Thermal Radiaton: Plancks Law

T
I
M
Perfectly
Basic Relations
,
Reflecting Wall
n
Frequency
e
o
at T
t
h
Angular Frequency =2
l
Inside the Cavity
C
a
Wavelength
EM Wave In
g rm
Wavevector
magnitude k=2/
n
Equilibrium at
e
a
Wavevector
k=(k ,k
,k
Temperature T
k
h
G /T ) ion
c = lar rs= ck = c k + k + k
t
e
h
o
(k): Dispersion relation (linear)
v
g
i
S
n
r ct
o
y
energy in the cavity?
p ire How much
C
o
C D Ur=g2y hf (,T ) =

e
97
97
n
L = 9,2 ,..., n
,...
9
E
2.2 2 2r 2. 2 cal 2 (2dk/ 2L ) (2dk/ 2L ) (2dk/ 2L )hf (,T )
k =n o
i
r
2
L
F ct
dk
dk
dk
e
=
2
hf ( , T )
l

(2 / L ) (2 / L ) (2 / L )
Two
E polarization
x

2
x

2
z

n x =1 n y =1 n z =1

2
y

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Thermal Radiaton: Plancks Law

T
I
Energy density per
interval
M
hf ( , T )dk dk dk
,
n
u ( ) = hf ( ,e
T )D( ) o
2V
t
h
(
)
=
h

k
dk
,
4
l
h C 1
8
a
=
Plancks law
c
g
hm

n
exp r 1
2V

e
a
=
hf ( , T )4 d
k T n

h
G
8
c c
T
o
/

Intensity:
energy
flux per unit
i
r

U
a angle
r
t olsolid
= hf ( , T )
d
e
h
V
c
g t S dAnv cu( ) h
i
r
1
o
y
(
)
=
=
I

c
= hf ( , T )D( )d p
C
e
4
4 c
h
o
r
1
i
exp
y
C D rg
k
T

7 ne Solid Angle Per unit wavelength interval

= u ( )d9
7
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
dA
I ( )d 4ch
1
2 r 2 ca
d =
I ( ) =
=
R
d

i
2hc
o
D()-density
of states
per
r

exp
t
F
whole
space
c
unit volume per unit
k T
e
Plancks
law
4
angular frequency
El interval

2V
U= 3
8

2 3

2 3

3 2

p
2

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Thermal Radiaton: Plancks Law

T
I
M
Q&
Wiens displacement law
,
n o
e
t
T = 2898 Kmh
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
n
G
T
o
/
Emissive Power
i
r

s
t ola er
h
g t S nv
i
Q& ( ) = AI ( )
r
o
y
c
p
C
1o
h
e
r
=A
i
y
4 c
C
h
g
r
1 D
exp
7 k T 9 7 ne
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
2 r 2 ca
Total
i
o
r
tT
Q& = F
Q& ( )d = c
A
e
l
E
2

EMISSIVE POWER (W/cm m)

max

2 2

10

10

10

10

5600 K

2800 K

1500 K

10

800 K

10

-1

4
6
WAVELENGTH (m)

10

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

T
I
M
,
Introduction to Thermoelectricity
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
Gang Chen
n
e
a
h
G /T ion
Mechanical Engineering
lar Department
s
r
t
Massachusetts
Institute
of Technology
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
i
y
CURL: http://web.mit.edu/nanoengineering
g
D
r
7 97 ne
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
2 r 2 ca
i
o
r
F ct
e
l
E
WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Seebeck Effect

T
I
Hot, M
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
a
Conductor
1 he
G /T ion Conductor 2
lar rs
t
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
Cold
C D i rg y
7 97 ne
9
9
9
E
Voltage
.
.
l
2 r 2 ca
i
Seebeck effect: Discovered in 1821
o
r
Thomas
Johann
Seebeck
t
F
Temperature difference generates voltage
1770-1831 c
e
El
http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discoveries/text-lecture.htm

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Peltier Effect

T
I
M
,
Heatingnor Cooling
e to
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
G /T ion
r
Conductor
s
Conductor 2
1
a
r
t
l
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
C D i rg y
A
7 97 ne
9
9
9
E
.
.
Jean
Charles
Athanase
Peltier
l
2
2 ca
1785-1845 r
Peltier Effect: Discovered in 1834
i
o
An electrical current creates a cooling or
F ctr
heating effect at the junction depending
e
l
E
on the direction of current flow.

