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Su That Ve 100 That Bai Thuong Hieu - Matt Haig PDF
Su That Ve 100 That Bai Thuong Hieu - Matt Haig PDF
S that 100
THT BAI
THNG HIU
brand
FAILURES
Nguyen tac:
brand
FAILURES
MATT HAIG
S that
100
THT BAI
THNG HIU
CHNG 1
CHNG 2
1. New Coke
khach hang mi. a hoan toan tht bai trong mui v, Coke co
th khng chp nhn anh mt i v th hang u cua ho.
Vn nan chnh, nh Coca-Cola nhn nh, la do t thn san
phm. Nh Pepsi Challenge a chng to khng bit bao nhiu
ln, Coke lun co th b anh bai khi xet v kha canh hng
v. iu nay dng nh c tai xac nhn vi s thanh cng
cua Diet Coke, co hng v rt gn vi hng v cua Pepsi.
Vi nhng g a c nhn nh nh mt bc hp ly, CocaCola bt u danh thi gian nghin cu mt cng thc mi.
Mt nm sau ho co New Coke. co c cng thc san xut
mi, cng ty Atlanta bt u thc hin 200.000 cuc th
nghim mui v xem cng thc o thanh cng ra sao. Va kt
qua tht my man. Hng v cua nc giai khat theo cng thc
mi khng nhng n t hng v cua loai Coke nguyn thuy
ma ngi ta con thch no hn ca Pepsi-Cola.
Tuy nhin, nu Coca-Cola vn ng trc Pepsi, ho khng
th co cung luc hai san phm canh tranh trc tip nhau trn
cac k hang. V vy, ho quyt nh loai bo Coca-Cola va gii
thiu New Coke th vao o.
Vn la cng ty Coca-Cola a anh gia khng ung v sc
manh thng hiu u tin cua ho. Ngay sau khi quyt nh
c thng bao, mt phn ln dn My quyt nh cm vn i
vi san phm mi nay. Vao ngay 23 thang 4 nm 1985, New
Coke c tung ra th trng va ch vai ngay sau vic san xut
Coke nguyn thuy ngng hn. Quyt nh kt hp nay k t o
a c xem nh mt sai lm marketing ln nht cua moi thi
ai. Mai lc danh cho New Coke tr nn ti t va cng chung
tr nn gin d v thc t la Coca-Cola khng con tn tai bao
lu na.
c y nh la gii thiu mt thng mi. Thng ip marketing mu thun nay c nhn manh thm bi thc t khi
vao nm 1982, cu chu quang cao cua ho la Coke la th.
Luc nay ho thu nhn la ho a pham sai lm nh th la ho a
nhn ra rng Coke khng phai la nh vy ma chnh New Coke
mi la nh th.
V vy, bt k n s tin khng l ho a chi ra cho vic tung
ra New Coke (co d oan cho la hn 10 triu la), nhng
nguyn tc marketing cho thy la no a c nh sn nhn ly
tht bai. Mc du nhng nha nghin cu th trng cua Coke bit
rt ranh rot u v vac ra rng ngi tiu dung se thun theo s
la chon thng hiu cua mnh nu cac cuc th nghim hng
v khng tin hanh theo li mo mm, nhng ho a tht bai khi tao
lp nn mi lin h rng s a chung thng hiu nay vn se tn
tai mt khi san phm c tung ra th trng.
Co th la khng bt ng chut nao khi Pepsi a nhn ra sai
lm nay cua Coca-Cola. Trong nhng tun l u tin cua t
tung ra san phm nay, Pepsi a a ra mt s quang cao truyn
hnh vi hnh anh mt ngi ln tui ang ngi nhn lon nc
trong tay. Ho a thay i Coke cua ti, ng hm hc, ro
rang la tht vong, Ti khng th tin c.
Nhng du sao th khi Coca-Cola cung a san xut va bantr lai loai coke truyn thng cua ho, loai coke thng thng
cho th trng My, s quan tm truyn thng bt u quay lai
vi s a chung thng hiu. No c xem la mt s kin u
tm quan trong la mt tin ang chu y trn ABC News va cac
h thng truyn thng khac cua My. Ch trong vai thang Coke
a tr lai vi v tr hang u va New Coke dn tan lui.
Ma mai thay, qua tht bai cua New Coke, tnh trung thanh
i vi th tht lai c tng cng. Trong thc t, mt s
ly thuyt gia a i qua xa khi cho rng o la mt manh li marketing c hoach nh tai xac nhn tnh cam cua ngi
tiu dung i vi Coca-Cola. Du sao th con co cach nao tt
hn lam cho ai o phai nui tic gia tr cua thng hiu
toan cu cua ban hn la gia v loai bo no hoan toan?
ng nhin la Coca-Cola a khng tha nhn o la y nh
cua cng ty. Nhng ai ch trch se cho la Coca-Cola a pham
mt sai lm nghim trong v marketing, nhng ai hoai nghi lai
cho la Coca-Cola hoach nh tt ca, Keough noi vy vao luc
o. S tht la chung ti khng khn ngoan n th va cung
khng ngu kh n vy. Nhng nu nhn vao khai nim canh
tranh cua ho i vi Pepsi vao luc o, quyt nh nay la hoan
toan co th hiu c. a nhiu nm, vu kh chnh cua Pepsi
vn la mui v cua san phm cua ho. Bng cach tung ra New
Coke, cng ty Coca-Cola ro rang la hy vong lam yu i s i
u marketing cua i thu chnh cua ho.
Vy nhn nh cua Pepsi la th nao v toan b s vic nay?
Trong quyn Ga kia nhay mt cua Roger Enrico, Tng giam
c iu hanh cua Pepsi, tin la sai lm cua New Coke a chng
to o la mt bai hoc thch ang cho Coca-Cola. Ti cho la vao
luc kt thuc cn ac mng, ho a hnh dung ra ho thc s la ai.
Nhng ngi cn trong. Ho khng th thay i s a thch
cua ngi tiu dung cho thng hiu hang u cua mnh. Ho
cung khng th thay i hnh anh cua ho. Tt ca nhng g ho
co th lam la bao v cai di san ma ho gn nh mun t bo vao
nm 1985.
trong nganh cng ngh t va giai thch tai sao vic hoach
nh lai keo dai n hn mt thp nin mt thi phng qua
ang cua Warnock khi Brown ch thc s khi u thit k
Edsel vao nm 1954. Cac s gii thiu c ng cho t tung
ra chic Edsel vao thang Chn cung khng co g ha hen,
cha h co mt chic xe nao tng t nh Edsel. y la mt
khng nh ln va Ford cung co nhng tham vong ln tng
t. Ho d kin se san xut 200.000 chic Edsel trong nm u
tin, co ngha la chim 5% tng s xe cua th trng.
Du sao th vic thm do cng lun dng nh a bt u
co tac dung. Cac ca hang trng bay chen y nhng ngi
thm ving to mo mun nhn xem chic xe trng nh th nao.
Trong tun l u tin, a co n gn ba triu ngi My tm
n cac im trng bay chic Edsel. Va ho ngay lp tc nhn
thy rng nhng chic Edsel co mt s c im khac bit, lai
con co cai mt na ang yu hay ang ghet mui xe tuy vao
cam nhn cua tng ngi.
Trong tm tr cng chung, chic xe dng nh khng ap
ng c vi nhng thi phng qua ang trc o. Va tht
ang bun cho Ford cung nh cho mai lc danh cho Edsel, ho
ch ban c co 60.000 chic trong nm u tin, khng n
30% so vi d kin ban u. Ford tip tuc tung ra kiu Edsel
1959 va 1960, nhng mai lc cang luc cang sut giam n mc
ch con lai 44.891 chic va cui cung la 2.846 chic. Thang 11
nm 1959, Ford ng mt quang cao cui cung cho chic
Edsel va sau o ngng san xut hn.
