CONTENTS Preface CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering 1.2 Scope and Organization 13 Getting Started CHAPTER 2 SOIL FORMATION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Earth's Crust 23 Geologic Cycle and Geological Time 2.4 Rock and Mineral Stability 25 Weathering 2.6 Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis 2.7 Soil Profiles and Their Development 2.8 Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition 2.9 Postdepositional Changes in Sediments 2.10 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems CHAPTER 3 SOIL MINERALOGY 3.1 Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering 3.2. Atomic Structure 3.3. Interatomic Bonding 3.4 Secondary Bonds Crystals and Their Properties Crystal Notation Factors Controlling Crystal Structures Silicate Crystals Surfaces Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles Soil Minerals and Materials Formed by Biogenic and Geochemical Processes Summary of Nonclay Mineral Characteristics Structural Units of the Layer Silicate: Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals The 1:1 Minerals Smectite Minerals Micalike Clay Minerals. Other Clay Minerals » Boon aa 5 PLEELOWWW PwwwwWy SRGRGRGS3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 Summary of Clay Mineral Characteristics Determination of Soil Composition X-ray Diffraction Analysis Other Methods for Compositional Analysis Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components Concluding Comments Questions and Problems CHAPTER 4 SOIL COMPOSITION AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES 83 41 42 Introduction Approaches to the Study of Composition and Property Interrelationships Engineering Properties of Granular Soils Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase Atterberg Limits Activity Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH Engineering Properties of Clay Minerals Effects of Organic Matter Concluding Comments Questions and Problems CHAPTER 5 SOIL FABRIC AND ITS MEASUREMENT 3. 5.2 5.3 54 3.5 5.6 3.7 3.8 59 5.10 S11 Introduction Definitions of Fabrics and Fabric Elements Single-Grain Fabrics Contact Force Characterization Using Photoelasticity Moltigrain Fabrics Voids and Their Distribution Sample Acquisition and Preparation for Fabric Analysis Methods for Fabric Study Pore Size Distribution Analysis Indirect Methods for Fabric Characterization Concluding Comments Questions and Problems CHAPTER 6 SOIL-WATER-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS 6.1 6.2 63 64 65 6.6 67 68 69 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 Introduction Nature of Ice and Water Influence of Dissolved Ions on Water Mechanisms of Soil—Water Interaction Structure and Properties of Adsorbed Water Clay—-Water—Electrolyte System Ton Distributions in Clay—Water Systems Elements of Double-Layer Theory Influences of System Variables on the Double Layer Limitations of the Gouy—Chapman Diffuse Double Layer Model Energy and Force of Repulsion Long-Range Attraction Net Energy of Interaction Cation Exchange—General Considerations Theories for Ion Exchange Soil-Inorganic Chemical Interactions Clay—Organic Chemical Interactions 836.18 CHAPTER 7 EFFECTIVE, INTERGRANULAR, AND TOTAL STRESS TAZ 73 CHAPTER 8 SOIL DEPOSITS—THEIR FORMATION, STRUCTURE, CONTENTS Concluding Comments Questions and Problems Introduction. Principle of Effective Stress Force Distributions in a Particulate System Interparticle Forces Intergranular Pressure Water Pressures and Potentials ‘Water Pressure Equilibrium in Soil Measurement of Pore Pressures in Soils Effective and Intergranular Pressure Assessment of Terzaghi’s Equation Water—Air Interactions in Soils Effective Suess in Unsaturated Soils Concluding Comments Questions and Problems GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES, AND STABILITY 8.18 Introduction Structure Development Residual Soils Surficial Residual Soils and Taxonomy Terrestrial Deposits Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits Marine Deposits Chemical and Biological Deposits Fabric, Structure, and Property Relationships: General Considerations Soil Fabric and Property Anisotropy Sand Fabric and Liquefaction Sensitivity and Its Causes Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays Dispersive Clays Slaking Collapsing Soils and Sweiling Soils Hard Soils and Soft Rocks Concluding Comments Questions and Problems CHAPTER 9 CONDUCTION PHENOMENA 9.10 Introduction Flow Laws and Interrelationships Hydraulic Conductivity Flows Through Unsaturated Soils Therma! Conductivity Electrical Conductivity Diffusion Typical Ranges of Flow Parameters Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts Through Soil-Coupled Flows Quantification of Coupled Flows vii 169 169 173 173 173 174 174 178 180 181 183 185 188 190 193 193 195 195 195, 205 206 209 209 212 213 217 223 226 235 239 243 243 245 247 251 251 251 252 262 265 267 272 274 274 277CHAPTER CHAPTER 10 11 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9S 9.16 O17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Chemicals Electrokinetic Phenomena ‘Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows Compatibility —Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties Electroosmosis Electroosmosis Efficiency Consolidation by Electroosmosis Electrochemical Effects Electrokinetic Remediation Self-Potentials Thermaily Driven Moisture Flows Ground Freezing Concluding Comments Questions and Problems "VOLUME CHANGE BEHAVIOR 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR 111 11.2 11.3 14 ILS 116 117 1L8 119 11.10 M11 1h.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 LLA7 ALAS 11.19 11.20 11.21 Introduction General Volume Change Behavior of Soils Preconsolidation Pressure Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change Physical Interactions in Volume Change Fabric, Structure, and Volume Change Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion Consolidation Secondary Compression In Situ Horizontal Stress (K,) ‘Temperature—Volume Relationships Concluding Comments Questions and Problems Introduction General Characteristics of Stength and Deformation Fabric, Structure, and Strength Friction Between Solid Surfaces Frictional Behavior of Minerals Physical Interactions Among Particles Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition Strength Parameters for Sands Strength Parameters for Clays Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization Residual State and Residual Strength Intermediate Stress Effects and Anisotropy Resistance to Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction Strength of Mixed Soils Cohesion Fracturing of Soils Deformation Characteristics Linear Elastic Stiffness Transition from Elastic to Plastic States Plastic Deformation Temperature Effects 279 282 284 288 291 294 298 303 305 305 307 310 319 320 325 325 325 327 330 331 335 339 345 348 353 355 359 365 366 + 369 369 370 379 383 389 393, 41 415 417 422 425 432 436 438 447 452 456 46012 CONTENTS 11.22 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems ix 462 462 TIME EFFECTS ON STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION 465 12.1 Introduction 12.2. General Characteristics 12.3 Time-Dependent Deformation-Structure Interaction 12.4 Soil Deformation as a Rate Process 12.5 Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength 12.6 Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process 12.7 Creep and Stress Relaxation 12.8 Rate Effects on Stress—Strain Relationships 12.9 Modeling of Stress-Strain-Time Behavior 12.10 Creep Rupture 12.11 Sand Aging Effects and Their Significance 12.12 Mechanical Processes of Aging 12.13 Chemical Processes of Aging 12.14 Concluding Comments Questions and Problems List of Symbols References Index 465 466 470 478