Chapter II

COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

The second chapter provides the cooling load computation for the project. It contains
both the system design specification and all the detailed load computations for solar load,
internal cooling load, and cooling load of the building. In order to get the essential information
for the project's equipment selection and system size. Furthermore, a summary of the collected
data will also be presented at the end of the chapter.

Source: HVAC Cooling Load Calculations and Principle, 2021

Figure 2.1 Sources of Cooling Load

Figure 2.1 shows the sources of cooling load. The calculation of the cooling load requires
specific data from buildings in order to design the HVAC system precisely. The location of the
building, the weather, and the orientation of the structure, as well as the external and interior heat
loads and heat gain through infiltration, are all factors to consider.
2.1 Design Temperature
Considering the internal and external temperatures of a building is a crucial aspect when
planning the air-conditioning system for a particular project. This necessitates analyzing location
data and its past weather patterns to ascertain these temperature parameters.
Table 2.1 shows historical weather data for the month of April in Makati City for the last
13 years, from 2009 to 2023. The highest dry bulb (DB) temperature ever recorded was 35 °C,
with a relative humidity of 69%. The value was obtained from the World Weather Online
website, which attributes its source to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and
Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA).

Table 2.1 Historical Weather in the month of April over the years of Makati.

Figure 2.2 Historical Weather in the Month of April

 When devising indoor designs for air-conditioned environments, careful consideration is
required in determining the design conditions. In a typical summer day, the HVAC system is
dimensioned to maintain a temperature of 24°C and a relative humidity of 50% (ASHRAE,
2017). Bhatia classifies the Philippines as a very hot humid island with a tropical climate, hence
why summer was selected as the relevant climate for this study.

Table 2.2 shows the indoor and outdoor conditions that will be considered to calculate the
cooling load f

Table 2.2 Summary of Design Temperature and Relative Humidity

TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY
OUTDOOR 35 ℃ 69 %
INDOOR 24 ℃ 50 %
Source: World Weather Online, 2023 and ASHRAE 2017

2.3 Transmission Load

The transmission load is a heat loss or heat gain due to a temperature difference across a
building element (ASHRAE, 2007). The heat transfers through the walls, floor and other
elements of a building are through the air film on one side, through the solid materials, and then
through the air film on the other side. These elements are usually made up of layers of different
materials. (Pita, 2002).
The rate at which heat is conducted through any material depends on three factors:

1.) The temperature difference across which the heat flows.

2.) The area of the surface through which heat is flowing and;
3.) The thermal resistance (R) of the material to heat transfer.

The formula below will be used to calculate the transmission load (heat gain)
(Stoecker, 1979).

Formula of Transmission Load in Double Glazing Glass Walls:

QT =UA ( ∆ T )
Where:

QT =Heat gain due ¿ thermal transmission, W

W
U =Thermal Transmission , 2
m ∙K
2
A=Wall Area ,m

∆ T =Inside∧Outside Temperature Difference , K

m2 ∙ K
R=Thermal Resistance ,
W

Figure 2.3 represents the zone 1 of the 11 th floor that will be used for the initial
computation of the transmission load. It covers different rooms as follows: Clinic,
Meeting Room, Pantry, Lactating Room, 1 CR and 2 Office areas.

Figure 2.3 Zone 1 of 11th Floor

Figure 2.4 represents the cross-sectional area of the glass wall that will be used which is a
double-glazing glass wall.

Source: ASHRAE, 2009 Double Glazing

Figure 2.4 Cross-Sectional Area of Double-Glazing Glass

Table 2.3 Shows the material specification of glass that will be used for the exterior walls and
indoor walls computation for the transmission load and solar load of the establishment.

Table 2.3 Material Specification of Glass

MATERIAL SPECIFICATION OF GLASS

THICKNESS Air Space Overall thermal coefficient
(mm) (mm) (W/m2. K)
Exterior Walls
20 6 3.12
(Double Glaze)
2.3.1 Initial Computation of Transmission Load

Computation of transmission load of the office A of zone 1:

Q TL=UA ( ∆ T )

∆ T =( T o −T i ) =( 35−24 )=11

QTL=UA ( ∆ T )

Q TL =(3.12W /m2 . K ) ¿10m x 4m) (11) K

QTL =453.02W

The computed transmission load for office A room of Zone 1 that only has north wall is
453.02 W. All areas inside each zone will be subject to the same calculation.
Table 2.4 Shows the overall computation of the transmission loads and shows what side
is subjected to transmission load.
Table 2.4 Summary of Transmission Loads in each Zone

