = freqz(b,a,1000,'whole');
H = (H(1:1:501))';
w = (w(1:1:501))';
mag = abs(H);
db = 20*log10((mag+eps)/max(mag));
pha = angle(H);
grd = grpdelay(b,a,w);
45
2.7.
sau:
Thit k b lc thng thp theo phng php ca s vi cc tham s u vo nh
p = 0,2 ,
R p = 0,25dB
s = 0,3 ,
As = 50dB
Vi iu kin cho ca bi ton, da trn bng tham s ca cc ca s cho phn

tm tt l thuyt, ca s Hamming v ca s Blackman l c th tho mn yu cu v
suy gim di chn hn 50dB. Tuy nhin ta th tnh trc cc tham s theo gn di
thng. Phn thit k v d di y la chn ca s Hamming. Tnh v biu din trn
th:
a. Dy p ng xung ca b lc l tng
b. Dy hm ca s
c. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s
d. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s
wp = 0.2*pi; ws =0.3*pi;
tr_width = ws - wp;
M = ceil(6.6*pi/tr_width) + 1
n = [0:1:M-1];
wc = (ws+wp)/2;
hd = ideal_lp(wc,M);
w_ham = (hamming(M))';
h = hd .* w_ham;
[db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,[1]);
delta_w = 2*pi/1000;
Rp = -(min(db(1:1:wp/delta_w+1)))
As = -round(max(db(ws/delta_w+1:1:501)))
%plot
subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,hd);
axis([0,M-1,-0.1,0.3]);
title('Ideal Impulse Response');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('hd(n)');
%
subplot(2,2,2); stem(n,w_ham);
axis([0,M-1,0,1.1]);
title('Hamming Window');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('w(n)');
%
axis([0,M-1,-0.1,0.3]);
title('Actual Impulse Response');
46
%
subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,db); grid;
axis([0,1,-100,10]);
title('Magnitude Response in dB');
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Decibels');

cc kt qu hin th ca s lnh (Command Window) v trn th.
2.8.
sau:
Thit k b lc thng di theo phng php ca s vi cc tham s u vo nh
s1 = 0,2 ,
As = 60dB
p1 = 0,35 , R p = 1dB
p 2 = 0,65 , R p = 1dB
s 2 = 0,8 ,
As = 60dB
V mt l thuyt, chng ta thy rng p ng xung ca b lc thng di l tng l hiu

p ng xung ca hai b lc thng thp l tng. Dng hm ideal_lp c vit trn
l c th tnh c p ng xung ca b lc thng di l tng. Tn s ct c th ly l
trung bnh cng ca cc tn s ct di thng v tn s ct di chn.
Ca s Blackman l c th tho mn yu cu ca bi ton i vi suy gim di chn.
Tham s rng di chuyn tip tnh chiu di dy p ng xung (hay bc ca b lc)
c th la chn l gi tr nh nht ca rng hai di chuyn tip, di chuyn tip t di
chn ln di thng [s1,p1] v di chuyn tip t di thng xung di chn [p2,s2].
a. Dy p ng xung ca b lc l tng
b. Dy hm ca s
2.9. Thit k b lc thng thp theo phng php ly mu tn s vi cc tham s u
vo nh sau:
p = 0,2 ,
R p = 0,25dB
s = 0,3 ,
As = 50dB
Gi s rng ta chn p ng xung c chiu di 60 tng ng vi ly 60 mu tn s

trong khong [0,2). Di thng c rng l 0,2 tng ng vi 7 mu nhn gi tr 1.
Gi s tip rng qu trnh ti u ho ch ra nn chn di chuyn tip 2 mu nhn cc gi
tr T1 = 0,5925 v T2 = 0,1099. Vy dy mu cc tn s c cho nh sau:
47
,...,
0
,
,
,
1
,
11
,
1
,
1
,
1
H (k ) = 1,1,1,1,1,1,1, T1 , T2 , 01
T
T
2
1
23
43 mu 0
a. Dy cc mu tn s
b. Dy p ng xung ca b lc thc t
M = 60; alpha = (M-1)/2; l = 0:M-1; wl = (2*pi/M)*l;
Hrs = [ones(1,7),0.5925,0.1099,zeros(1,43),
0.1099,0.5925,ones(1,6)];
% Day dap ung tan so mau ly tuong
Hdr = [1,1,0,0]; wdl = [0,0.2,0.3,1];
% Dap ung tan so ly tuong de bieu dien do thi
k1 = 0:floor((M-1)/2); k2 = floor((M-1)/2)+1:M-1;
angH = [-alpha*(2*pi)/M*k1, alpha*(2*pi)/M*(M-k2)];
H = Hrs.*exp(j*angH);
h = real(ifft(H,M));
[db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,1);
[Hr,ww,a,L] = Hr_Type2(h);
%plot
subplot(2,2,1); plot(wl(1:31)/pi,Hrs(1:31),'o',wdl,Hdr);
axis([0,1,-0.1,1.1]);
title('Frequency Samples: M=40, T2 = 0.5925, T1 =
0.1099');
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr(k)');
%
subplot(2,2,2); stem(l,h);
axis([-1,M,-0.1,0.3]);
%
subplot(2,2,3); plot(ww/pi,Hr,wl(1:31)/pi,Hrs(1:31),'o');
axis([0,1,-0.2,1.2]);
title('Amplitude Response');
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr(w)');
%
subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,db);
axis([0,1,-100,10]); grid
48

2.10. Thit k b lc thng di theo phng php ly mu tn s vi cc tham s u
vo nh sau:
s1 = 0,2 ,
As = 60dB
p1 = 0,35 , R p = 1dB
p 2 = 0,65 , R p = 1dB
s 2 = 0,8 ,
As = 60dB
Gi s rng ta chn p ng xung c chiu di 40 tng ng vi ly 40 mu tn s

trong khong [0,2). Di thng c rng l 0,3 tng ng vi 7 mu nhn gi tr 1.
Gi s tip rng qu trnh ti u ho ch ra nn chn trn c 2 di chuyn tip 2 mu nhn
cc gi tr T1 = 0,109021 v T2 = 0,59417456. Vy dy mu cc tn s c cho nh sau:
H (k ) = 01
,...,
0
,
T
,
T
,
1
,...,
1
,
T
,
T
,
0
,...,
0
,
T
,
T
,
1
,...,
1
,
T
,
T
,
0
,...,
0
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
{
{
3
123
123
5 2
7 mu 1
7 mu 1
mu 0
9 mu 0
4 mu 0
a. Dy cc mu tn s
b. Dy p ng xung ca b lc thc t
2.11. Thit k b lc thng thp theo phng php lp (thut ton ca Parks v
McClellan) vi cc tham s u vo nh sau:
p = 0,2 ,
R p = 0,25dB
s = 0,3 ,
As = 50dB
Trc tin xut pht t di ca dy p ng M theo cng thc