Vy sai lm la g? Edsel hu nh co qua nhiu ly do xac
nh. Nhng trn thc t, nn t cu hoi th nay, co g la
khng sai lm?.
CHNG 3
Sa m
Kelloggs khng ch gp vn khi
tip th san phm cua ho mt s
lanh th nc ngoai nh n
(xem chng 6) ma con ngay
qu nha cua ho, ang ghi nhn
nht la trng hp san phm Ngu
cc Mates cua ho.
Y tng tht la n gian. Ngu cc Mates la nhng hp nho
ng ngu cc cua Kelloggs kem theo mt hp sa ti va mt
mung nha. Li th cua san phm nay rt ro rang chnh la s
tin li. Gi lam vic tng thm cng vi s ln dy cua cac
chui ca hang thc n nhanh khin cho Kelloggs tin rng
phai co nhu cu v mt khu phn n sang tt ca trong mt.
Nhng yu t nay cung nhau tao thanh s tht bai cho thng
hiu Ngu cc Mates. V vy sau hai nm nm trn cac k hang
(hay trong tu lanh), Kelloggs cui cung phai t du chm ht
cho san phm nay.
Du sao cung co th con mt ly do na khin cho Kelloggs
phai tht bai trong vic khi mao mt cuc cach mang trong
thoi quen n sang. La mt thc phm tin li nhng no lai
thc s khng u tin li. a co mt bai bao trn t Newsweek
vao thang Hai nm 2000 cp n nhng yu cu thay i
v san phm n sang va cac h qua i vi cng ty ngu cc nay.
S vi va thng thng cua mt ngay mi ang em lai
nhng thng tn tai hai cho cng ty Kelloggs. Vic di
chuyn t nha n ni lam vic kho khn khin cho ngi
ta khng con n ca thi gian danh cho ba sang. Theo mt
thm do mi y cua nhom NPD v thoi quen n ung cua
dn My, ngi ta ao c co th n sang theo kiu ging nh
la chch thuc vao c th trn ng i lam.
Ngu cc Mates tao kha nng cho ngi ta co th mang ba
sang ngu cc theo bn ngi nhng ho vn phai sa vao
va dung mung n. Ngi ta khng th va n nh vy va
lai xe.
Qua th, Kelloggs ch co th thanh cng trong th trng
thc n tin li nh a thanh cng vi thoi thc n sang NutriGrain. Mt th co th n d dang va gon ghe trong khi lai xe.
truyn Star Wars, chi tro chi vi tnh Star Wars va din nhng
b ngu Star Wars.
ng nhin la khai nim phim nh mt thng hiu
c phat trin t o. Men in black, The Lord of the Rings,
Harry Potter, Toy Story va nhiu phim khac na a lp lai
thanh cng thng hiu hoa h tng cua Star Wars. Trong
khi iu nay co ngha la cac hang phim cua Hollywood co th
kim thm nhiu tin hn bao gi ht ch vi mt cun phim
va no cung co ngha la ho co th mt nhiu hn bao gi ht
nu moi vic khng din ra ung nh k hoach. Chung ta hay
xem trng hp cua Sony.
Vi vic tung ra Godzilla vao nm 1998, Sony tin rng ho
a sang tao mt b phim quai vt n khach. Qua th, tht kho
ma co th ngh rng b phim nay lai la mt tht bai. Sony a
chi 60 triu la tin hanh mt chin dch kho khn. Ho
co nhng bng video c ng t nht tng c thc hin
trn chu Godzilla. Hn na, ngi sao chnh cua phim mt
quai vt xanh cao choc tri - ha hen se la mt hnh tng
chi c sc.
c bit la, vi s lam chu nhiu c phn mi c cung c
cac rap chiu phim cua Sony, b phim c trnh chiu trn
nhiu man anh cung luc nht so vi bt c mt b phim nao
trc o trong lch s in anh.
iu ang ngai duy nht vi nhng ng tin chi ph cho
chin dch quang cao y hiu lc nay la cng lun truyn
ming chung quanh b phim lai co ve tiu cc. Ngay ca trc
khi b phim c trnh chiu, d lun trn internet v b phim
cung thc s t hai. Du sao Sony cung a quyt nh phai co
nhng nhn xet ng v pha ho trn mang. Ho thm ch a
phai tra tin cho Harry Knowles, chu nhn cua mt web site
co anh hng ln, co c nhng ghi nhn tt ep v b
phim. Nhng moi n lc cua Sony cung khng th chn ng
c nhng li truyn ming t hai cang luc cang nhiu. Di
y la mt oan trch trong bai nhn xet xut hin trn trang
web movie-reviews.net vao ngay ma b phim c tung ra.
Godzilla la nh im cua loai phim khng cn n tnh
tit cua mua he. Mt b phim lam lai khng hoan hao cua
b phim quai vt Nht c in. T hai nht la Godzilla
khng h co tnh hao hng t nao. Trng oan rt ui
xe hi cui phim la tha thai, toan th b phim khng h
co chut gay cn lam hi hp ngi xem ngay ca trong
trng oan cac may bay tn cng quai vt khng l iu
ma nhng nha lam phim mun tao thanh. B phim
Independence Day co th cung la mt phim tng t
nhng no co c s gay cn va hi hp cn thit ma
Godzilla khng co c.
Nu y ch la mt bai nhn xet t hai duy nht th cung khng
n ni thanh vn . Nhng khi co n hang ngan y kin i
nghch cua nhng ngi xem phim bnh thng c ph
bin du khng phai nhng bai ph bnh chuyn nghip
thng hiu Godzilla nhanh chong mt i sc manh cua mnh.
Nm 1998 la nm ma cui cung nhng nha lam phim cung
nhn ra lc tac ng cua internet vi cng chung xem phim.
No khng ch ong mt vai tro cn ban trong vic lam hoai
ph ngn sach marketing khng l cua Godzilla ma con chng
to rng nhng ngn sach marketing khng l khng phai la
yu t u tin co th tranh khoi s tht bai.
7. Persil Power
8. Pepsi
Theo ui s tinh khit
Co th la Coca-Cola co mt
trong nhng tht bai thng
hiu ang noi nht cua moi
thi, nhng i thu lu i
cua ho, Pepsi, cung tn
g trai
nghim mt sai lm marketing tng t.
Nm 1992, Pepsi ghi nhn
iu ma ho cho la mt l
hng th trng. iu ma ca
th gii ang mong i va
cng ty nay a quyt nh: o
la mt loai nc cola trong
sut. Du sao th cung a co
nhiu bin th cua cola nh cola danh cho ngi n king, cola
du, cola khng ng, cola giau ng va tt ca hu nh u
thanh cng n mt mc nao o. Vy tai sao lai khng th la
cola trong sut?
9. Magic Ken vi
bng tai
Khi ban trai cua bup
b Barbie
b lac hng
Trong cac loai chi, Barbie cua Mattel la mt
th thuc v mt huyn thoai. K t khi xut
hin trong mt hi ch chi hang nm
New York vao nm 1959, Barbie a hp dn
nhiu th h cac c gai nho. Mt trong nhng yu t chnh
cua s tn tai lu dai cua c bup b nay la kha nng thay i
theo thi ai cua c ta. V du vao thp nin 80, Barbie mc
mt b th duc va tr thanh mt hng dn vin Aerobic.