Zone Description Wall Considered Length of Glass Glass Transmission

No. (m) Wall Load
Height (W)
(m)
Managers Cabin 4
North West 3.3 2.5 940.992
1
Meeting Room 1 West 2.1 4 340.70
Lactating Room West 1.8 4 292.032
Clinic West 4.6 4 746.30
Pantry / Canteen - - 4 -
1
Office A North 10 4 1622.4
Office B North East 9.4 11 4 3309.7
Managers Cabin 4
East 2.5 405.6
2
CR and Shower 4
West 3.5 567.84
Room
Zone Description Wall Considered Length of Glass Glass Transmission
No. (m) Wall Load
Height (W)
(m)
Meeting 4
- - -
Room 2
Meeting 4
- - -
Room 3
Board Room East 5.5 4 892.32
Managers 4
East 2.5 405.6
Cabin 3
2 Office C South West 12 6.3 4 2968.99
Office D South East 11.4 14.2 4 4153.34
Meeting 4
- - -
Room 4
Cabins Room 4
West 2.4 389.376
4
Lobby - - 4 -
CR (SHE) West 3.07 4 498.077
Office A North West 6.2 8.9 4 2449.82
Office B North 7.6 4 1233.02
Office C North East 6.1 12 4 2936.54
Office D East 4.7 4 762.528
CR 1 West 2.9 4 470.496
3 Co-Working 4
East 5.3 859.872
area
Board room East 3.6 4 584.064
Coffee Area - - 4 -
Managers 2.5 4
North West 3 892.32
Cabin
Lobby - - 4 -
Meeting Rm 1 - - 4 -
Meeting Rm 2 - - 4 -
Office E East 7.6 4 1233.02
4
Office F South East 11.2 7.4 4 3017.66
Office G South West 12.1 8.8 4 3390.82
IT ROOM - - 4 -
CR 2 West 3.6 4 584.064
5 Prod Area A North West 13.6 11.4 4 4056
Prod Area B North East 9.3 6 4 2482.27
Prod Area E - - 4 -
Prod Area F East 5.3 4 859.872
Prod Area G East 4.3 4 697.632
Hallway - - 4 -
 CR 1 West 2.7 4 438.048
Meeting 4
- - -
Room D
Meeting 4
East 4.5 730.08
Room A
Pantry Area - - 4 -
Prod Area J East 3.6 4 584.064
Meeting 4
East 4.8 778.752
Room B
Prod Area C South West 11.7 8.9 4 3342.14
6 Prod Area D South East 11.8 11.6 4 3796.42
P. Booth A to 4
- - -
C
CR 2 West 3.1 4 502.944
Meeting 4
- - -
Room C
2.4 Solar Heat Gain through transparent surfaces4

The primary surface through which heat typically infiltrates a building is its opaque
exterior wall. Specifically, the eastern-facing and western-facing exterior walls receive direct
heat exposure in the morning and afternoon, respectively. It is essential to calculate the cooling
requirements for these exterior walls to ensure that the units with these exposed surfaces receive
sufficient cooling.
Figure 2.5 is a representation of the distribution of solar heat striking a transparent
surface. Heat gain due to solar energy incident on a surface will depend upon the physical
characteristics of the surface optical properties (Stoecker, 1983).

Source: Energy Education

Figure 2.5 Double Glazing Glass Wall

The following condition will be used in order to solve the solar heat gain through windows or
glazed areas.
1.) The date is on May, July 32° North Latitude
2.) Type of Glass is Double Glazed
The solar heat gain through the glass walls are calculated using following equation below.
(Stoecker, 1979)
Formula for solar heat gain through transparent surfaces:

q sg =( SHGF max ) ( SC ) A

Where:

q sg =the solar energy passing through a window , ( SHGF max ) ( SC ) A

W
SHGFmax =maximum solar heat gain for sunlit glass
m2

SC=shading effect for double glazing window ( shading coefficient ) .

A=area of thedouble glazed window , m

The proposed building uses double glazed windows, which has a maximum solar heat
gain factor of 685 and a shading coefficient of 0.83 according to the table below.

Table 2.5: Maximum solar heat gain factor for sunlit glass
Source: Stoecker, 1979

Table 2.6: Shading Coefficient of Glass

Source: Stoecker, 1979

Figure 2.6 represents the zone 1 of the 11th floor that will be used for the initial
computation of the solar heat gain. It covers different rooms as follows: Clinic, Meeting Room,
Pantry, Lactating Room, 1 CR and 2 Office areas.
 Figure 2.6 Zone 1 of 11th Floor
2.4.1 Initial Computation of Solar Heat Gain
Computation of solar heat gain of managers cabin 1 that has a glass wall that is subjected
to a solar heat gain located at the west side.
Formula for solar heat gain through transparent surfaces:
q sg =( SHGF max ) ( SC ) A

q sg =( 685 )( 0.83 ) ( 2.5 x 4 )

q sg =5685.5 Watts

The computed transmission load for office A room of Zone 1 that only has north wall is
453.02 W. All areas inside each zone will be subject to the same calculation.
Table 2.7 Shows the overall computation of the solar heat gain through glass walls and
shows what side is subjected to solar load.
Table 2.7: Summary of Solar Load Through Transparent Surfaces
Zone No. Description Wall Considered Length of Height Solar Load
Glass Wall of Glass (Watts)
Area Wall
(m) Area
(m)
Managers West 2.5 4
Cabin 1 5685.5
Meeting West 2.1 4
Room 1 4775.82
Lactating West 1.8 4
Room 4093.56
Clinic West 4.6 4 10461.32
Office B East 11 4 25016.2

1 Managers East 2.5 4

Cabin 2 5685.5
Cr and West 3.5 4
Shower
Room 7959.7
Total 63677.6
Board Room East 5.5 4 12508.1
Managers East 2.5 4
2 Cabin 3 5685.5
Office C West 6.3 4 14327.46
Office D East 14.2 4 32293.64
Cabins Room 4 East 2.4 4 5458.08
CR (SHE) West 3.07 4 6981.794
Zone 2
Total 77254.574
Office A West 8.9 4 20240.38
Office C East 12 4 27290.4
Office D East 4.7 4 10688.74
3
CR 1 West 2.9 4 6595.18
Co-Working East 5.3 4
area 12053.26
Managers West 2.5 4
Cabin 5685.5
Board room East 3.6 4 8187.12
Zone 3