M =
20 log 1 2 13
14,6f
,vi f =
s p
2
Lp cng vic tm b lc ti u theo ngha Chebyshev v tng M sau mi ln lp tm

ra b lc tho mn yu cu thit k, sau tnh v biu din trn th:
a. Dy p ng xung ca b lc thc t
b. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s
c. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s
d. Hm sai s E ( )
49
wp = 0.2*pi; ws =0.3*pi; Rp = 0.25; As = 50;
delta_w = 2*pi/1000;
wsi = ws/delta_w+1;
delta1 = (10^(Rp/20)-1)/(10^(Rp/20)+1);
delta2 = (1+delta1)*(10^(-As/20));
deltaH = max(delta1,delta2);
deltaL = min(delta1,delta2);
weights = [delta2/delta1 1];
deltaf = (ws-wp)/(2*pi);
M = ceil((-20*log10(sqrt(delta1*delta2))13)/(14.6*deltaf)+1)
f = [0 wp/pi ws/pi 1];
m = [1 1 0 0];
h = firpm(M-1,f,m,weights);
Asd = -max(db(wsi:1:501))
while Asd<As
M = M+1
[h,ERR,RES] = firpm(M-1,f,m,weights);
Asd = -max(db(wsi:1:501))
end
%plot
n = [0:1:M-1];
axis([0,M-1,-0.1,0.3]);
%
subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,db); grid;
axis([0,1,-80,10]);
title('Magnitude Response in dB');
%
subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,mag); grid;
axis([0,1,-0.2,1.2]);
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr(w)');
%
subplot(2,2,4); plot(RES.fgrid,RES.error); grid;
axis([0,1,-0.0150,0.0150]);
title('Error Response');
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Er(w)');
50

2.12. Thit k b lc thng di theo phng php lp (thut ton ca Parks v
McClellan) vi cc tham s u vo nh sau:
s1 = 0,2 ,
As = 60dB
p1 = 0,35 , R p = 1dB
p 2 = 0,65 , R p = 1dB
s 2 = 0,8 ,
As = 60dB
Vit chng trnh lp cng vic tm b lc ti u theo ngha Chebyshev v tng M sau
mi ln lp tm ra b lc tho mn yu cu thit k, sau tnh v biu din trn
th:
a. Dy p ng xung ca b lc thc t
b. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s
d. Hm sai s E ( )
6.
M rng
Vit cc chng trnh m phng thit k cc b lc FIR khc bao gm: b lc

thng cao, b lc thng di, b lc chn di, b vi phn, b bin i Hilbert theo c 3
phng php.
B. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI V

HN (B LC S IIR)
1.
Sinh vin nm vng cc kin thc v thit k b lc tng t v cc nh dng

ca b lc tng t, c th:
Bin i Laplace, hm truyn t ca h thng tng t
Cc nh dng mu (prototype) ca b lc tng t: Butterworth, Chebyshev

I, Chebyshev II, Elliptic.
Sinh vin nm vng cc phng php chuyn i t h thng tng t sang h

thng s bao gm:
Phng php bt bin xung
Phng php bin i song tuyn
Phng php tng ng vi phn
Phng php bin i Z thch ng.
51
ng thi sinh vin cng cn nm vng cc kin thc trong php nh x hm bin
phc chuyn i bng tn s.
2.
3.
Thit k b lc thng thp tng t theo nh dng Chebyshev I
Chuyn i b lc thng thp tng t sang b lc thng thp s
Chuyn i b lc thng thp sang b lc thng di.
Tm tt l thuyt
B lc s FIR c u im ni bt l pha tuyn tnh. Ni mt cch khc, b lc

FIR pha tuyn tnh m bo c cng mt tr vi cc nhm tn s, mi nhm l mt
tp hp cc tn s ln cn no . Thc nghim cho thy tai ngi v phn no c kh
nng nhn bit c tr nhm ca tn hiu m thanh. B lc c p ng xung chiu di
v hn, hay b lc s IIR, khng m bo c tnh cht ny.
Trong nhng trng hp pha tuyn tnh khng phi l yu cu bt buc trong thit
k th vic la chn b lc FIR hay b lc IIR u c chp nhn. Tuy nhin, b lc IIR
thng c la chn hn v mt s l do. Th nht, nu c cng yu cu v suy gim
th b lc IIR n gin hn nhiu so vi b lc FIR dn n s php tnh thc hin
trong b lc IIR t hn b lc FIR v cc phn t nh trong kt cu ca b lc IIR s t
hn b lc FIR. Th hai, b lc IIR c thit k thng qua vic chuyn i cc thit k
ca b lc tng t sang b lc s v rt may mn l cc bng thng s trong thit k b
lc s c th tra c trong rt nhiu cc ti liu.
B lc s IIR, trn nguyn tc l chuyn i t thit k ca b lc tng t thng
qua mt trong mt s phng php chuyn i b lc. Cc phng php chuyn i s
c trnh by tm tt trong phn ny. Mt mt, cc nh dng c sn v cc bng tra cho
chng ch p dng i vi b lc thng thp. Do , c c kt qu cui cng l b
lc s vi cc loi khc, v d b lc thng di, qu trnh thit k cn c mt bc
thc hin vic chuyn i bng tn s theo1 trong 2 cch tip cn: hoc chuyn i bng
tn s tng t, hoc chuyn i bng tn s s. Ni chung con ng i n mt thit
k b lc s IIR c 2 cch thc c a ra hnh v di y.
52
Cch thc
th nht
Thit k b lc
thng thp
tng t
Chuyn i
bng tn s
ss
Chuyn i b
lc
sz
B lc IIR
theo thit k
Cch thc
th hai
Thit k b lc
thng thp
tng t
Chuyn i b
lc
sz
Chuyn i
bng tn s
zz
B lc IIR
theo thit k
Trong phm vi phn th nghim ny, chng ta s tin hnh cc bc theo cch tip
cn th hai bao gm cc bc:
Thit k b lc thng thp tng t
Chuyn i t b lc thng thp tng t sang b lc thng thp s
Chuyn i bng tn s thu c cc b lc khc t b lc thng thp.
1. Thit k b lc tng t
Cc yu cu thit k cho b lc tng t da trn iu kin gii hn cc ch tiu
k thut cho hm bnh phng bin ca hm p ng tn s. Ging nh khi chng ta
quan tm ti cc h thng s, hm truyn t Ha(s) ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
tng t l bin i Laplace hm p ng xung ha(t) ca h thng v Ha(s) chnh bng t
s gia bin i Laplace ca tn hiu u ra vi bin i Laplace ca tn hiu u vo.
Hm p ng tn s Ha(j) ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l hm th hin p ng
ca h thng vi u vo l cc gi tr tn s khc nhau. Do , hm p ng tn s l
bin i Fourier hm p ng xung ha(t) ca h thng v hm Ha(j) cng chnh l hm
h thng Ha(s) nh gi trn trc o.
i vi cc h thng thc hin c v mt vt l, p ng xung bao gi cng l
mt hm thc. Do , hm truyn t lun i xng qua trc thc. Mt khc, mt h
thng tng t l nhn qu v n nh nu v ch nu tt c cc im cc ca hm truyn
t nm na bn tri ca mt phng s hoc cng lm l nm gc to . Khi ta xt
n hm bnh phng bin , hay bnh phng mun, ca hm h truyn t, cc im
cc ca hm s ny s phn b trn tt c cc gc phn t ca mt phng S. Lc ny, vic
xt p ng tn s ca h thng cng thun tin v tt c cc im cc nm bn tri mt
phng S ca hm |Ha(s)|2.
Yu cu v ch tiu k thut ca b lc thng thp tng t thng c cho di
dng cc tham s tuyt i nh sau:
1
2
H a ( j ) 1,
2
1+
53
0 H a ( j )
2
1
,
A2
vi p v s ln lt l cc tn s ct di thng v tn s ct di chn tnh theo