Theo nh trang web Barbie th c bup b nay lun c xem
nh mt v du v s thanh cng. C co mt vai tro mu cho
phu n nh mt phi hanh gia, mt ngi tt nghip ai hoc,
mt phu thut vin, mt ngi kinh doanh, mt phi cng,
mt ng c vin tng thng va mt nha s.
t may tnh
chuyn bit nhm vao
tre em co ve la mt y
tng tt. Patriot
Computers a ngh chc chn la nh vy, va v vy ma ho a
san xut loai may tnh Hot Wheels vao nm 1999. Nhng may
tnh nay, nhm vao cac be trai, c thit k tng hnh xe ua
vi biu tng ngon la cua Hot Wheels. Thm na, Patriot
cung thoa thun vi Mattel tung ra loai may tnh Barbie
danh cho cac be gai. May tnh cua cac em trai mau xanh va cua
cac em gai mau hng vi hnh tng mt bng hoa.
Ca hai san phm nay u tht bai. Mt trong cac ly do, theo
cac nha phn tch, la n lc nhm vao marketing gii tnh.
Pamela Haag, giam c nghin cu tai Hip hi My cua T
chc Giao duc Phu n ai hoc, a nhn nh vi bao Wall
Street Journal rng loai marketing nay a khng con theo kp
vi nhng g ma an ng va phu n ang lam, va v vy cung
11. Corfam
47%
20%
Giay dep an ng
18%
15%
13. Oranjolt
14. La Femme
Hp mau cam
choi cho bt git
cha phai la u
Nhiu thng hiu trong phn khuc nay cua th trng tht
bai ch v ho qua xa cach vi nhng g ma ngi tiu dung
mong mun, nhng i khi ho tht bai ch n gian v khng
tao ra u khac bit vi nhng thng hiu ph bin khac. Va
y chc chn la trng hp cua bt git Radion. Cung vi xa
bng Pear, Radion la mt trong nhiu thng hiu cua
Unilever trong cuc ct giam khi tp oan Anh Ha Lan nay
thng bao ho se thu hep tm hoat ng lai ch trn 400
thng hiu manh.
c tung ra th trng t mi nm trc ln thng bao
vao thang 2 nm 2000, Radion a phai vt va vi ch hn 2%
th phn trong th trng bt git Anh. Mt trong nhng
c tung ra th
trng vao nm 1979,
du gi sa chua cua
Clairol a tht bai
trong vic thu hut
khach hang rng rai ch bi v thin ha khng thch thu g vi
y tng gi u cua ho vi sa chua. Vi nhng ai a mua loai
du gi nay, thm ch a co nhng trng hp l n no v lm
ln va a khn kh v s lm ln nay. Khai nim Cam nhn
Sa chua c hnh thanh ro rang la t mt loai du gi
tng t cua Clairol c tung ra vai nm trc o, Dang ve
cua B Sa. San phm nay a tht bai ngay trong nhng th
trng th nghim khi ngi tiu dung t hoi: Chnh xac th
dang ve cua b sa la g? Tai sao mnh lai phai mun co no?.
17. Pepsi AM
100 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
CHNG 4
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 101
102 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 103
104 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 105
21. Nc hoa
Harley Davidson
106 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 107
108 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 109
110 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
a nhn nhn mt cach trung thc v nhng tht bai trong vic
thit lp thng hiu cua cng ty: Trong nhng nm qua,
chung ti a th mt s phng cach tip cn khac nhau ban
hang va a t thng hiu Harley Davidson ln mt s th;
nhn lai, chung ti thy rng chung ti a khng co c nhng
hng dn tt lam nhng vic nay. Ngay hm nay chung ti
se cn trong hn trong vic chon nhng ai ma chung ti se lam
vic vi va se m rng thng hiu nh th nao.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 111
112 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 113
114 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 115
23. Crest
116 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
thng hiu nh: danh cho ngi hut thuc, lam trng rng,
kem trong, bac ha, baking-soda, danh cho tre em, danh cho
ngi ln tui. Co fluor khng con la mt li th nh trc
na. Thm na, nc may chu u va My a c b sung
fluor sn. Su rng khng con la mt vn nh trong nhng
nm 50 na.
Dn da, Crest tung ra th trng nhiu bin th hn. ang
chu y nht la loai kem anh rng kim soat cao rng vao nm
1985. Mc du o la loai kem anh rng u tin thuc loai nay
nhng khng gianh c nhng thanh cng ang k nh vic
gii thiu fluor ba mi nm trc. Mt trong nhng ly do la
hin nay Crest co qua nhiu loai kem anh rng khac nhau. Bin
th chng cao rng ch la mt trong day san phm a dang cua
Crest. Hn na, Colgate cung khng h chm chn, ho khng
ch tung ra th trng loai kem chng cao rng ma con ang bt
u vi mt loai kem anh rng co u moi c tnh chm soc
rng ma ho c bit.
Trong luc Crest vn tip tuc cung ng nhiu bin cach mi
trn cung mt chu va vic nay a lam cho cng chung ri
hn khi chon mua kem anh rng. Colgate tung ra Colgate
Total vi cac c tnh co fluor, chng cao rng va bao v nu.
Noi chung la u moi c tnh chm soc rng ming trong cung
mt san phm. Chng bao lu sau khi Total c tung ra th
trng, Colgate tr lai v tr hang u trn th trng va nut
dn th phn cua Crest.
iu g a xay ra? Tai sao Crest lai khng th cung ng cho
th trng mt loai Crest Total hay Crest Complete nao o
trc khi san phm cua i thu c ban ra?
Vic nay co nhiu ly do va mt trong s cac ly do o chnh
la cach thc thit lp thng hiu cua Procter & Gamble.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 117
118 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
Ba mi hai cai.
Khng mt loai kem anh rng nao nn co s lng
thng hiu phu nhiu hn la s rng trong ming, chung
ti tra li.
Mc du a co luc P&G vn lp lai chin lc Crest sai lm
tung thm nhiu thng hiu hn, mt thm nhiu th phn
hn nhng ln nay cng ty quyt nh se chn ng vn
nay sinh do chnh ho a tao ra.
Mt bai bao vi ta Hay n gian hoa trn tun bao
Business Week (9-9-1996) tom tt lai nhng chuyn i quyt
nh P&G: Sau nhiu thp nin vi qua nhiu chung loai
san phm mi, P&G a quyt nh la ho a ban qua nhiu loai
hang. Nay ho ang lam mt iu khng th tng tng: ct
giam bt. Danh muc san phm hin nay cua ho t hn mt
phn ba so vi hi u thp nin.
Trc khi ct bt s lng cac thng hiu phu cua
Crest, P&G a thc hin vic nay trc vi dong san phm
du gi cua ho. Vi vic ct giam mt na s lng cac
thng hiu du gi, ho nhn thy mai lc a bt u tng.
Nhng du sao th theo nh Robert T Matteucci, trng
iu hanh phn b chm soc toc cua P&G th ngay t luc
u, chin lc nay khng c s tan thanh rng rai: co
s chng i t nhng ngi quan ly nhan hiu cua P&G,
nhng ngi ngh rng mai lc se suy giam v khng co
nhiu mt hang ban. Co nhng h nghi rng khng bit
y co ung la iu cn phai lam hay khng?
Cung vi vic giam thiu cac phin ban cua Crest, P&G
cung thit k lai hnh dang cua bao b ngi ta co th d
dang phn bit cac bin th khac nhau cua mt san phm.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 119
120 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
Thc t khi P&G khng lun chuyn tm vao vic h muc rng,
ho a nhn ly tn thng khng th tranh khoi t mt th con
tai hai hn: s h muc thng hiu. Ngoai tr khi ho mt ln
na kim soat tr lai lanh vc khoa hoc va cung cp cho ngi
tiu dung mt thng ip duy nht va kin tr (c bao am
vi mt dong san phm co c quan tm su sc), Colgate se
lai gianh phn thng mt ln na trong cuc chin nay.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 121
122 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 123
124 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 125
126 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
25. Miller
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 127
tp c nhng g ma
Marlboro a trai nghim t
my thp nin trc khi ho
thay th hnh anh nhng phu
n hut thuc vi hnh anh
chang cao bi y hnh tng.