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Thomson Effect

T
I
M q(x)
,
heat release/absorption
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
m
T
T ng
r
e
a
h
n
G /T iocurrent
lar rs
t
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
Thomson
effect predicted, 1855
o
y
c
p ire
C
o
y
C
g
r
William 7
Thomson7 D
e
n
9
9
(Lord
Kelvin)
9
9
E
.
.
l
1824

1907
2 r 2 ca
i
o
r
F ct
e
l
E
cold

hot

http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discoveries/text-lecture.htm

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

An Intuitive Picture of Thermoelectric Effects

T
I
M
Current Flow in an Isothermal ,Conductor
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
G /T ion Electrical
lar rs
Field [V/m]
t
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n = / Electrical
r
t
Current Density Jye = enc
o
v
=
en

=
Resistivity [m]
p
C
e
o
r gy
i
C
D
Electron
Electron
Drift
r
Mobility
Electrical
e
7
7
Density
[1/m
]
Charge [C]
Velocity
[m/s]
[m /s.V]
n
Conductivity [1/m]
9
9
9
9
E
2. r 2. cal
q
i
Heat Flux
Fo ctr J q = qnv = e J e = J e
e
l
Peltier Coefficient [J/A]
E Heat Per Charge [J]

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Peltier Effect

T
I
M
,
J,J n
e to
1
h
l
C
a
Q
Q
g
m
n er
a
G2 /Th ion
lar J , Jrs
t
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
Qir(Peltier)
=
( 12)J
o
y
C D rg
7 97 ne
9
9
9
E
.
.

Heating
l
2 r 2 ca and cooling at junctions
Reversible
with current direction
i
o
r
F ct
e
l
E
e

q1

q2

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Seebeck Effect

T
I
M
Built-In Potential
,
n o
e
t
h
l
a
C

V
V

r

n

T
T

e
a

G /T ion
lar rs
t
Temp. Gradient
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
Charge
diffusion
under
a temperature gradient
i
y
C
g
D
r
7
Built-in potential
resisting
diffusion
e
7
n
9
9
9
9
E
l = -(V -V )/(T -T )
2. r 2.S = c-V/T
a
hot
cold
hot cold
i
o
F ctr
e
l
E S --- Seebeck Coefficient
cold

hot

cold

hot

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Thomson Effect

T
I
M
,
heat release/absorption q(x)
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
T
m
ng

T
a
e

G /T
ion
r
current
s
a
r
t
l
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
i
1
dq
dT
y
C
g
D
=
r
Thomson
Coefficient
7 97 ne
I dx dx
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
2 r 2 ca
i
o
r
t
F cRelations:
Kelvin
= ST; = T dS/ dT
e
l
E
cold

hot

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Properties are Temperature Dependent

IT

M
,
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
G /T ion
lar rs
t
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
C D i rg y
e
7
7
n
9
9
9
9
E
2. r 2. cal
i
o
r
F ct
e
l
E

Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see Fig. 2a,b in Poudel, Bed, et al. "High-Thermoelectric
Performance of Nanostructured Bismuth Antimony Telluride Bulk Alloys."
Science 320 (May 2, 2008): 634-638.

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Thermoelectric Devices

T
I
M
,
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
a
Ne
I
h
G /T ioPn
lar rs
t
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
C D i rg y
7 97 ne
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
2 r 2 ca
i
o
r
F ct
e
l
E
COLD SIDE

COLD SIDE

HOT SIDE

HOT SIDE

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

T
I
M
,
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
n
G
T
o
Performance of Thermoelectric
Devices
/
i
r

s
t ola er
h
g t S nv
i
r
y ec Co
p
o
C Dir rgy
7 97 ne
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
2 r 2 ca
i
o
r
F ct
e
l
E
WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Other Basic Relations: Heat Conduction

T
I
Th
M
Fourier Law for heat conduction
,
n o
e
t
h
l
q =gCkTma
n er
a
h
n
G ] Thermal
Heat Flux [W/m
Conductivity
[W/m.K]
T
o
/
i
lar rs
t
e
h
o
v
g
L
i t S on heat conduction
yrOne-dimensional
Area A
c
p
C
e
o
r
C Di rgy Th Tc
7 97 Qne= Ak
= KT
9
9
9
E
.
.
L
l
2 r 2 ca
kA
i
o
r
F ct
Thermal Conductance : K =
Tc le
L
E
2

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Device Analysis: Cooling

T
I
Ideal Devices
M
,
Q
T
n o
e
No Joule Heating,
t
h
l
C
No Heat Conduction
a
g rm
n
Qc = (
a
p-n)e
p
G /Th ion
n

Real Devices:
r
s
a
r
t
l
e
h
o
v
g
Joule
Heating
& Heat Conduction
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
2R/2 - K (T -T )

C
e
Q
=
(
-
)

