Fundamentals of Acoustics: Sound and Noise Level Measure

Speech Technologies
Fundamentals of Acoustics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sound and noise

Sound and Noise Level measure
Sound Propagation
Harmonic Plane Waves
Pipes and Cavities: Acoustic Circuits
Speech Technologies Fundamentals of Acoustics
Fundamentals of Acoustics: Sound and Noise

9 Definitions:
9 Acoustic
Generation, transmission, and reception of
energy in the form of vibrational waves in
matter.
9 Sound ...... Dual Nature
1. Vibrations transmitted through an elastic solid
or a liquid or gas. Physical phenomenon
2. The sensation stimulated in the organs of
hearing by such vibrations in the air or other
medium. perception
9 Noise ...... Nonpleasant sound (subjective)
Fundamentals of Acoustics: Sound Level Measure

The ear responds to pressure variation
Effective values (Root Mean Square)
T
1
2
Pef = lim pi (t )dt
T T
0
N/m2 = Pascal
Limits:
Limit of hearing ..... 20P at 1 kHz
Limit of pain .......... 200 P at 1 kHz
Sound Pressure Level
LSPL = 20 log10
Sound Power Level
Pef
Pref
Pref= 20 P
W
LW = 10 log10
Wref
Wref= 10-12 W

Sound Intensity (Acoustic Intensity)
Average rate of flow of energy through a unit area
normal to the direction of propagation
(directional magnitude )
[I] = W/m2
It is important because of:
1. In the free space it is related to the radiated
power .
Wr
I (r ) =
2
r
4
In spherical waves
2. In a point of the space it has a fixed relation with
2
the pressure.
p
I=
c
I I = 10-12 W/m2
Intensity Level
IL = 10 log
ref
10
I ref
Block Diagram of a Sonometer

Overload
Detector
microphone
Preampli
fier
Weighting
networks
Amplifier
RMS
Detector
Filters
Weighting networks
Display
Effects produced by the noise

From minor to greater importance:
9 Nervousness and anxiety
9 Interruption of the dream and the consequent lack of
concentration and irritability
9 Interference in the spoken communication
9 Temporary loss of hearing with gradual recovery of
the same (brief exhibition at high levels of noise)
9 Permanent loss of hearing (exhibitions prolonged at
high levels of noise or very intense impulsive noises)
Fundamentals of acoustics: Noise Level Measure

Statistical Measures
LA10: dB(A) that are exceed during 10% of the time
LA10 is a peak level
LA90 is a background level
Equivalent continuous sound level Leq
The steady-state sound that has the same A-weighted
level as that of the time-varying sound averaged in
energy over the specified time interval
Li
N
10
ti 1 0
L eq = 1 0 lo g 1 0 i = 1 N
ti
i =1

Leq over 8 hours:
Personal daytime noise exposition < 85 dBA
Community noise example

Community noise example (cont.)

< 45 dBA
No reactions
45<dBA<55
Sporadic complaints
50<dBA<60
Compliants
55<dBA<65
Community reaction
>65 dBA
Strong reaction

Some typical values:
Rock-n-Roll band
from 108 to 114 dBA
Harvester........... 96 dBA
Motocycle at 7.6 metros ... 90 dBA
Subway station from 70 to 100 dBA
Fundamentals of acoustics: Sound Propagation
Sound Propagation
Model valid for inviscid, homogenous, isotropic and

elastic fluids
-> Longitudinal waves

-> a particle of the fluid is affected in
Pressure ................. p=po+p
Density ............... = +
Speed .............. u
-> p, and u are very small variations.... linear relations
-> adiabatic Process .... entropy of the fluid remains constant
(there is no temperature transference). In the opposite case
the process is isothermal.

Linear wave equation for the propagation of sounds in
fluids without loss
2
1
p
2
p= 2
c t2
c ... Propagation speed

Remember that in electromagnetic waves the wave
equation is
1 E
E= 2 2
c t
2

Propagation speed
po
c=
o
where, is 1.4 for adiabatic process,
to a temperature of 22 C and pressure po= 105 P, the density of
the air o is 1,18 kg/m3 ........ c=345 m/s
The temperature variations modify the density of the air
c = 331,4 + 0,6T
with T in C
m/s

Influence of the atmospheric phenomena on the propagation
of the sound
1. Wind effects
The sound pressure in the wind direction, to a certain distance of
the source, will be several times greater than the pressure to the
same distance, but in the opposite direction
2. Effect of the temperature gradients
Effect of refraction when varying the temperature with the distance

to the ground. Habitually the temperature diminishes with the
distance the ground

3. Effect of the humidity
The absorption of the sound in the air varies with the frequency,
humidity and temperature of a very complex way. The most
important characteristic is than it is greater to high frequencies and
that it tends to decrease as the humidity increases.
Wavelengths
Supposing that the temperature of the air is 22 C
Acoustic Waves
f (Hz)
(m)
20
300
1000
4000
20000
17,25 1,15
0,34
0,0862
0,017
Electromagnetic Waves
f (MHz) 1,7
(m)
260
882
3480
17000
17,25 1,15
0,34
0,0862
0,017

Propagation speed of the sound in different materials
Material
Air 21 C
Fresh Water
speed m/s
344
1480
Salt Water (3,5%) 21 C
1520
Wood
Concrete
Aluminium
Glass
3350
3400
5150
5200
Fundamentals of acoustics: Harmonic Plane Waves