Bai hoc o la: trong khi c
cng vn ti nhng khach
hang mi, ho a xem nhe th
trng chnh cua mnh. Nhng
moi vic co ve nh sun se th
Philip Morris ng chu cua
thng hiu Marlboro a mua
lai Miller. Cng ty luc nay a
xac nh c nhng g ho cn
phai lam.
Cung nh chang cao bi Marlboro la mt hnh tng
phong ai v nam tnh va th la quang cao mi cho Miller
High Life c thit k ro rang la nam tnh hn cac i
thu chnh cua no. Cac nhac s jazz khng con na ma thay vao
o la hnh anh nhng ngi cng nhn y nam tnh ang
nc bia c nh la khng con ngay mai
pha trn khu hiu v ngha: Thi cua
Miller a n. Cung tng ln vi nam
tnh la mai lc, nm 1977 High Life tr
thanh loai bia c yu thch th nh
My. Nhng du sao th cung luc o, Miller
cung c ghi nhn vi mt thanh cng
khac cua Miller Lite.
128 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 129
Thay v tao thanh nhng thng hiu hoan toan mi, cng
ty vn khng ngng tung ra th trng nhng thng hiu
phu di cung mt tn Miller. Vao thp nin 70, ngi tiu
dung ch co mt loai Miller High Life th vao thp nin 90 ho
phai ng trc mt s chon la qua nhiu. Ho phai chon
khng ch gia Miller, Budweiser va Coors ma la gia nhiu
loai bia khac nhau cung cua hang Miller.
Chung ta vn co Miller High Life va Miller Lite, ri lai thm
nhng Miller High Life Lite, Miller Lite Ice, Miller Genuine
Draft, Miller Genuine Draft Lite va con nhiu na vi nhng
thng hiu ch tn tai trong mt thi gian cc ngn nh
Miller Clear. iu ang lo khng phai la co qua nhiu thng
hiu Miller (mc du o cung la vn ) ma la nhng phin ban
cua tng loai mt ch khng phai la nhng bin th cua mt
thng hiu chnh. (Mt cach bt ng, iu nay giai thch tai
sao Diet Coke lai thanh cng trong khi New Coke lai tht bai;
trong khi cai trc lai chi bo ngun ci cua no th cai sau laila th b sung hoan hao cho thng hiu nay).
Nm 1996, Miller quyt nh lam ro thm trng hp nay
bng cach b sung thm mt thng hiu mi na vao m san
phm a co, o la Miller Regular. Cng ty a chng kin
thanh cng cua cac i thu vi loai bia thng thng va a
quyt nh phai gianh ly th phn ring cua mnh. Noi cach
khac, ho mun gii thiu mt loai bia ai din cho tt ca
nhng g ma Miller hin hu, ma vao luc o ang la qua nhiu.
Vn duy nht la vi tt ca nhng thng hiu Miller
ang co sn trn th trng, vic tung ra thm mt Miller khac
na (thm ch vi mt ngn sach marketing 50 triu la) se
lun la mt thach thc, c bit la vi mt cai tn khng ro
rang. Vi v s Miller co c tnh ro rang chon la, hu ht
130 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 131
132 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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134 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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136 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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138 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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140 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 141
142 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 143
144 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 145
146 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 147
148 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
29. Chiquita
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 149
150 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
Chiquita
cung
chm m vao vic
tha kin Hi ng
Chu u v thin v
i vi chui c
trng vung Carib,
nhng thuc a cu
cua chu u. Cuc
tranh cai keo dai lam
tn tht nng cho ho
va theo nh Stephen
G Warshaw, Tng
giam c kim Giam
c iu hanh cua
Chiquita: trc nm
1993 ho chim
khoang 40% th phn
trong th trng
chu u, nay th
phn nay co lai ch con 20%. Mc du chnh sach cua EU v
bun ban chui a thay i vao nm 2001, Warshaw vn h
nghi v vic cng ty co th gianh lai c v th chi phi th
trng ma ho a tng co thi nm gi.
Cac vn tac ng n nganh cng nghip chui cung vi
nhng mon n khng th thanh toan - kt qua t vic m rng
- va nhng n lc cung ng nhiu san phm hn cua ho a
y thng hiu Chiquita vao nhng rc ri to ln. Cho du
thn may mn a khng con mm ci vi Chiquita, nhng
phong cach chui - phong cach cua Chiquita vn lun con
hin hu.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 151
152 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
30. Ru tao
Country Time
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 153
154 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
hang 11 nm 1996, ai
phat thanh Capital cua
London tip nhn cng ty
chuyn doanh nha hang chu
My Kinda Town. Thay v
gi nguyn tn My Kinda
Town, cng ty a quyt
nh i thanh nha hang
chu Capital Radio. Cung
nh vi Planet Hollywood
(cua cac ngi sao Hollywood) va Fashion Cafe (cua cac c
ngi mu), cac nha hang nay cung khng bao gi co th gi
c mt lng khach hang quay lai thng xuyn. Mc du
Capital Radio co th thu hut c hang triu thnh gia nhng
khng my ngi co th lin h mt ai phat thanh vi thc
n va ng nhin la khng th co mt lin h nh vy.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 155
156 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
34. Sa chua
Cosmopolitan
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 157
158 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 159
37. Nc ngot
LifeSavers Soda
160 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 161
39. Nc chanh
Frito-Lay
162 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 163
CHNG 5
164 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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166 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 167
40. Exxon
Khng noi mt li
Nhiu cng ty va t chc a tng phai i pho vi mt khung
hoang trong thi gian tn tai cua ho. Du sao cung ch co mt
s t a th hin s v trach nhim va thiu kha nng i vi
mt s kin quan trong. Cng ty xng du Exxon la mt trong
nhng trng hp nay.
Nm 1989, tau ch du Exxon Valdez gp tai nan va lam
tran du ra bn ngoai b bin Alaska. Ch trong mt thi
gian ngn, mt lng du ang k cua 1.260.000 thung c
vn chuyn a loang ra mt bin tao thanh mt vu tran du ln
nht trong lch s nc My.
168 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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170 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 171
41. McDonalds va
phin x Mclibel
172 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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174 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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176 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 177
178 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
42. Perrier va
s nhim benzene
u mt cng ty co cn
trong n u th s vic
xu vn co th xay ra cho
cac thng hiu cua ho.
Mt phn nm trong tm
kim soat cua cng ty la vic
ho quyt nh ng pho vi
tham hoa ra sao khi no xay
ra.
Mt trong nhng cng
ty quan tm nht n
nhng kha nng quan ly
tham hoa la Johnson &
Johnson. Khi mt vn
nay sinh vi mt thng
hiu cua ho, Johnson &
Johnson lp tc ghi nhn va
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 179
180 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 181
182 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
43. Pan Am
Chm dt trong
tham kch
Vao thp nin 80, hang hang
khng Pan American, hay Pan Am,
la mt trong nhng thng hiu
hang khng danh ting nht trn
hanh tinh. Trong hn 60 nm qua,
ho a i tin phong vi nhng
chuyn bay xuyn ai dng va chu luc. c thanh lp vao
nm 1927 ch vi vai chic may bay va mt tuyn ng bay
duy nht t Key West n Havana, Pan Am a tr thanh ai
din cho chnh sach hang khng thng mai hai ngoai cua
My. Nhng vao cui thp nin 80, cng ty bt u phai vt
va hoan thanh nhng muc tiu va s th hin bt u
xung dc.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 183
184 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
u c mt
thng hiu
Trong nhng trng hp ang s nht i vi bt ky mt
thng hiu thc phm nao, vic bung phat nhim c thc
phm c xp kha cao. i vi Snow Brand, cng ty thc
phm sa cao cp cua Nht th nm 2000 la nm ma cn ac
mng nay tr thanh hin thc mt cach th tham nht.