I
o
r
c
p
n
h c
i
y
T
QC
g
D
r
e Resistance Thermal Conductance
7 97 Electrical
n
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
2 r 2 ca
L p p Ln n
k A
k A
R
=
+
i
+
K=
Fo ctr
Ap
An
L
L
e
l
E
c

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Refrigerator Performance

T
I
V = IR + ( S S )(TM
T )
Voltage Drop:
,
n o
e
t
Coefficient of Performance: h
l
C
a
1 2
g
m
S
S
IT
K
T
T

( H C) I R
n) C
r
Q C ( p an
2
e
=
=
G(Sp /STnh) I ( THioTnC ) + I2R
W
T Q
lar rs
t
e
h
T
o
v
g
+

1
ZT
i
S
n
r
T
T
t
o
y

=
c
Optimize Current:p
e
T TC
(
) 1 + ZT + 1
o
r
i
y
C D rg
T = 0.5(T +
T )

e
7
7
n
9
9
9
9
E
2
2. r 2. ca(Slp Sn )2
S
S

(
p
n)
Zi =
=
o
r
KR
L p p L k p A p k A

F ct
n n
n n

+
+

e
Ap
A n L p
L
n

El
Tc Qc

max

H
C

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Figure of Merit Z

T
I
M
,
L p p L k p A p k A n
KR =
+ n en
+ n n
o
t
Ap

h
A
L
L
n
p
n l

C
a
g rm
1/ 2
n
e
2
L n A p p k n
a
n
=

( KR )min = ( k pp + k n n ) Gwhen/Th
o
L piA n n k p

s
a
r
t
l
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
2
n
r
t
o
y
Sp Sn )
2
2

(
c
p
S
S
C
e 2 yFor a single material: Z = =

Zmax =
o
r
i
Ck pp + Dk n n ) rg
k
k

(
7 97 ne
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
pn a
pairs are used:
2 In a device,
2
r ric
o
(1)
F Areascoft each type of legs need to be optimized
e
(2) Two
types of legs should have comparable properties
l
E
(3) Current input to the device needs to be optimized

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Typical Number

T
I
M
,
n o
e
t
Bi2Te3-based materials ~300 C
Kh
l
a
g
m
r
n
Power
Factor:
S
=48 W/cm-K
S=220 V/K
e
a
h Z=3.2x10
n
Figure
1/K
G of/TMerit:
=10 Sm
o
i
r

ZT=1
k=1.5 W/mK
s
t ola er
h
g t S nv
i
r
Device Leg: p
1y
mm x 1cmm xC2omm
e y
o
r
i
C
g
D
3
r
L
2 10
e
7
7
R
0.02
=
=
=
n
9
9
1

5
6
A
9
9
10 l10E
.
.
2 r 2 ca
i
o
r
Legs
are
t electrically in series
F but thermally
c
in parallel
e
l
E
2

-1

-3

Image by michbich at Wikipedia.

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Two Tc
thermocouples
soldered into
drilled holes

T
I
M
,
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
G /T ion
lar rs
t
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
C D i rg y
Match two leg size
7 97 ne
Minimize contact
9
9
9
E
resistance
2. r 2. cal
i
o
Optimize current
r
T = 100 C
F ct
e
l
E
An Example

Temperature Difference (oC)

120
100
80
60
40
20

One Th
thermocouple
soldered into
drilled holes

Copper blocks (Th)

Experimental data
Theoretical prediction

Ceramics
plate for
electrical
insulation

4
6
8
10
WARREN
Current
(A) M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Temperature Dependence of Properties

T
I
M
,
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
G /T ion
lar rs
t
e
h
o
v
g
i
S
n
r
t
o
y
c
p
C
e
o
r
C D i rg y
e
7
7
n
9
9
9
9
E
2. r 2. cal
i
o
r
F ct
e
l
E

Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see Fig. 2a,b,d,e in Poudel, Bed, et al.
"High-Thermoelectric Performance of Nanostructured
Bismuth Antimony Telluride Bulk Alloys." Science 320 (May 2, 2008): 634-638.