n v rad/s, l tham s gn sng v A l tham s suy gim.
Mi quan h gia v A vi Rp v As hay 1 v 2 nh sau:
R
p
1
10
R p = 10 log
=
10
1
1+ 2
s
1
As = 10 log 2 A = 10 10
A
2 1
1 1
1
=
=
2
1 + 1
1 1
1+
1 + 1
2
1
= A=
1 + 1 A
2
Tt c cc nh dng b lc u da trn nguyn tc la chn hm p ng tn s
ca b lc thc t xp x vi p ng tn s ca b lc l tng v im cc ca hm p
ng tn s ca b lc thc t c phn b sao cho h thng l nhn qu v n nh. Cc
hm s bnh phng bin thng c la chn c dng gn sng va phi trong
khong t 0 n tn s ct v gim mnh khi vt ra ngoi tn s ct ng thi c xu
hng gim v n 0. iu ny tng ng vi hm gn sng b chn trong khong t 1 n 1 ( vi 1 l tn s c chun ho bi tn s ct c) v tng nhanh khi vt ra
ngoi 1. C 4 nh dng c bn thng c vn dng trong qu trnh thit k b lc
tng t l: b lc Butterworth, b lc Chebyshev-1, b lc Chebyshev-2 v b lc
Elliptic.
a. B lc thng thp Butterworth:
Hm bnh phng bin ca p ng tn s b lc Butterworth bc N c cho
bi phng trnh:
H a ( j ) =
2
1

1 +
c
vi c l tn s ct
2N
Cc im cc ca hm bnh phng bin ca hm truyn t |Ha(s)|2 l :
s pk = c e
2N
( 2 k +1+ N )
Dn n cc im cc ca hm truyn t Ha(s) l N im nm trn na ng

trn tm O bn knh c na bn tri mt phng S v N im ny i xng qua trc
thc.
54
Gi tr thch hp ca bc b lc thng thp Butterworth c tnh theo cng thc

sau:
R p
As

log 10 10 110 10 1

N =
2 log( s p )
(gi tr nguyn nh nht ln hn hoc bng biu thc trong du )

b. B lc thng thp Chebyshev-1:
Hm bnh phng bin ca p ng tn s b lc Chebyshev-1 bc N c
cho bi phng trnh:
H a ( j ) =
2
1 + 2TN
c
vi c l tn s ct, l tham s gn sng di thng, TN(x) l a thc Chebyshev

bc N c cho bi cng thc:
[
[
cos N cos 1 ( x )
TN ( x ) =
1
cosh N cosh ( x )
1 x 1
x >1
Cc im cc ca hm bnh phng bin ca hm truyn t |Ha(s)|2 c dng:

s pk = k + j k
(2k + 1)
k = (a c ) cos +
2N
(2k + 1)
k = (b c )sin +
2 N
2
vi a =
1
1
1N
1
N 1 , b = N + N 1 , v = + 1 + 2
2
2
Hay 2N im cc ca hm bnh phng bin hm thng phn b u trn mt

ng ellip c cc bn knh l (ac) v (bc). Dn n cc im cc ca hm truyn t
Ha(s) l N im nm trn na ng elip na bn tri mt phng S v N im ny i
xng qua trc thc.
Gi tr thch hp ca bc b lc thng thp Chebyshev-1 c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
55
2
log g + g 1
N =
2
log r + r 1

vi g =
(A
v r =
s
p
c. B lc thng thp Chebyshev-2:

Hm bnh phng bin ca p ng tn s b lc Chebyshev-2 bc N c
cho bi phng trnh:
H a ( j ) =
2
1 + 2TN
c
vi c l tn s ct, l tham s gn sng di thng, TN(x) l a thc Chebyshev

bc N.
Gi tr thch hp ca bc b lc thng thp Chebyshev-2 c tnh ging theo
cng thc cho vi b lc Chebyshev-1.
d. B lc thng thp Elliptic:
Hm bnh phng bin ca p ng tn s b lc Elliptic bc N c cho bi
phng trnh:
H a ( j ) =
2
1 + 2U N
c
vi c l tn s ct, l tham s gn sng di thng, UN(x) l a thc elliptic

Jacobian bc N.
Gi tr thch hp ca bc b lc thng thp Elliptic theo cc ti liu c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
2
K 1 k1
K (k )
N=
2
K (k1 )
K 1 k
vi k =
p
s
v k1 =
(A
1)
K(x) l hm s cho bi biu thc tch phn K ( x ) =
d
1 x 2 sin 2
56
MATLAB cung cp hm ellipke tnh gn ng biu thc ca K(x) cho bi

phng trnh trn.
2. Chuyn i b lc:
Trn nguyn tc, vic chuyn i b lc tp trung vo nghin cu cc php bin
hnh, hay nh x, chuyn i mt phng s v mt phng z. Trn l thuyt c mt s
phng php chuyn i sau y.
a. Phng php bt bin xung (Impulse Invariance Transformation):
Bn cht phng php bt bin xung l php bin hnh sao cho dy p ng xung
ca b lc s chnh l hm p ng xung ca b lc tng t c ly mu cc im
ri rc. Php bin hnh cho ta cng thc i bin:
z = e sT
vi:
z l bin s c lp ca hm H(z) trn min Z

s l bin s c lp ca hm Ha(s) trn min S
T l chu k ly mu ca hm p ng xung h thng tng t
Mi quan h gia hm truyn t H(z) min Z v hm truyn t Ha(s) min s

c cho bi cng thc sau:
H (z ) =
1
T
k =
k
s j
T
2
v nm na bn tri mt
T
phng S c nh x vo bn trong ng trn n v trn mt phng Z theo
nguyn tc nhiu - mt.
Cc na sc ngang di v hn c b rng
Bi php bin hnh nh x ton b na mt phng bn tri ca mt phng S

vo bn trong ng trn n v ca mt phng Z nn n bo ton tnh n
nh ca h thng (da trn phn b ca cc im cc).
Nu nh b lc tng t l thng thp l tng v chu k ly mu nh :
H a ( j ) = H a ( jT ) = 0,
th
( )
H e j =
1
j
Ha
,
T
T
th khng c hin tng chng ph (aliasing). Tuy nhin b lc thng thp thc t
khng th c ph hu hn nn hin tng chng ph gy ra bi php bin hnh
vn xy ra.
b. Phng php bin i song song tuyn (Bilinear Transformation)
Bn cht ca php bin i song tuyn l php bin hnh da trn nguyn tc a
phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng c trng cho mt h thng tng t v gn
ng mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng, m phng trnh sau c th c
trng cho mt h thng s. Php bin hnh cho ta cng thc i bin:
57
s=
1 + sT 2
2 1 z 1
z=
1
T 1+ z
1 sT 2
Php bin hnh ny nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng S vo bn trong

ng trn n v trn mt phng Z trn nguyn tc mt - mt nn n bo
ton tnh n nh ca h thng.
Mt khc nguyn tc nh x mt - mt t mt phng S n mt phng Z cho

php hon ton khng xy ra hin tng chng ph.
c. Phng php tng ng vi phn (Approximation of Derivatives

Transformation)
Phng php ny da trn vic thit lp mt s tng ng gia nh ngha ca vi
phn v nh ngha ca sai phn. Php bin hnh cho ta cng thc i bin:
1 z 1
1
s=
z=
T
1 sT
Php bin hnh nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng S vo bn trong ng

trn tm (,0) bn knh R = .
Php bin hnh nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng S vo bn trong ng

trn n v trn mt phng Z nn n bo ton tnh n nh ca h thng.
Tuy nhin tp hp cc im cc ca h thng b co li trong mt phm vi nh

nn c th dn ti hin tng cng hng phm vi tn s no .
d. Phng php bin i Z thch ng (Matched-Z Transformation)

Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc nh x trc tip cc im cc v im
khng ca hm truyn t h thng tng t thnh cc im cc v im khng ca hm
truyn t h thng s. Gi s hm truyn t ca h thng tng t c dng:
M
H a (s ) = C
(s s )
0r
r =1
M
(s s )
pk
k =1
th php bin hnh bin i cc phn t (s a ) tr thnh 1 e aT z 1 thu c hm truyn

t ca h thng s
(1 e
s0 r T
z 1
(1 e
s pk T
z 1
H (z ) = C
r =1
M
k =1
Vi phng php ny phi chn chu k ly mu T nh cc im cc v

im khng phn b mt cch thch hp trn mt phng Z, trnh hin tng chng ph,
t m bo c p ng tn s ca b lc s gn ging vi p ng tn s ca b lc
tng t.
58
3. Chuyn i bng tn s
Vic chuyn i bng tn s, xut pht t b lc thng thp c tn s ct c,
c a ra theo cc cng thc nh x bng di y:
Cng thc chuyn i
Loi
chuyn
i
Thng
thp
Thng
cao
Thng
di
z 1
c : Tn s ct ca b lc mi
z 1
1 z 1
c'
sin
= '
sin c
z 1
k 1 2
z
k +1
z 1
z 2 2
k 1 2
z
k +1
+ c
'
cos c
= '
cos c
k 1 k 1
z +
k +1
k +1
k 1
2
z +1
k +1
k 1 k 1
z +
k +1
k +1
k 1
2
z +1
k +1
c
2
+ c
c1 : Tn s ct thp ca b lc mi
c 2 : Tn s ct cao ca b lc mi
cos c 2
cos c 2
'
k = tan c
2
Chn di
c
2
c : Tn s ct ca b lc mi
z 1 +
1 + z 1
z 2 2
Cc tham s
+ c1
c1
c 2 c1
cot
c1 : Tn s ct thp ca b lc mi
c 2 : Tn s ct cao ca b lc mi
cos c 2
cos c 2
'
k = tan c
2
+ c1
c1
c 2 c1
tan
59
4.

freqs: tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng tng t khi bit hm truyn t
c cho di dng phn thc hu t ca n
impluse: tr v p ng xung ca mt h thng tng t khi bit hm truyn
t c cho di dng phn thc hu t ca n
buttap, cheb1ap, cheb2ap, ellipap: tr v cc im khng, im
cc, v li trong thit k ca mt hm truyn t b lc thng thp bc N, tn
s ct c chun ho bng 1 vi cc nh dng ln lt l Butterworth,
Chebyshev-I, Chebyshev-II, v Elliptic
impinvar, bilinear: tr v cc h s ca a thc t s v a thc mu s
hm truyn t ca h thng s xut pht t h thng tng t qua cc phng
php chuyn i ln lt l phng php bt bin xung v phng php bin i
song tuyn
butter, cheby1, cheby2, ellip: trc tip tr v cc h s ca a thc
t s v a thc mu s hm truyn t ca b lc s da trn tham s u vo l
cc tn s ct, phng php chuyn i c s dng trong cc hm ny l
phng php bin i song tuyn
Ngoi tr hai hm u tin, cc hm cn li u nm trong b cng c Signal

Processing Toolbox. Chng l cc hm c to sau ny da trn cc hm nguyn th
ban u ca MATLAB nhm phc v tnh ton v m phng trong X l s tn hiu.
Ngoi ra, cn mt lot cc hm khc mnh hn trong b cng c ny c th h tr thit
k da trn cc ch tiu k thut u vo v a ra kt qu vi bc ca b lc N c la
chn ti u. Trong phm vi cc bi th nghim nhm mc ch hiu r c ch thit k b
lc, khng cn thit phi s dng cc hm m c th tng bc t thit k v thc
hin chng.
5.
Cc bc thc hnh
2.13. Hm freqs ca MATLAB tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng tng t khi

bit trc h s ca a thc t s v a thc mu s ca hm truyn t Ha(s). Trong
nhiu trng hp, thun tin ta cn tm thm cc thng s: hm ln ca p ng tn
s, hm pha ca p ng tn s, hm tr nhm, th hin ln theo thang decibels. To
hm tnh p ng tn s c tn sau freqs_m nhm tnh cc thng s trn theo chng
trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor)
v ghi li theo tn tp l freqs_m.m:
60
function [db,mag,pha,w] = freqs_m(b,a,wmax);

% Modified version of freqs subrountine
% ------------------------------------% [db,mag,pha,w] = freqs_m(b,a,wmax)
%
db = Do lon tuong doi theo dB tren doan tu 0 den wmax
% mag = Do lon tuyet doi tren doan tu 0 den wmax
% pha = Dap ung pha tren doan tu 0 den wmax
%
w = Cac mau tan so tren doan tu 0 den wmax
%
b = Cac he so da thuc tu so cua Ha(s)
%
a = Cac he so da thuc mau so cua Ha(s)
% wmax = Tan so cuc dai theo don vi rad/sec tren doan
% tan so mong muon tim dap ung tan so
%
w = [0:1:500]*wmax/500;
H = freqs(b,a,w);
mag = abs(H);
db = 20*log10((mag+eps)/max(mag));
pha = angle(H);
2.14. Hm cheb1ap tr v danh sch cc im khng, im cc v li ca hm

truyn t cho thit k b lc dng Chebyshev I, tn s ct c chun ho. To hm
c tn sau u_chb1ap nhm tr v h s ca cc a thc t s v a thc mu s ca hm
truyn t cho thit k b lc dng Chebyshev I c tn s ct tu theo chng trnh
mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v
ghi li theo tn tp l u_chb1ap.m:
function [b,a] = u_chb1ap(N,Rp,Omegac)
% Bo loc thong thap dang Chebyshev-1
% tan so cat khong duoc chuan hoa
% -----------------------------------------------% [b,a] = u_chb1ap(N,Rp,Omegac)
%
b = cac he so da thuc tu so cua Ha(s)
%
a = cac he so da thuc mau so cua Ha(s)
%
N = Bac cua bo loc Chebyshev-I
%
Rp = Do gon dai thong theo don vi dB; Rp > 0
% Omegac = tan so cat theo don vi radians/sec
%
61
[z,p,k] = cheb1ap(N,Rp);
a = real(poly(p));
aNn = a(N+1);
p = p*Omegac;
a = real(poly(p));
aNu = a(N+1);
k = k*aNu/aNn;
B = real(poly(z));
b0 = k;
b = k*B;
2.15. Hm s m t trn tr v hm truyn t vi bc N cho trc. Bc ca b lc c