Sau khi ung sa hay tiu thu mt san phm lin quan khac
cua Snow Brand, 14.800 ngi min ty nc Nht t ngt
nga bnh v ng c thc phm. Vn c xac nh la do
vi khun trong dy chuyn san xut sa beo thp tai mt
nha may cua Snow Brand Osaka. Sau khi tin tc c tung
ra, thng hiu nay lm vao tham hoa. Bt k moi quy tc
Quan h Cng chung, cng ty tm moi cach lam giam nhe
tnh cht cua s kin. n tng chung ma Snow Brand tao ra
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 185
186 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
Snow Brand cua Nht thu hi thm nhiu san phm khi
vu tai ting phat trin rng hn
Vu tai ting sa nhim c cua cng ty Sa Snow Brand
Nht a leo ln mt mc na, khi th Nm va qua cng
ty a thu hi thm nhng san phm c san xut t mt
nha may khng co lin h trc tip g vi s kin nay.
Mt phat ngn vin cua cng ty a cho bit: co khoang
125.000 thung sa va cac san phm c lam t sa c
san xut tai mt nha may min trung nc Nht a b
phat hin co cha thanh phn bt sa c san xut tai mt
nha may pha bc, ni b nhim khun.
Cuc thu hi bt u khi 14.800 ngi, hu ht Osaka pha ty Nht Ban, nga bnh vao cui thang Sau sau khi
ung sa Snow Brand , va y la mt trong nhng phat hin
ng c thc phm rng ln nht Nht Ban.
Cng ty a thng bao la ho khng nhn c mt khiu nai
nao lin quan n cac san phm sa chua, sa mui va cac san
phm khac c lam t sa trong t thu hi nay, ho cung
noi thm rng 95.000 thung trong s o cung a n thi
han phai thu hi v sp qua thi han s dung.
Nha may pha bc, trung tm cua vu tai ting a b Snow
Brand ong ca vao Chu nht va b yu cu ong ca v
thi han bi cac t chc y t a phng sau khi mt c
cht t vi khun staphylococcus b phat hin trong cac mu
lu tr sa bt cua nha may a c san xut t thang T.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 187
188 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 189
Cu sc c cht cua
Procter & Gamble
Nm 1980, P&G tung ra mt loai bng v sinh thoi siu thm
goi la Rely. Tnh siu thm nay la kt qua cua mt cht nhn tao
c goi la carboxymethyl cellulose, cht i luc lai cht thai
nhn tao trong phn kn cua phu n sau khi thoi bng a c
ly ra. Vao luc
ma nhng thoi
bng v sinh
siu thm c
s dung rng rai
trn th trng,
co nhng bao
cao v cac
trng hp l,
tn thng va
190 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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194 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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196 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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198 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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48. Vo xe Fireston
200 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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202 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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204 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 205
49. Sa tre em
cua Farleys
S c vi khun salmonella
Khi Phong th nghim Sc khoe Cng ng Trung ng cua
Anh xac nhn la co s lin h gia sa tre em Farleys va khun
salmonella vao nm 1985 th cu chuyn a tr thanh tai cua
bao ch. San phm nay lp tc b thu hi vi ph tn la tam triu
bang Anh. Cng ty me cua Farleys, Glaxo Smith-Kline buc
phai chm dt s tn tai
cua Farleys va ban hai nha
may cua Farleys cho cng
ty hoa phm Boots vi gia
18 triu bang Anh.
Boots nhn lanh ly
mt trach nhim co th
noi la khng th thc hin:
o chnh la vic xy dng
206 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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CHNG 6
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210 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
50. Kelloggs n
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 211
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53. Nc b dng
(tonic) Schweppes
Y
224 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 225
55. Electrolux My
226 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
hi nha san xut thc phm tre em Gerber gii thiu san
phm cua ho chu Phi, ho a dung cung mt loai bao b
c s dung phng Ty. Nhng bao b nay co hnh mt
em be trai. Bt ng trc mai lc yu cua san phm, Gerber
tm hiu va phat hin ra la phn ln dn chu Phi khng oc
c ting Anh trong khi cac cng ty phng Ty lai thng
dung hnh anh minh hoa san phm bn trong bao b.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 227
57. Coors
Ty Ban Nha
228 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
58. Ga cua
Frank Perdue
Ty Ban Nha
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 229
230 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 231
232 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
62. Vicks c
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 233
u khu hiu
quang cao lim ngon
tay cung ngon cua
Kentucky c dung
trn toan th gii
din cam v ngon cua
san phm. Vn la
khi n Hng Kng, cu nay c din dch thanh n t
ngon tay cua ban. Kt qua la hu ht thc khach u goi
khoai ty chin thay cho mon ga ran KFC (Kentucky Fried
Chicken).
234 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
64. an Fender
cua CBS
Cu chuyn v hai
nn vn hoa
i vi nhng ngi hm m an ghi ta, thng hiu Fender
la mt biu tng. Nhng cy an ghi ta Fender nh
Stratocaster hay Telecaster tng trng cho ca mt thi ky
vang son cua nhac rock hi thp nin 50 va sau o c s
dung bi nhng nhac s nhac rock ni ting; John Lennon va
George Harrison u s hu mt cy Stratocaster va c bit
la Jimi Hendrix, ngi a lam cho kiu an in nay tr thanh
huyn thoai.
Nhng, vao mt thi im nao o trong u thp nin 60,
Leo Fender a co mt quyt nh cht ngi ban cng ty ch
tao an cua ng i. Nm 1965, ng nay tm c ngi mua,
CBS -mt trong nhng tay chi ln nht cua nganh cng
nghip m nhac trong thi gian o nhan hiu nay la mt
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 235
236 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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238 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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240 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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CHNG 7
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100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 245
66. Enron
246 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 247
248 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 249
250 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
68. Ratners
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 251
252 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 253
254 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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256 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 257
258 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
T sn khu n san u
Mc du a t chng to la mt s tht bai hoan toan, nhng
m hnh Planet Hollywood vn c mt s ngi bt chc.
David Hasselhoff c cng m ra mt chui quan Baywatch
Cafe hoan chnh vi cac c phuc vu trong ao tm o. Ao thut
gia David Copperfield mt hang triu la vao chui nha hang
chu ao thut ri tt ca tan bin nh mt lan khoi. Steven
Spielberg u t vao Dive, mt nha hang vi m hnh di ay
ai dng va mt man anh chiu phim khng l. Nha hang
nay a chm xung ay bin khng lai du vt.
Mt trong nhng tht bai ang k nht theo cam hng
Planet Hollywood la chui quan Fashion Cafe cua cac siu
mu Naomi Campbell, Christy Turlington, Claudia Schiffer va
Elle MacPherson m ra vao nm 1995. Chui quan nay vi
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 259
260 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 261
71. HearSay
262 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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266 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
CHNG 8
Nhng tht
bai khi tai lp
thng hiu
268 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 269
270 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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73. Consignia
Mt bu in vi bt ky tn goi nao
Khi Tp oan Bu in Quc doanh Anh - Post Office Group
quyt nh thay i c trng thng hiu cua ho, o phai la
mt cai tn mi ng u trong danh muc mua sm. Ly do cua
vic chuyn i thng hiu nay mt phn la do sau qua trnh
hoat ng 300 nm, Post Office Group khng con ch n
gian la mt t chc th tn.
