Signal

Processing
First

Copyright Monash University 2009

Lecture8
Sampling
and
Aliasing

READING ASSIGNMENTS
ThisLecture:
Chap4,Sections41and42

OtherReading:
Recitation:StrobeDemo(Sect43)
NextLecture:Chap.4Sects.44and45

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
SAMPLINGcancauseALIASING
SamplingTheorem
SamplingRate>2(HighestFrequency)

Spectrumfordigitalsignals,x[n]
NormalizedFrequency

2f
2
Ts
fs

ALIASING

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SYSTEMS Process Signals

x(t)

SYSTEM

y(t)

SIGNALPROCESSINGGOALS:
Changex(t)intoy(t)
Forexample,moreBASS

Improvex(t),e.g.,imagedeblurring
ExtractInformationfromx(t)
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System IMPLEMENTATION
ANALOG/ELECTRONIC:
Circuits: resistors, capacitors, op-amps
x(t)

ELECTRONICS

y(t)

DIGITAL/MICROPROCESSOR
Convertx(t)tonumbers storedinmemory
x(t)

A-to-D

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x[n]

COMPUTER

y[n]

D-to-A

y(t)

SAMPLING x(t)
SAMPLINGPROCESS

ContinuoustoDiscretetime
Convertx(t)tonumbers x[n]
nisaninteger;x[n]isasequenceofvalues
Thinkofnasthestorageaddressinmemory

UNIFORMSAMPLINGatt=nTs
IDEAL:x[n]=x(nTs)
x(t)

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C-to-D

x[n]

SAMPLING RATE, fs
SAMPLINGRATE(fs)
fs =1/Ts
NUMBERofSAMPLESPERSECOND

Ts=125microsec fs =8000samples/sec
UNITSAREHERTZ:8000Hz

UNIFORMSAMPLINGatt=nTs=n/fs
IDEAL:x[n]=x(nTs)=x(n/fs)
x(t)

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C-to-D

x[n] = x(nTs )
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f 100Hz

f s 2 kHz

f s 500Hz

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SAMPLING THEOREM
HOWOFTEN?
DEPENDSonFREQUENCYofSINUSOID
ANSWEREDbySHANNON/NYQUISTTheorem
ALSODEPENDSonRECONSTRUCTION

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Reconstruction? Which One?

Given the samples, draw a sinusoid through the values

x[n ] cos(0.4 n )

When n is an integer
cos(0.4 n ) cos(2.4 n )

We choose to reconstruct the smallest frequency

.
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STORING DIGITAL SOUND

x[n] isaSAMPLEDSINUSOID
Alistofnumbersstoredinmemory

EXAMPLE:audioCD
CDrateis44,100samplespersecond
16bitsamples
Stereouses2channels

Numberofbytesfor1minuteis
2X(16/8)X60X44100=10.584Mbytes
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DISCRETE-TIME SINUSOID
Changex(t)intox[n]DERIVATION

x (t ) A cos( t )
x[n ] x ( nTs ) A cos( nTs )

x[n ] A cos((Ts )n )
x[n ] A cos( n )
Ts f DEFINE DIGITAL FREQUENCY
s

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DIGITAL FREQUENCY

VARIESfrom0 to2,asfvariesfrom0 to

fs thesamplingfrequency
UNITSareradians,not rad/sec
DIGITALFREQUENCYisNORMALIZED

2f
Ts
fs
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SPECTRUM (DIGITAL)
1
2

f
2
fs
f s 1 kHz

X*

0.2

1
2

2x 0.1

x[n ] A cos(2 (100)( n / 1000) )

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SPECTRUM (DIGITAL) ???

f
2

fs
f s 100 Hz

1
2

1
2

2x

x[n ] A cos(2 (100)( n / 100) )

x[n] is zero frequency???

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The REST of the STORY

Spectrumofx[n]hasmorethanonelinefor
eachcomplexexponential
CalledALIASING
MANYSPECTRALLINES

SPECTRUMisPERIODICwithperiod=2
Because

n ) A cos((
2 )n )
A cos(

Wechoosetoreconstructthesmallest
0 2
or -
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ALIASING DERIVATION
OtherFrequenciesgivethesame

x1 (t ) cos(400 t ) sampled at f s 1000 Hz

n
x1[n ] cos(400 1000
) cos(0.4 n )

x2 (t ) cos(2400 t ) sampled at f s 1000 Hz

n
x2 [n ] cos(2400 1000
) cos(2.4 n )

x2 [n ] cos(2.4 n ) cos(0.4 n 2 n ) cos(0.4 n )

x2 [n ] x1[n ]
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2400 400 2 (1000)

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ALIASING DERIVATION2

Otherfrequenciesgivethesame
If x (t) A cos( 2 ( f f s )t )

n )
and we want : x[n] Acos(

n
t
fs

2 ( f f s ) 2 f 2 f s
then :

fs
fs
fs
2 f
Ts
fs
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ALIASING CONCLUSIONS
ADDINGfsor2fs orfs totheFREQofx(t)
givesexactlythesamex[n]
Thesamples,x[n]=x(n/fs)areEXACTLYTHE
SAMEVALUES

GIVENx[n],WECANTDISTINGUISHfoFROM
(fo+ fs)or(fo+2fs)

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NORMALIZED FREQUENCY
DIGITALFREQUENCY

2f
2
Ts
fs

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SPECTRUM for x[n]

PLOTversusNORMALIZEDFREQUENCY
INCLUDEALL SPECTRUMLINES
ALIASES
ADDMULTIPLESof2
SUBTRACTMULTIPLESof2

FOLDEDALIASES
(tobediscussedlater)
ALIASESofNEGATIVEFREQS
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SPECTRUM (MORE LINES)

f
2
fs

1
2

1.8

f s 1 kHz

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1
2

X
-

0.2

1
2

1
2

1.8

x[n ] A cos(2 (100)( n / 1000) )

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SPECTRUM (Aliasing case fs<2fmax)

f
2
fs

1
2

X*

2
f s 80Hz

2.5

1
2

1
2

1.5 - 0.5

1
2

1
2

0.5 1.5

1
2

2.5

x[n ] A cos(2 (100)( n / 80) )

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SAMPLING GUI (con2dis)

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SPECTRUM (FOLDING CASE)

f
2
fs

2
f s 1 25Hz

1
2

1.6

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1
2

0.4

1
2

1
2

X*

0.4

1.6

x[n ] A cos(2 (100)( n / 125) )

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FOLDING DIAGRAM

f
x[n] A cos 2 n
fs

f s 2000 Hz

x(t ) A cos(2 f t )
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