th la chn cho ph hp ti u vi cc ch tiu k thut yu cu u vo. To hm tr v
thit k b lc thng thp tng t, nh dng Chebyshev c bc ti u theo chng trnh
mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v
ghi li theo tn tp l afd_chb1.m:
function [b,a] = afd_chb1(Wp,Ws,Rp,As)
% Analog Lowpass Filter Design: Chebyshev-1
% ----------------------------------------% [b,a] = afd_chb1(Wp,Ws,Rp,As)
% b = cac he so da thuc tu so cua Ha(s)
% a = cac he so da thuc mau so cua Ha(s)
% Wp = tan so cat dai thong theo don vi rad/sec; Wp >0
% Ws = tan so cat dai chan theo don vi rad/sec; Ws>Wp >0
% Rp = Do gon dai thong theo don vi dB; (Rp > 0)
% As = Do suy giam dai chan theo don vi +dB; (Ap > 0)
%
if Wp <= 0
error('Tan so cat dai thong phai lon hon 0')
end
if Ws <= Wp
error('Tan so cat dai thong phai lon hon tan so cat
dai chan')
end
if (Rp <= 0) | (As<0)
error('Do gon dai thong va/hoac Do suy giam dai chan
phai lon hon 0')
end
%
62
ep = sqrt(10^(Rp/10)-1);
A = 10^(As/20);
OmegaC = Wp;
OmegaR = Ws/Wp;
g = sqrt(A*A-1)/ep;
N = ceil(log10(g+sqrt(g*g1))/log10(OmegaR+sqrt(OmegaR*OmegaR-1)));
fprintf('\n*** Bac cua bo loc Chebyshev-1 = %2.0f\n',N);
[b,a] = u_chb1ap(N,Rp,OmegaC);
2.16. Thit k b lc thng thp tng t, nh dng Chebyshev-I, ca s vi cc tham

s u vo nh sau:
p = 0,2 ,
R p = 1dB
s = 0,3 ,
As = 16dB

a. ln ca p ng tn s
b. Hm p ng pha ca b lc
d. Hm p ng xung ca b lc tng t
2.17. Chuyn i b lc vi cc tham s cho phn 2.16 sang b lc s bng
phng php bin i song tuyn. Hm bilinear cho php thc hin vic chuyn i ny.
a. ln ca p ng tn s
d. Tr nhm theo tn s.
63
% Chi tieu ky thuat cua bo loc so:

wp =0.2*pi;
% digital Passband freq in
Hz
ws =0.3*pi;
% digital Stopband freq in
Hz
Rp = 1;
% Passband ripple in dB
As = 15;
% Stopband attenuation in
dB
% Chi tieu ky thuat cua bo loc tuong tu: Anh xa nguoc
T = 1; Fs =1/T;
% Dat T=1
OmegaP = (2/T)*tan(wp/2);
OmegaS = (2/T)*tan(ws/2);
% Tinh toan bo loc tuong tu:
[cs, ds] = afd_chb1(OmegaP,OmegaS,Rp,As);
% Bien doi song tuyen:
[b,a] = bilinear(cs,ds,Fs);
%
[db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(b,a);
%plot
figure(37); clf;
%
subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,mag);
axis([0,1,0,1.2]); grid
title('Amplitude Response');
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('|Hr(w)|');
%
subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,db);
axis([0,1,-30,10]); grid
%
subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,pha/pi);
axis([0,1,-1,1]); grid
title('Phase Response');
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Angle(Hr(w))');
%
subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,grd);
axis([0,1,0,15]); grid
title('Group Delay');
xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Samples');

2.18. Thc hin yu cu ca cu 2.17 theo phng php bt bin xung, dng hm
impinvar ca MATLAB. So snh kt qu thu c vi cu trn.
64
2.19. To hm thc hin vic chuyn i bng tn s, tr v hm truyn t ca b lc

mi vi tham s u vo l hm truyn t ca b lc thng thp, hm a thc th hin
php i bin s c lp theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng
vo y trong ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l zmapping.m:
% function [bz,az] = zmapping(bZ,aZ,Nz,Dz)
% Chuyen doi bang tan so tu mien Z sang mien z
% ------------------------------------------------------% [bz,az] = zmapping(bZ,aZ,Nz,Dz)
% perform:
%
b(z)
b(Z)|
%
---- = ----|
N(z)
%
a(z)
a(Z)|Z = ---%
D(z)
%
bzord = (length(bZ)-1)*(length(Nz)-1);
azord = (length(aZ)-1)*(length(Dz)-1);
bz = zeros(1,bzord+1);
for k = 0:bzord
pln = [1];
for l = 0:k-1
pln = conv(pln,Nz);
end
pld = [1];
for l = 0:bzord-k-1
pld = conv(pld,Dz);
end
bz = bz+bZ(k+1)*conv(pln,pld);
end
%
az = zeros(1,azord+1);
for k = 0:azord
pln = [1];
for l = 0:k-1
pln = conv(pln,Nz);
end
pld = [1];
for l = 0:azord-k-1
pld = conv(pld,Dz);
end
az = az+aZ(k+1)*conv(pln,pld);
end
%
az1 = az(1); az = az/az1; bz=bz/az1;
65
2.20. Vit chng trnh chuyn i t b lc thng thp theo thit k ca cu 2.17 sang
b lc thng cao c tn s ct c=0,6. Tnh v biu din trn th:
a. ln ca p ng tn s
d. Tr nhm theo tn s.
6.
M rng
1. Vit chng trnh m phng thit k cc b lc thng thp tng t theo cc nh

dng khc bao gm: Butterworth, Chebyshev-2, Elliptic.
2. Vit chng trnh m phng thit k vic chuyn i t m lc thng thp s sang
cc b lc s khc bao gm: chuyn i thng thp thng thp, chuyn i thng
thp thng di, v chuyn i thng thp chn di.
66
BI 3.
1.
GII THIU V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
Mc ch:
Kt thc bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th gii thch s khc nhau gia mt b
x l tn hiu s (DSP) v mt b x l mc ch chung. Xa hn mt bc, sinh vin c
th lm quen vi qu trnh thit k cho cc chng trnh cho DSP.
2.
C s l thuyt.
B x l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processor - DSP) l mt b phn x l mnh

v rt nhanh, n c th iu khin qu trnh phn tch tn hiu trong thi gian thc. Bi
cc phn t kho cho cc mch logic c thit k chuyn dng cho cc php ton nhn
v cng nn thi gian tnh ton trong cc DSP ni chung thng nhanh hn so vi cc b
vi x l khc.
Cc b x l tn hiu s c c trng bi:
Cc cu trc chuyn mn ho cho php chng thc hin cc lnh mi mt

cch nhanh chng v hiu qu
Cc ch th nhn nhanh
Mt s rt gn cc lnh lm cho qu trnh lp trnh DSP n gin hn
67
Cc DSP lm cuc cch mng trong cng ngh in t vin thng. DSP c th
coi nh tri tim trong hng lot cc thit b hin i nh in thoi di ng, cc thit b
nhn dng v tng hp ting ni, b chi DVD (Digital Versatile), v cc thit b an ton
mc cao. Khng nhng vy, rt nhiu ng dng ngy nay c tch hp DSP nh l
trung tm iu khin ca h thng bao gm cc b iu khin a cng, cc h thng treo
xe t, trong cc mng x l tn hiu nh y t, v cc h thng radar.
DSP bt u xut hin vo cui nhng nm 1970 v vo u nm 1980 vi DSP1

ca Bell Lab, 2920 ca Inlel, uPD7720 ca NEC. Vo nm 1982, Texas Instrument
a ra TMS32010, thnh vin u tin ca h DSP du phy tnh 16 bit. DSP ny c tc
tnh ton l 8MIPS. Cc bc nhy vt lin tip xut hin. C th l vo nm 1998,
cc DSP s dng x l song song t ti tc tnh ton 1600MIPS.
68
Trong h thng th nghim Lab-Volt DIGITAL SIGNAI PROCESSOR, loi DSP

c s dng l Texas Instrument TMS320C50. y l loi DSP th h th ba vi thit
k bn trong da trn DSP th h th nht TMS320C10.
Cng vo nm 1982, cc b x l du phy ng u tin c sn xut bi