No con bao gm nhiu hoat
ng khac na va ang co d
nh tip nhn thm mt s
hoat ng mi na nc
ngoai. Thm na, cng
chung vn con ln ln, khng
bit ro muc ch tht cua ba
nhanh cac bu in, Parcel
Force, Royal Mail- cua t
chc nay la g.
272 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 273
274 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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276 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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278 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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280 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 281
282 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
75. T BT Cellnet
n O2
Huy bo mt thng hiu
Thang 9-2001, tng ai
in thoai di ng cua Anh
BT Cellnet thng bao ho
se khng dung tn thng
hiu cua ho na thch
ng vi mt c trng
quc t mi. Quyt nh
nay ra i sau mt thi
gian dai th phn va thu
nhp suy giam khng ngng. Hn na, Orange (vn t hao
vi tn thng hiu cua mnh) - i thu chnh cua BT Cellnet
- khng ngng tng trng thu nhp va anh ri BT Cellnet
xung v tr th ba sau ca hai tng ai Orange va Vodafone
trn th trng in thoai di ng Anh. British Telecom, cng
ty me cua BT Cellnet a ban i tng ai in thoai di ng nay
va ngi chu mi cua no khng thy co ly do g phai gi lai
mt c trng ang phai cht vt trn thng trng.
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 283
284 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 285
286 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
76. T ONdigital n
ITV Digital
Khi Gic m ep tr thanh ac mng
Nm 1998, mt knh truyn hnh ky thut s mi cua Anh
c gii thiu vi muc ch la mun qua mt knh truyn
hnh BSkyB cua Rupert Murdoch (nha ty phu chuyn nganh
truyn thng) va chi phi hang triu ngi trung lu xem
truyn hnh co tra tin Anh vi phng tin ni kt mi
hp giai ma truyn hnh ky thut s. Nhng du sao th n
nm 2002, knh truyn hnh nay cung a ri khoi cuc chi.
Chung ti cho la mnh co th qua mt c Sky thng qua
got chn Asin cua ho, o la mt ai t c s tin tng cua
cng chung nht, li cua Marc Sands, giam c marketing
thng hiu u tin cua ONdigital. Chung ti t khac bit
hoa bng hanh vi, tnh trong sang va ro rang v gia ca. o la
mt gic m ep. Hay ni ngun va biu din ngay thi.
Nhng du sao th moi vic cung nhanh chong tr nn ro
rang, bt u xut hin nhng kho khn trong vic phn phi
phn mm va hp giai ma cung nh vic phu song khp nc.
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77. T Windscale
n Sellafield
Cung c trng, khac tn goi
Tht kho hiu ro v trng hp nay, nng lng nguyn t
lun co mt n tng bt n. Mt khi tai bin xay ra cac nha
may nguyn t th no thng tr thanh mt cn ac mng.
V du nh, khi mt lng ln cac cht phong xa b ro r t
cac hoat ng lin quan n nguyn t nha may Windscale
nc Anh xay ra ngay sau vu chay nghim trong, hu qua cua
chung tht s la tham hoa. Cng ng a phng Cumbria
rt kinh hoang trc nhng him nguy cho sc khoe bi vic
nhim phong xa.
Le ra la phai ong ca nha may nay, nhng chnh phu Anh
lai tin rng ho co th tach bit s kin tham hoa vi nha may
nguyn t nay bng cach i tn, t Windscale thanh
Sellafield. Du sao th moi ngi vn bit la nha may nguyn t
nay v ban cht vn la nh cu, va cac h luy tiu cc cung ch
n gian i tn theo. Nhng tht ra, vic i tn a khng
th chn ng c s leo thang cua cac vn sc khoe trong
khu vc nh bai bao n ban nm 1999 cua t bao a phng
Crumbia xac nh:
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296 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
80. MicroPro
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 297
CHNG 9
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300 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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Internet khng ch tao kha nng giao tip gia cac cng ty
vi khach hang cua ho ma con cho phep cac khach hang nay
trao i vi nhau nhng nhn nh ring cua ho v cng ty.
minh chng cho iu nay, trang web Cluetrain a giai
thch: Th trng la cac cuc giao tip. Thng qua Internet
ngi ta kham pha va phat kin ra nhng phng cach mi
trao i nhng hiu bit thch ang vi mt tc cc nhanh.
Va kt qua trc tip la th trng tr nn khn ngoan hn
nhay ben hn phn ln cac cng ty.
Nhng thng hiu in t manh me nh Amazon, eBay,
Yahoo va MSN a hiu c rng: vic nhng ngi vao thm
trang web cua ho trao i thng tin vi nhau khng ch lam
manh thm tnh trung thanh i vi trang web o ma con tao
kha nng cho thng hiu phat trin phu hp vi cac nhu cu
cua ngi tiu dung, bng cach tao cho ho mt sn chi ho
co th trao i vi nhau cac y kin ca nhn v thng hiu.
Trong mt s trng hp, cac y kin thu c t nhng din
an nay a dn n vic t duy lai v chin lc marketing cua
cac cng ty in t.
V du nh khi Amazon mun trin khai y tng nh gia a
dang, ho quyt nh thc hin th nghim chnh sach nay trong
mt tun vi ring cac san phm DVD. Ho a m ra mt din
an trao i v DVD thu thp y kin cua ngi tiu dung. Va
khi ghi nhn c nhng y kin i nghch, ho lp tc thng
bao huy bo chng trnh nay. Nh giai thch cua trng ban
iu hanh cua Amazon, Jeff Bezos, th: Vic nay lam phc tap
hn ch khng n gian hoa vic la chon cua khach hang.
Nh vy, Amazon a co th hanh ng nhanh chong kp thi
trc khi lun qua su vao mt chnh sach khng c ung h.
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81. Pets.com
ao gia thp nin 90, khi kha nng thng mai tim tang
cua Internet bt u c quan tm, ngi ta ng ky cac a
ch trn mang ma khng h co sn y nh se s dung chung ra
sao. Vic c goi la chim t nay c thuc y bi tham
vong ban lai nhng a ch nay sau o kim li.
Tht vy, nhng cai tn nh business.com hay sex.com a
to ra la kha hp dn i vi mt s cng ty va t chc; ho sn
sang tra tht nhiu tin co th co c mt trang web vi
cai tn o. Vi nim tin la nu co mt ai o tm kim thng
tin kinh doanh hay nhng th kch duc, ho se go cac t ai
din nay vao tm a ch nhng trang web lin quan, nu
khng th la chnh nhng a ch o. Hn na, nhng cai tn
nay ro rang la d nh i vi nhng ai ln mang.
Mt trong nhng ngi ngh n vic ng ky mt a ch
vi cai tn thng dung la mt chu doanh nghip Pasadena,
Greg McLemore. ng nay a chon cai tn Pets.com trong
hang trm cai tn thng dung. Nhng thay v ri ban no i,
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82. VoicePod
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83. Excite@Home
a tng co thi ky
Excite@Home c xem nh
mt trong nhng u t an
toan cua cuc cach mang
Internet. Hoat ng chu yu
da vao vic cung ng dch
vu cung cp cng vao
Internet tc cao cac nha
u t nhanh chong nhn ra
kha nng tim tang cua no. c h tr t nhng ng tin
u t, Excite@Home mun no la mt th g o to ln hn.
Ho mua quyn s hu nhiu ngun truyn thng trn mang
nh cng vao Excite Web va Blue Mountain Arts vi nh y
xy dng mt vng quc trn mang kiu American On Line.