Harmonic Plane Waves Propagation:
Based on two equations:
2
1
p
Wave equation 2 p =
c2 t2
G
u
o
= p
t
General equation of fluid dynamics
Similar to electromagnetic waves, the rotational of the

velocity is 0. This means that it can be expressed as
the gradient of a scalar function
G
u =
where is the velocity potential,

potential and them the pressure
can be found as
p =

Solution to the wave equation with harmonic plane waves
x
x
( x , t ) = f (t ) + g (t + )
c
c
j ( t kx )
j ( t + kx )
( x , t ) = A1 e
+ A2 e
where k=/c is the wave number
Then the pressure and velocity waves are:
j (t kx )
j (t + kx )
p ( x, t ) = o
= jo A1e
+ jo A2 e
t
j (t kx )
j (t + kx )
u ( x, t ) = = jkA1e
jkA2 e

Specific Acoustic Impedance:
The ratio of acoustic pressure in a medium to the
associated particle speed
p
Z s = = R + jX
u
Pa s / m = rayl
for plane waves is
Z s = o c
is call characteristic impedance of the medium
At a temperature of 20 C and atmospheric pressure the
density of air is 1.21 kg/m3 and the speed of sound is
343 m/s, giving the standard characteristic impedance of
air
( c) = 415 rayl
20

At 20C and one atmosphere, the sound speed in distilled
water is 1482.3 m/s and its density is 998.2 kg/m3, then
( o c) 20 = 1.48 106
rayl
Acoustic Intensity [I]

Average rate of flow of energy through a unit area
normal to the direction of propagation. [W/m2]
1 T 1 F x
Ii =
=
= p u
S t S t
1
I = p (t )u (t )dt
TT
for the forward harmonic plane wave
2
ef
p
1
1
2
I = po uo sen (t kx)dt = po uo = pef uef =
= uef2 o c
2
TT
o c
Intensity level
IL = 10log10
I ref
I
I ref
; I ref = 1012 w / m2
(20 106 )2
12
2
=
=
= 10
W /m
407
o c
2
pref
22C

Kundts tube
a<<
x=0
x=-L
The problem:
To find the pressure and velocity at any time any point
of the tube
Reflection coefficient
A2
r=
= r e j
A1

As a function of A1 and r, the pressure and velocity are:
p ( x, t ) = jo A1 (e
u ( x, t ) = jkA1 (e
jkx
jkx
+ re )e
jkx
re )e
jkx
jt
jt
so, the specific acoustic impedance in the tube will be
e jkx + re jkx
Z s = o c jkx
jkx
re
e
we are going to study 2 particular cases:
Closed tube
Open tube: first model for the vocal tract
Fundamentals of acoustics: Acoustic Circuits

Acoustic Circuits
Definitions:
Mechanical Impedance
ZM
F
=
u
Radiation
p
Specific Acoustic Impedance Z S =
Propagation
u
p
Acoustic Impedance Z A =
Circuits
U
where
U = uS
is the volume velocity m3/s
Mechanical elements
du
Mass
F = M a = M
Stiffness
F = kx
Spring of stiffness k
dt
F = k udt u = 1 dF = CM dF
k dt
dt
k

Closed tube
Pipe driven at x=-L and closed at x=0 by a rigid cap
u(0,t)=0 then r=1
e jkx + re jkx
cos kx
= j o c
= j o c ctg kx = j o c ctg k | x |
Z s = o c jkx
jkx
sin kx
re
e
Resonances: Zs=0
k | x |= (2n 1)
| x |= (2n 1)
Tube of length L
kL = (2n 1)
fn =
2n 1 c
4 L

Lumped acoustic circuit
16
1
Z s = j o c ctg kL j o c
kL
1
1
Zs =
=
L
j Cs
j
2
c
m2s2
Cs is the Specific Acoustic Compliance
kg
ZS
1
Acoustic Compliance Z A =
=
S
j SCS U
L
V
C A = S CS = S
=
2
o c
o c 2
m5
Nw

Open tube (model without losses)
Pipe driven at x=-L and open at x=0
p(0,t)=0 then r=-1
e jkx + re jkx
sin kx
= j o c
= j o c tg kx = j o c tg k | x |
Z s = o c jkx
jkx
cos kx
re
e
Resonances: Zs=0
k | x |= n
| x |= n
Tube of length L
kL = n
nc
fn =
2L

Lumped acoustic circuit
16
Z s = j o c tg kL j o ckL
Z s = jo L = j M S
Ms is the Specific Acoustic Inertance

Acoustic Inertance
M S o L
MA =
=
S
S
kg
m 2
ZS
j M S
ZA =
=
S
S
Kg
m 4
U
p
MA

A model for the vocal Tract
jt
u ( L , t ) = uo e
a<<
x=-L
u ( x, t ) = jA1 k ( e jkx + e jkx ) e jt
r=-1
x=0
u ( L, t ) = jA1 k ( e jkL + e jkL ) e jt = j 2 A1 k cos kL e jt

uo
A1 =
2 jk cos kL
cos kx jt
u ( x , t ) = uo
e = u ( x)e jt
cos kL
cos kx
uo
cos kL x =0
u (0)
1
H ( ) =
=
=
=
cos kL
u ( L)
uo
1
L
cos
c

Frequency Response: RESONANCES
L
= (2n 1)
c
2
c
f n = (2n 1)
4L

Helmholtz resonator
1
M =
C
1
fo =
2
c
=
MC 2
1
S
VL
Acoustic Resistance
1
1
-by radiation
Z = j M +
= j M
j C
C
-porous materials
-fine mesh
Normally it is accompanying
by a mass term

Acoustic Filter Elements
Expansion Chamber
simple low pass filter
Side Branch
simple high pass filter
Muffler (Silencer)

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Speech Technologies

Sound and noise

Speech Technologies Fundamentals of Acoustics