Hitachi. Khun dng s ny tng ng k khong tnh ton ng ca DSP. Hai nm sau
NEC a ra cc DSP 32 bit du phy ng u tin c tc tnh ton 6,6MIPS.
Ni chung, cc tn hiu ca th gii thc (v d: m thanh, radar) c x l tt
hn bng cc DSP du phy ng. Cc tn hiu c xy dng (v d nh: vin thng,
nh v iu khin) ni chung c x l tt hn bng cc DSP du phy tnh .
Trn th gii, xu th pht trin cc sn phm da trn DSP tng nhanh v:
Chng cho php x l phc tp hn cc mng tng t.
Chng cung cp tnh nng x l tn hiu lp i lp li.
M ngun c th d dng c sa i v vic cp nht. Ni mt cch khc,

thay i thit k ca n l mm do hn.
69
Chng thng c cho gi thnh pht trin thp hn cc thit k tng t vi

cc bc tnh nng tng ng.
Mt h thng mun vn hnh cn phi thng qua s ch th t mt phn mm

c lp trnh t trc. Phn mm bao gm mt tp cc ch dn, hay cn gi l cc lnh,
bo cho h thng bit s lm cc cng vic g mt cch tun t v h thng cn thao
tc th no mt khi c mt iu kin c d on trc xa ra.. Chng trnh ny
c lu tr nh m my bn trong DSP.
Hi: La chn no trong cc la chn di y l mt lnh nm trong chng
trnh?
a. ADD #214, 4
b. F9E7h
c. 1011,1110 0001 0110
d. Tt c cc la chn trn
Xy dng mt chng trnh DSP m n thun t m my l khng kh thi. V l

do ny, ngn ng assembler (hp ng) c pht trin vit chng trnh cho DSP.
y l ngn ng lp trnh m cc ch th ca n dng gi nh l biu tng v thng
tng ng mt mt vi cc ch th my.
70
B dch (assembler) v b lin kt (linker) c s dng dch chng trnh

c vit bng hp ng thnh cc m my ca DSP. Assembler dch tp chng trnh
thnh tp ch, cc tp ny sau c lin kt vi nhau (link) to ra tp m my vn
hnh bn trong DSP.
Hi: S la chn no trong cc cu lnh di y c vit bng hp ng?
a. IF (i.NE.27) THEN (omega=2*sin(x))

b. 982Eh
c. 1011 1110 0001 0110
d. DMOV *, AR1
Ngn ng C l ngn ng bc cao c s dng ngy cng nhiu lp trnh cc

DSP phc tp hoc thc thi cc thut ton c phc tp cao. Lp trnh bng C n gin
ho thit k ca cc ng dng DSP v ngi lp trnh khng cn b gii hn bi tp ch
th nh ca cc ngn ng bc thp (nh hp ng).
B bin dch (compiler) C c s dng dch cc m ngun C thnh cc m
hp ng DSP thch hp.
71
Phn cui ca lp trnh bao gm vic kim tra li chng trnh v lm thay i
cho n khi thc hin tt chc nng mong mun. Qu trnh cui cng trong chui cc qu
trnh pht trin mt phn mm thng c gi l g ri (debugging). Chng trnh gip
cho vic g ri phn mm c gi l b g ri (debugger).
Mt b g ri cho php ngi lp chng trnh kh nng phn tch vn kt hp
vi cc chng trnh DSP ca h. iu ny c thc hin trc khi g ri c s dng
vi DSP m ta lm th nghim. C5x Visual Development Environment (C5x VDE) l b
g ri c s dng vi DSP m chng ta lm th nghim.
72
Nhng ngi pht trin h thng DSP him khi g ri mt DSP m khng s
dng mt b g ri hay debugger. V vy, h thng s dng EVMs, emulators v
simulators tr gip cho vic ny.
B DSP c s dng vi b mch l mt b phn ca module TM320C5x DSK
(Digital Signal Processing Kit). Khi s dng EVMs, emulators v simulators, ngi pht
trin c th thay i trong qu trnh pht trin m hnh ca DSP dang c th nghim
Mt khi hot ng c, th nghim cui cng ca chng trnh ny c ci
t trn h thng DSP.
Cc chng trnh c bao gm v s dng trong Digital Signal Processor c

vit bng hp ng. Hp ng c s dng nh mt c trng ca TM320C5x EVMs, n
cng thm cc ch th trong n, v c gi l cc ch th DSK.
3.
Yu cu thit b
hon thnh c cc bi tp sau y, ta cn:
FACET base unit.
B mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR.
Chng trnh C5x VDE.
Cc tp chng trnh (dsk) v hp ng (asm) 1_1, Exl_2
My hin sng
ng h o in a chc nng
73
BI 4.
1.
LM QUEN VI B TH NGHIM LABVOLT DSP
Mc ch
Kt thc bi ny, sinh vin c lm quen vi v tr v chc nng ca mi linh

kin khc nhau trong h thng DSP
2.
Tho lun
Bo mch c hai vng chc nng: vng cha cc ph kin ca bo mch v vng
cha DSP v ngoi vi ca n.
Vng cha cc ph kin ca bo mch bao gm:
DOWER SUPPLY vi AUXILIARY POWER INPUT
DC SOURCE.
MICROPHONE PRE-AMPLIFIEF
AUDIO AMPLIFIER
Chc nng:
Khi mch POWER SUPPLY cung cp mt ngun DC c chnh lu v

lc cho ton b b mch. Bo mch c th c vn hnh theo hai cch khc
nhau : hoc in p vo ca Power Supply c th c nhn t Lab-BoIl
FACET base Unit hoc c th c nhn t cc kt ni 15V ngoi c tm
thy trn khi AUXILIARY POWER INPUT.
Khi DC SOURCE cung cp mt in p DC thay i v ph thuc vo v tr

ca chit p, gia -3,5V de v + 3,5Vdc. Khi DC SOURCE c th c dng
ngun ca mt tn hiu tham chin u vo cho chng trnh chy trn DSP.
Khi MICROPIIONE PRE-AMPLIFIER c s dng iu chnh mt tn

hiu micro thnh mt mc thch hp vi u vo ca DSP. Chit p GAIN
thay i mc ra gia mt gi tr thp v mt gi tr cao.
c th nghe thy tn hiu t ANALOG OUTPUT, c nh v trn khi

CODEC, khi AUDIO AMPLIER c s dng.
Vng chc nng th hai ca b mch l DSP v cc ngoi vi ca n bao gm:
DSP
CODEC
I/O INTERFACE
INTERRUPTS
AUXILIARY I/O
SERIAL PORT.
74
DSP c coi nh l tri tim ca h thng x l tn hiu s.
Khi DSP cha mt vi mch DSP TM320C50 trong mt chp 132 chn dn
trn b mt (surface mount). N c th t ti tc thc hin 50MIPS. C
nhiu li DSP chng c th thay i v cc tc chu trnh. Tuy nhin, tc
c gii hn bi cc rng buc ca h thng bn trong vi mch. DSP c th
s dng mt b to dao ng bn trong thit lp ng h hoc cng c th
s dng b to dao dng ngoi. DSP c dng trn b mch th nghim c
t cu hnh s dng b to dao ng ngoi.
Khi OSCILATOR c t trn b mch cung cp cho n mt tn hiu tham

chin 40 MHz. DSP chia tn hiu ny to ra tn hiu bn trong 20Mhz (tn
s tn hiu ch) m n s dng tnh ton thi gian cc chu trnh ch th ca
n.
Khi CODEC thng c cu thnh bi cc linh kin sau:

-
mt u vo GAIN lp trnh c
mt ANTI-ALISING FILTER (b lc chng trm ph)
mt b bin i tng t - s
mt b bin i s - tng t
mt POST-GILER (b lc sau)
Khi I/O INTERFACE l mt phng tin hin th v np v thng tin

chng trnh. Chuyn mch DIP8 c chc nng a 8 bit vo cu hnh DSP.
Ph thuc vo chng trnh ang c s dng, thng tin c th c x l
theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Cc b hin th LED 7 thanh c s dng a
ra thng tin chng trnh cho ngi s dng DSP. Nh hu ht cc b vi x
l, cc DSP u c kh nng iu khin ngt. Hai nt c th c s dng
nh cc thit b vo ca ngi s dng cho mt chng trnh. Khi mt trong
cc nt nhn c nhn th mt ngt c sinh ra bn trong DSP v m
chng trnh kt hp vi n c thc hin.
Vng AUXILARY I/0 c cng thm vo cho mc ch gim st tn hiu

v v lm nguyn mu cho cc bi tp DSP thm vo c thc hin
trn bo mch. Cc u ca khi AUXILARY I/O c th c s dng giao
tip DSP vi mt mch ngoi. Mch ngoi ny c th c cp ngun bi
u 10 chn t trn khi AUXILARY I/O. Vng AUXLIIARY I/O c ba
cng:
-
Cc im kt ni 5Vdc v 5Vdc c sn s dng trn u phi c

10 chn, chng c th c s dng cp ngun cho mt mch ngoi.
Cc b cung cp ca bo mch c cng im t.
u tri ca 8 chn LSB (c nh nhn t D0 n D7) ca bus d liu

ca DSP ngoi, v bao gm 4 ng a ch c tin m ho (c nh
nhn t PA0# n PA3#).
u gia c cc phn vo/ra (I/O) bao gm:
75
chn d liu (DS#), chng trnh (PS#), khong vo/ra (IS#)

u ra b nh thi
chn u (RD#) v cho ghi (WE#) cho cc thit b ngoi
chn c/ghi (R/W#) cho cc truy nhp ngoi.
tn hiu bo cho bit nhn c ngt (IACK#)
u vo ngt ngoi (INT4#)
chn hng (DIR) v chn chp (CS#) iu khin vic truyn d
liu ngoi.
DSP trn bo mch c lp trnh thnh vai tr server i vi my tnh trong

vai tr client. b DSP hot ng, bo mch SERIAL, PORT phi c ni vi mt
trong cc cng ni tip ca my tnh ca bn.
Ch : Nu my tnh ch khng c mt kt ni tip th hai th vo thi im
thch hp trong tin trnh thc hin bi tp sinh vin c th tho kt ni tip ca
Base Unit v dng n ni bo mch SERIAL PORT vi my tnh
C5x VDE (C5x Visual Davelopment Environment) qun l vic bt tay gia bo
mch v my tnh. N iu khin tt c cc u vo v u ra t b nh ca DSP cng
ni tip. Mt khi kt ni lin lc gia my tnh ca bn v bo DSp c thit lp, C5x
VDE c th c s dng np mt chng trnh vo DSP.
3.
Tin trnh th nghim
Gii thiu bo mch: Trong phn ny, bn s lm quen vi m t s cc linh kin

v khi mch trn b mch DIGIAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR.
1. nh v trn bo mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR tt c cc thit b u cui

chung. Dng mt in tr k kim tra cc thit b u cui c ni vi nhau hay
cha.
Hi: Tt c cc thit b u cui c ni vi nhau?
khng
2. Bt ngun cung cp cho b mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR.

3. Dng mt volt k kim tra in p mt chiu bng cch thay i chit p ca DC
SOURCE t gi tr nh nht cho ti gi tr ln nht ca n. o in p DC ti u ra
ca DC source
in p DC nh nht (VDC min) v in p DC ln nht (VDC max) a ra t
DC source?
VDC min
VDC max
4. Thc hin cc kt ni vi DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
76
Ch : Nu cht lng audio t loa khng tt, c th dng tai nghe km theo bo
mch. Ni tai nghe vo u cm tai nghe c t trn khi mch AUDIO
AMPLIFIER.
5. Ni vo micro, xem xt s thay i ca m thanh pht ra trong khi cng thc hin
thay i chit p ca MICROPHONE PRE-AMPLIFIER v ca AUDIO
AMPLIFIER
6. Tho ton b cc kt ni hin c trn b mch.
Lm quen vi b mch dng mt chng trnh DSP: Trong mc ny, C5x
VDE s c dng np v chy mt chng trnh bn trong DSP
Ch : Trc khi s dng C5x VDE, hy chc chn rng ngun ca b mch
c bt v kt ni ni tip l hin c gia my tnh v khi mch DIGITAL
SIGNAL PROCESSOR c nh nhn SERIAL PORT.
7. M chng trnh C5x VDE:

8. Dng lnh Load Program trong menu File np chng trnh ex1_1.dsk vo DSP.
Hi: Hai ca s no ang c m trong C5x VDE?
a. C5x Registers v Peripheral Registers.

b. Dis-Assembly v Periphearal Registers.
c. C5x Registers v Dis-Assembly.
d. Peripheral Registers v File Selection
9. Kt ni bo mch nh hnh v . iu ny cho php chng trnh ex1_1.dsk vn hnh
ng n
Ch : Dng tai nghe nu cn thit.
10. Thc hin ln RUN trn thanh cng c ca C5x VDE.

11. Quan st nhng g c ra c hin th bn trong khi mch I/O INTERFACE.
iu chnh chuyn mch DIP (tt c cc bit u v tr 0) sao cho hin th c
c l 0000.
77
12. Nhn nt th nht INT# trn bo mch INTERRUPTS chuyn ti DSP cc gi tr

c nhp vo thng qua chuyn mch DIP.
13. Dng micro, cho mt tn hiu (ging ni) vo DSP
Ch : iu chnh cc chit p GAIN ca MICROPHONE PRE-AMPLIFIER v
ca AUDIO AMPLIFIER ci thin m thanh u ra.
14. Lu rng trong khi ang ni vo micro, cc chm trn mn hnh ca khi mch I/O
INTERFACE bt sng.
15. iu chnh chuyn mch DIP sao cho mn hnh I/O INTERFACE c c l 0015.
16. Truyn gi tr ca chuyn mch DIP vo DSP bng cch nhn nt nhn INT#.
17. Quan st kt qu ca s thay i ca x l tn hiu trong m thanh ca ging ni.
18. Lp li cc bc t 15 n 17 cho mi mt gi tr c hin th trn I/O
INTERFACE sau y: 0031, 0063, 0127, 0255
Nh nhn nt INT # sau khi t chuyn mch DIP ti mt gi tr mi.
Hi: S la chn no sau y l m t ng n nht v chng trnh ex1_1.dsk
c np vo DSP?
a. y l mt b ghi ting ni
b. y l h iu hnh Base Unit
c. y l mt my pht chc nng
d. y l mt my pht ting vng.
Hi: Con s c hin th trn I/O INTERFACE t l vi ci g?
a. Thi gian tr (theo ms) gia cc ting vng lin tip

b. S cc ting vng c to ra
c. Thi gian cn dng (theo ms) sinh ra cc ting vng cho mt m thanh
d. S cc mu phi ly trn tn hiu ra trong mt giy
19. Thc hin lnh Halt trn thanh cng c ca C5x VDE. ng C5x VDE.
4.
Kt lun
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR c hai vng: vng cc ph kin ca bo

mch v vng DSP vi cc ngoi vi.
Bo mch c chia thnh cc khi mch ring r.
Trc khi mt chng trnh DSP c th c np hoc s dng, ngun cung

cp ca DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR phi c bt ln v kt ni ni
tip gia khi mch SERIAL PORT v my tnh phi c thc hin
Cc khi mch CODEC, I/O INTERFACE, INTERRUPT v AUXILIARY