Mc du cng ty a tng la mt nha cung cp cng vao
Internet hang u nhng ho bt u tut lai pha sau cac i
thu khi bt u m rng cac tham vong cua mnh. Theo li cua
314 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
nha bao Ben Haskett cua CNET th cai cht cua Excite@Home
la do chnh nhng tham vong qua ln cua ho va mt cu truc
s hu chng cheo vi qua nhiu ngi co quyn nh nhau
trong cung mt ni.
Vic sat nhp Excite va @Home (nhng cai tn u tin) b
xem la mt sai lm nghim trong cho du cac ng c cua vic
sat nhp nay la hoan toan ro rang. William Hearts III, mt
trong nhng nha u t va thanh lp nn cng ty cho bit:
Ti a cam nhn vic sat nhp la mt y tng tt vao luc o
bi ti ngh la khi xy dng mt th trng tiu dung, ban
cn phai co mt ni mua sm thun tin cho ngi tiu
dung. Mt trong nhng ha hen cua y tng @Home la
ban se co mt thng hiu quc gia ch khng phai la mt
thng hiu xa la trong chn thng trng. Hn na, nh
American On Line a chng to, khi ban co cung luc nhiu
san phm lin quan ban se tr thanh mt cng ty tm c.
o la ng c cho vic sat nhp cua Excite: xy dng
mt cng ty cung ng cac ng dung tiu dung ng b
trn bng truyn rng cua Internet.
Nhng cuc sat nhp a khng chng to c hiu qua. Tranh
cai gia cac phn b phng tin truyn thng va vin thng
cho thy ban quan tr khng tao c anh hng ng nht.
Hn na, vic v Giam c iu hanh cua cng ty quan ly vic
kinh doanh tn Boston, cach xa Silicon Valley hn 3.000 dm,
cung a tao nn khng t kho khn cho cng ty. Hn na, tuy
Excite@Home cung cp cng cap vao Internet, nhng ho lai
cung cp thng qua ng cap cua cac cng ty khac nh cac
ng truyn cua AT&T. Va tht th, AT&T chim c phn u
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84. WAP
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trng vao thang 6 nm 2002, ch sau thang sau khi gii thiu.
Co nhiu ly do dn n s tht bai nay.
Trc ht, vic tp trung vao thit k bn ngoai la mt sai
lm. Chc chn la iMac a thanh cng, nhng Apple vn c
bit n la v thit k ch khng phai nh Dell. Khach hang
chnh cua Dell mun nhng chc nng va gia tr s dung ch
khng phai la mt thit k t pha. May tnh Web cua Dell rt
ep nhng hnh dang cua no thc s la khng thch hp.
Thng Dell vn dung i ngu thit k ring cua ho, nhng
trong d an nay ho a giao cng vic thit k cho Pentagram,
mt cng ty thit k cp tin San Fransisco. Trng nhom
thit k nay a noi vi tap ch Business 2.0: Chung ti a thit
k ra mt th tuyt vi nhng a tht bai. San phm khng
phu hp vi nhng g Dell ai din.
Tap ch Computer User lai ghi nhn mt vn khac: Dell
a nh hng may tnh Web cua ho mt cach sai lm n
nhng th trng vn phong t nhn va gia nh, nhng ngi
thng mun mt h thng co th m rng va nng cp
c. Th trng chnh cua Dell vn thng tp trung vao la
nhng th trng kinh doanh.
Ri lai thm vn nh gia na. Tuy c nh la mt san
phm gia thp, nhng cai gia 999 la la mt cai gia t so
vi nhiu kiu may tnh khac. Ngi tiu dung nhm n gia
trc ht ri mi n hnh dang, nha phn tch may tnh ca
nhn cua cng ty thm do D liu may tnh ca nhn - PC Data,
Stephen Baker cho bit, Va khng co mt loai may nao co th
canh tranh v dang ve khi ng canh cac may cua Apple.
Hn na, Dell lai ban may tnh Web di mt hnh thc
mi ca b. T trc ti nay, Dell vn ban theo gia cua tng
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Vn ? Vn g?
Nm 1997, mt giao s toan hoc phat hin ra vn con
chip Pentium cua Intel. ng ta phat hin rng cac chc nng
toan hoc dung cho cng thc phc tap cua con chip nay
khng phai luc nao cung hoan toan chnh xac. V giao s nay
quyt nh ng mt bai v nhng phat hin cua mnh trn
mt thng bao cua trng ai hoc. Li n ai lan i trong
cac trng, mt bin tp vin cua mt t bao thng mai bit
c cu chuyn, va ri nhng phat hin cua v giao s nay
c ng tai rng rai va gii bao ch sn tm cu tra li t
pha Intel. Intel khng tha nhn no nh mt vn , tuyn
b rng nu co th cung ch tac ng n mt s phn trm
nho be nhng ngi s dung. Ho khng nhn ly trach
nhim hay thay th nhng con chip co li.
tai nay c a ln mang va nhanh chong tr thanh
u chnh cua nhng nhom tranh lun trn mang, nhng
thng tin ang chu y cho cac phng tin truyn thng ngoai
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88. boo.com
332 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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ngi chu u xem thy nhiu san phm trn cac tap ch cua
My nhng khng th sang o mua c. o la mt trong s
t phn khuc ban le trn Internet cha co ai thc hin vi tm mc
ln, va chung ti mun boo tr thanh thng hiu s mt.
V vy, khng th kt ti ca Malmsten ln Leander v a
khng quan tm n vic thit lp thng hiu. Ngay t u,
y tng chnh la tao nn mt thng hiu ban le qun ao th
thao trn mang, mt loai ca hang ngang tm vi nhng trung
tm thi trang ln London hay New York nh Harvey
Nichols va Bloomingdales nhng ch chuyn v trang phuc th
thao vi nhng nhan hiu thi thng nh Adidas, New
Balance hay North Face.
Nhng vn nay sinh thc s cho thng hiu lai chnh
t ban thn boo. Nh Malmsten a giai thch, muc ch la lam
cho t thn cai tn cua ca hang tr nn quan trong nh bt
c nhng g ma ban co th mua c o. Lai mt ln na,
iu nay la mt y tng thng hiu vng chc a lam cho
boo khac bit vi nhng loai ca hang trn mang khac trong
tm tr cua ngi tiu dung. Nhng vn lai khng nm
bt c th g ma no co th ai din ma lai chnh la cng ngh,
suy cho cung th Internet chnh la mt cng ngh.
Nu ban se thanh lp mt th ma nh Malmsten noi la mt
cng vao cho th gii, trc ht ban phai chc chn co c
mt phn mm tin dung cho moi ngi co th truy nhp vao
cai cng o cua ban.
Ngay trong ngay u tin boo.com i vao hoat ng (hai
thang sau khi bt u chin dch quang cao vi hnh anh ngi
an ng nn ma), cac vn ma web site boo.com se phai
i mt a tr nn ro rang. Trang web bin mt ch sau vai giy
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CHNG 10
Nhng
thng hiu
nga bnh
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342 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
89. Oldsmobile
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 343
344 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
Nhng trong khi cng ngh cua GM co th la vu kh li haicho cng ty, nhng gia tr nay lai khng em lai li ch cho
Oldsmobile. Mt bai bao vao thang 5 nm 2002 trn t
Detroit News a giai thch vn ma cac nha may Detroit
phai i mt trong thp nin 80 va 90:
Chin lc thng hiu co tnh cht lch s cua GM, c
khi xng bi chu tch Alfred Sloan trong nhng nm 20,
dn ngi tiu dung t Chevrolet n Buick, sang
Odsmobile va ri Cadillac. K hoach a tng thanh cng nay
vi nhng loai xe khac nhau cho tng phn b a pha san
khi cng ty tao nn cac thng hiu khac nhau trn cung gn
nh mt kiu xe. Chic Oldsmobile cng nhc va v cam
khng con thu hut c nhng ngi tiu dung b hp dn
bi cac kiu xe sang trong, v du nh Lexus cua Toyota.