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Differential Analysis

T
I
M
,
n o
e
t
h
O
l
a
d dT g C
dS dT
2
m
k
anJT er + J = 0

h dxon
/TdT
dx 2 dx G
i
r

s
t ola er
h
g t S nv
i
r
Thomson
Neglected Joule Heating
o
y ecEffect, Usually
p
C
o
r
i
y
C Boundary
g
D
r
Conditions
(Cooling):
e
7
7
n
9
9
9
9
E
dT
dT
l
2L . r 2. cx=0:
+ J = k
+ STc J

a
T given or q c = k
dx
dx
i
o
r
F ct
e
x El
c

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Thermoelectric Power Generation

ave

ave

ave

POWER GENERATION EFFICIENCY

EFFICIENCY

T
I
0.66
0.
0.6

M
,
Efficiency

n o
e
t
h
0.55
0.
0.5

l
C
a
T 1 + ZT 1

g
m
=
1

r
n
T
e
a

T 1 + ZT
+

0.4
h
G /T ion
T
r

s
a
r
t
T +T
l
0.3 o
e
h
T
=

v
g
i
S
n
r
2

t
o
y
c
p
C
TPV
0.2
e
o
r
i
y
Constant Properties
C D rg
7 97 ne 0.1
9
9
9
E
.
.
l
THERMOELECTRIC
IC
2 r 2 ca
POWERG
GENERATORS
i
o
0
1
2
3
4 5 6
F ctr
TEMPERATURERATIO(T /T )
e
l
E
ZT

CARNOTCYCLE

10

4T
4
THERMAL

POWER

PLANT
T

ALKALI METAL
THERMAL TO
ELECTR
RC
IC
IC
CELLS

THERMIO
IONIC
IC
GENERATORS

DIESE
IESELPPLA
LANT

STIR
IRLIN
ING
G

GENERATOR
1

AUTOMOTIV
IVE
ENGINES

0.5
0.5

hot

0
7 8 9 110

cold

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Thermoelectric Refrigeration

T
I
M
,
Coefficient of Performance
n oCYCLE
CARNOT
e
t
h
5
STIRLING
l
C
1 + ZT T / T
a
T
REFRIGERATORS
g
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COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE

hot

cold

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

T
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t
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a
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Current and Potential
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WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Commercial Thermoelectric Devices

IT

M
,
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
G /T ion
lar rs
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e
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froml Hi-Z
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Coolers from Marlow Industries
E
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see http://www.hi-z.com/index.php
http://www.marlow.com/thermoelectric-modules/

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Current Applications in Refrigeration

T
I
M
,
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
G /T ion
lar rs
t
e
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2. r 2. cal
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Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see: http://www.roadtrucker.com/12-volt-coolers-accessories/
12-volt-coolers-products/igloo-40-quart-kool-mate-40-12-volt-thermo-electric-cooler-6402.jpg
http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00kvZEKWVPgtlu/Refrigerator-BC-65A-.jpg
http://www.newdavincis.com/images/wc-1682%2016%20bottles.jpg
http://www.rmtltd.ru/datasheets/TO812.4MD04116xx.pdf
http://www.medsystechnology.com/images/gem4000_w32a.jpg
http://amerigon.com/ccs_works.php

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Current Applications in Power Generation

T
I
M
,
n o
e
t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
e
a
h
G /T ion
lar rs
t
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h
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7
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9
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2. r 2. cal
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Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see:
http://thermoelectrics.caltech.edu/images/mhw-rtg.gif
http://globalte.com/pdf/teg_5120_spec.pdf

http://www.roachman.com/thermic/thermic1.jpg

http://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/pictures/downloads/misc-sustainability_05-0_h.jpg

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

System Consideration

T
I
M

Object being cooled

Tcold

Ceramic
substrate

Tobject

Electrical
interconnect

Carriers moving heat

TE Element

Thot
Heat sink

Tte
T

Tambient

C
7
9
9
.
2 r 2.
Fo c
e
l
E
Sometimes,
thermal systems more expansive
DC Power source
_
+

Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.

WARREN M. ROHS
ENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
ROHSENOW
MIT

Heat to Electricity Recovery

T
I
from Gas Stream
M

,
n
e to
h
l
Heat Transfer Surfaces
C
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lar rs
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Side TemperatureT
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o trimaximum heat intercepted from hot
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However,
c
e
gas lstream, mcp(Th,i-TH), decreases with TH
E
H

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

Vehicle Systems

T
I
In US, transportation
uses
M
,
~26%
of total energy.
n
e to
Radiator: TE
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
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a
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G /T ion
lar rs
Catalytic converter: TE
t
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Mechanical
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35kJ
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Main AC: TE

Local cooling of seats: TE

Parasitic
M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT
heat losses Coolant WARREN Exhaust

Prototypes

T
I
M
,
n o
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t
h
l
C
a
g rm
n
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a
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G /T ion
lar rs
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http://cache.gawker.com/
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7
7
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Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see
http://cdn-www.greencar.com/images/waste-exhaust-heat-generates-electricity-cars-efficient.php/bmw-teg-1.jpg
http://cache.gawkerassets.com/assets/images/12/2009/03/BMW_TEG.jpg

WARREN M. ROHSENOW HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY, MIT

MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

2.997 Direct Solar/Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion Technologies

Fall 2009

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.