I/O c th ch c p dng bi ngi s dng nu chng trnh np vo DSP
i hi vic s dng chng.
78
5.
Cu hi n tp
1. Trc khi bo mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR sn sng s dng c mt s

bc bt buc cn phi theo. Mnh no sau y l bc cn thit phi thc hin
trc khi s dng bo mch ?
a. Chc chn rng cc chuyn mch ca I/O INTERFACE u v tr 0
b. Chc chn rng kt ni ni tip l hin c gia my tnh ch v khi mch
DIGITAL, SIGNAL PROCESSOR c nh nhn SERIAL PORT.
c. Chc chn rng ngun cung cp ca bo mch c bt
d. Cc mnh b v c.
2. Khong in p DC m chit p cho ngun DC iu chnh c l bao nhiu?
a. 3,3V n +3,6V
b. 3,0V n + 3,0V
c. 3,5V n + 3,5V
d. Khng c mnh no trong cc mnh trn l ng.
3. Chn no trong s cc chn sau y c t trn u gia ca bo mch
AUXILIARY I/O ?
a. 4 ng a ch tin m ho (c nh nhn t PA0# n PA3#)
b. TOUT, IACK #, INT4#, v RD#
c. DS#, D0, D1, v D2
d. CS#, INT4#, DS#, v PA1#
4. DSP TMS320C50 trn bo mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR s dng ng h
h thng c tn s l bao nhiu (nhc li rng y l ng h t tc tnh ton cho
DSP)?
a. DSP dng b to dao ng bn trong 20MHZ
b. DSP dng b to dao ng bn ngoi 40MHZ
c. Thng qua kt ni ni tip, DSP dng b to dao ng bn trong 33.3MHz
CODEC
d. Thng qua kt ni bo mch SERIAL PORT, DSP dng b dao ng trong ca
my tnh ch.
5. Linh kin no trong cc linh kin sau y thng c tm thy trong CODEC
a. Mt b lc chng trm ph
b. Mt b bin i tng t s
c. Mt b bin i s tng t
d. Tt c cc b ni trn.
79
TI LIU THAM KHO:
[1] Ingle V., Proakis J., Digital Signal Processing using MATLAB v.4, 1997, PWS
Publishing Company, ISBN 0-534-93805-1.
[2] Nguyn Quc Trung, X l tn hiu v lc s, Tp 1 v Tp 2, Nh xut bn
KHKT 2004.
[3] Proakis J., Manolakis D., Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications, Third Edition, 1996, Prentice-Hall International Inc., ISBN 0-13394336-9.
[4] Rorabaurg Britton, Digital Filter Designers Handbook Featuring C Routines,
McGraw-Hill Education Europe, 1993, ISBN 0-07-911166-1
[5] Lab-Volt Ltd, Digital Signal Processors, Student Workbook, First Edition, 2000,
ISBN 2-89289-473-5.
LINKS
MATLAB website: www.mathworks.com

LABVOLT website: www.labvolt.com
Texas Instrument website: www.ti.com
80

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HNG DN THC HNH TH NGHIM

M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC BNG MATLAB.... 5

A. GII THIU V MATLAB: .................................................................................. 5

THIT K B LC S BNG MATLAB ................................................. 28

A. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI HU HN (B

GII THIU V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR................................. 67

LM QUEN VI B TH NGHIM LABVOLT - DSP ........................... 74

TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................................. 80

Phn tch tn hiu v h thng

Phng php hc tt nht sinh vin hiu, nh, vn dng v t nh gi c

Bi 1: M phng h thng v tn hiu ri rc bng MATLAB

Bi 2: Thit k b lc s bng MATLAB

Bi 3: Gii thiu v Digital Signal Processor

Bi 4: Lm quen vi b th nghim LABVOLT - DSP

Mi bi th nghim li chia lm mt s phn. Phn A ca bi 1 gii thiu nhng

Kin thc l thuyt v X l s tn hiu trong bi thc hnh

Cc cu lnh v hm ca MATLAB sinh vin s dng trong bi thc hnh.

Phn vit bo co c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 40 dnh cho tt c cc

M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC

A. GII THIU V MATLAB:

Cc phng trnh ton hc v tnh ton

Pht trin cc gii thut

Thu thp d liu

M hnh ho, m phng v to cc mu theo thit k

Phn tch, kho st v th hin d liu bng hnh nh

Biu din cc biu mang tnh khoa hc v tnh k thut

u im ni bt ca MATLAB, nh c cp trn, l kh nng tnh ton,

Mi trng pht trin: L mt tp hp cc cng c, phn ln trong chng l

Th vin cc hm ton hc: L mt tp hp cc hm ton hc bao gm t

Ngn ng lp trnh: L mt ngn ng bc cao lin quan n ma trn v

ho: L mt tp hp cc cng c biu din ma trn v vector bng

to ra cc biu din ho theo ca ngi s dng cng nh to ra cc

Cc API: L mt th vin cho php ngi s dng gi cc hm vit trn ngn

Tp kch bn (scripts): Loi tp ny khng c cc bin u vo v u ra, n

Tp m t hm (functions): Loi tp ny cn khai bo cc bin u vo v

khi ng MATLAB, ngi s dng c th nhy p chut vo biu tng

Ca s lnh (Command Window): c chc nng th hin du nhc nhp

Ca s cc lnh dng (Command History): th hin danh mc cc lnh

Ca s th mc hin thi (Current Directory): th hin danh sch cc tp

Vng lm vic (Workspace): th hin danh mc tt c cc bin bao gm: tn

Ngoi ra cn mt lot cc ca s khc s c kch hot v hin th khi gi mt

mn hnh s hin th ln ca s son tho (Editor) c y cc chc nng son tho

B. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN THI GIAN RI

Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim

H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt

Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng

Cc tn hiu c bn min thi gian

Tnh tch chp

p ng ca h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s

X l s tn hiu, v bn cht, l tm hiu v cc php ton v gii thut lin quan

c hiu l mt dy gm 5 phn t xut pht t -2 n 2 c: x(-2)=3, x(-1)=2, x(0)=-1,

a. Cng hai dy: Dy thu c c mi phn t l tng ca hai gi tr tng ng vi tng

g. Cng sut: Cng sut trung bnh ca mt dy tun hon:

cc tn hiu ri rc s bng vi t hp tuyn tnh ca cc p ng, vi mi p ng ny l

Mt h thng l nhn qu nu p ng ra ti thi im hin ti khng ph thuc

h(n ) = 0 khi n < 0

Ni chung, tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c th thc hin c, thng

Cc bc gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng c trnh by

Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong

ones: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 1.

Ch : tham s a c th thc hoc phc

Vit chng trnh th hin trn th cc dy sau y:

b. x(n ) = cos(0.04n ) + 0.2w(n ) ,0 n 20 , vi w(n) l hm c gi tr ngu nhin