Tnh trung thanh ch khng phai la hp lc a li keo ngi
tiu dung n cac phong trng bay cua GM. Tui trung bnh
cua nhng s hu chu cac loai xe nh Oldsmobile, Buick hay
Cadillac la hn 60 tui.
Cui thp nin 90, GM m ra mt chin lc thng hiu
mi chng tra lai s thiu hng cam nay. Y tng la tp
trung vao nhiu kiu dang chuyn bit hn la vao cac phn b
thng hiu. Trong cac loai Oldsmobile, cng ty tung ra cac
kiu Alero, Aurora va Intrigue trong mt n lc theo kp cac
i thu ang gm. Mc du cac kiu xe mi nay thu hut c
nhiu li bnh lun tch cc t cac phng tin truyn thng
chuyn v xe hi nhng chung u a tht bai trong vic gianh
ly th phn tre trung hn th phn ma chung a nhm n.
Vao cui nm 2000, GM a co mt quyt nh phai noi la
au long nu khng mun noi la khng th tranh khoi: dn
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91. Ovaltine
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354 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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92. Kodak
356 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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93. Polaroid
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364 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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366 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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94. Rover
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374 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
95. Moulinex
Bung ln vi khoi
Moulinex, hang san xut thit b in gia dung cua Phap, np
n pha san vao thang 9 nm 2001. Hanh ng nay lp tc
t cng ty vao hoan canh ht sc him ngheo nhng c
xem la cn thit. Cho du co mun tip tuc hoat ng nhng
mt khi cac c ng khng ng y, cng ty buc phai lam vy
nu khng mun b giai tan, mt nha phn tch th trng
chng khoan Paris nhn xet.
Khi i n ch sup , 21.000 nhn vin cua Moulinex a
phai dung n nhng phng sach bt thng co th gi
c ch lam cua ho. Mt nha may lo vi ba min nam nc
Phap b chim gi bi cng nhn va ri b t chay. Ngay tip
theo, cac cng nhn hm doa se cho n nhng trai bom t tao
tiu huy nt nhng g con sot lai. Theo tap ch Business
Week, ho thm ch con bt coc cac nha iu nh c ch nh
cua chnh phu vi muc ch at c nhng thoa thun ngh
vic tt hn. Ti gn nh b cm tu nhng o khng hn la
mt tham kch, y la thng ip cua mt nha iu nh a
xoay x cach tit l cho bao gii qua in thoai.
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380 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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382 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
97. Levis
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384 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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Ngay ca chnh phu Anh cung vao cuc, ho thuyt phuc lin
minh chu u nn chp nhn cho nhng siu th nh Tescos
c quyn nhp hang t bt c ni nao trn th gii. Nhng
Levis vn chng ch rng Tescos a khng nm vng c
vn , lm ln gia chi ph san xut qun jean va chi ph
tip th chung. im quan trong la, Middleton giai thch,
tt ca cac chi ph nay u la nhng u t vao thng hiu.
Chi ph tht cho mt cai qun jean khng ch co chi ph san
xut ma con nhiu hn th. Chnh phu Anh khng mun
chp nhn hnh anh mt nc Anh t o nn a ng v
pha siu th Tescos va v vy Levis co ve nh a thua trong
trn chin nay.
Bt k nhng yu t khng may t bn ngoai nay, khng
th chi bo mt thc t la nhng vn i vi thng hiu
Levis la do chnh t thn ho tao ra. B troi cht trong cac yu
cu bt tn la t pha va tre trung, ho a khng ngng
tung ra nhiu phong cach jean mi; luc nay Levis ang chng
to cho quy lut v giam thiu li nhun. Chi ph marketing tip
tuc ln ln trong khi gia tr tht cua thng hiu suy giam.
n nm 2000, cng ty a tht bai khi khng co tn trong
75 thng hiu hang u toan cu tnh theo gia tr cua Bao
cao Khao sat Gia tr Thng hiu quc t 2000. S gop mt
cua nhng thng hiu i thu nh Gap va Benetton trong
75 thng hiu nay cang lam cho vt thng cua Levis thm
au nhc.
Vy giai phap la g? Hu ht nhng chuyn gia thit lp
thng hiu ngay nay u ng y la nu Levis mun gianh lai
v th ma ho a nm gi vao nhng nm 80 va u 90, ho cn
phai thu hep tm ngm cua ho lai. Ngi tiu dung ngay nay
386 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
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388 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
98. Kmart
Mt thng hiu bn b vc
La mt trong nhng chui ca hang giam gia ln nht
nc My, Kmart a np n pha san vao ngay
22 thang Ging nm 2002. Hanh ng
nay la hu qua cua mai lc t hai
trong mua giang sinh va vic mt kha
nng chi tra cua cng ty cho nhng
nha cung cp chnh cua ho.
Vic np n pha san nay c gii
truyn thng kinh doanh My xem la nh
im cua mt chui nhng sai lm di
triu ai Chuck Conaway, v Giam c
iu hanh cua Kmart, ngi a nm ly
quyn lc vao thang 5 nm 2000 va trin khai mt cuc cai t
tn kem 2 ty la lam sach nhng ca hang nhch nhac va
cai tin cac h thng phn phi a li thi cua cng ty. Nhng
sai sot trong khu phn phi a dn n vic nhiu dong san
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 389
390 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 391
99. Hp m Cream
392 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 393
394 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 395
396 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 397
398 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 399
400 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 401
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 403
Muc Luc
CHNG I:
That bai - nen tang cua Thanh cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
CHNG II:
NHNG THAT BAI IEN HNH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1. New Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
2. Xe Edsel cua Ford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
3. Betamax cua Sony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
4. Arch Deluxe cua McDonalds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
CHNG III:
NHNG THAT BAI VE Y TNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
5. Ngu coc Mates cua Kelloggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
6. Godzilla cua Sony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
7. Persil Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
8. Pepsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
9. Magic Ken vi bong tai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
10.May tnh Hot Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
11. Corfam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
12. Thuoc la khong khoi RJ Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
13. Oranjolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
14. La Femme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
15. Bot giat Radion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
16. Dau goi Cam nhan Sa chua cua Clairol . . . . . . . .95
17. Pepsi AM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
404 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 405
CHNG V:
NHNG THAT BAI TRONG QUAN HE CONG CHUNG 163
40. Exxon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
41. McDonalds va phien x Mclibel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
42. Perrier va s o nhiem benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
43. Pan Am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
44. Cac san pham sa hieu Snow
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
. . . . . . .229
406 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 407
CHNG IX:
NHNG THAT BAI VE
CONG NGHE MI VA INTERNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
81. Pets.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
82. VoicePod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
83. Excite@Home
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
CHNG X:
NHNG THNG HIEU NGA BENH . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
89. Oldsmobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
90. Xa bong Pears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
91. Ovaltine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
92. Kodak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
93. Polaroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
94. Rover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
95. Moulinex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374
96. Tap ch Nova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
97. Levis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
98. Kmart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
99. Hop em Cream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
100. My pham Yardley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Thay li ket
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
408 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
MATT HAIG
S that 100
THT BAI
THNG HIU
:
:
:
:
Viet Cong
Tran Xuan Quang
Phuc ong
Tr Viet - First News
402 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 403
404 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 405
406 100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai
100 tht bai thng hiu ln nht cua moi thi ai 407