A N - N A J A H N AT I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y

BUILDING ENGINEERING

D E PA R T M E N T

HVAC
PROJECT
PREPARED BY: Mueen Abu Odeh, Mohammed Al Sakhil,
Ahmad Younis

SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Fadi Fatayer

(1)

Table of Contents
 Content Number of
pages

Introduction 3
About Project
4-5
Heating load
6-10
& Fuel Req.
Radial Radiator
11-15
System
Cooling load
16-23
Duct sizing 24-27
References 28

(2)

Introduction
In our building, thermal is one of the most important parts for having a comfort
structure. So it becomes necessary finding a system achieves this thing. In this
Course we can find some calculation to achieve big amount of thermal comfort
and having a good and cheap heating or cooling system that make our building
comfort.

We can define thermal comfort as: That condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with thermal environment.

Understanding heat transfer and the temperature distribution through building

materials and assemblies is also important for assessing energy use, thermal
comfort, thermal movements, durability, and the potential for moisture
problems. The control of heat flow in buildings requires insulation layers
compromised with few thermal bridges, an effective air barrier system, good
control of solar radiation, and management of interior heat generation.

(3)

About Project
In this project, we choose a certain site in Nablus – 15 street, with certain house
plan that have Area160m2.

By searching about the coldest out temperature in 21-January in Nablus

according last 10 years it equals4℃ ,and maximum temperature in 21-July equals
29℃ ,the design inside Temperature from Standard tables it equals 21℃ .

Nablus is 550 m above the sea level with latitude of 32°north &longitude of 35°
.East, we assume wind speed 9m/s

Plans& Elevations:

(4)
(5)
 Heating load

The best value for inside temperature that make comfort both in winter and
summer (sharing two semesters ) equals 22.5-23.5℃ and in this case need inside
temperature in winter semester 21℃ .
Ignored the floor because small amount heat loss through soil and have more
10-15 ℃ from inside temperature.
First of all, we need to evaluate the value of overall heat transfer coefficient (U)
U value for wall:

X: thickness (Meter)

K: Conductivity (W/M.C)

R: Resistance (Ω)

Type X(m) K X/K R

Ri _ _ _ 0.13
Plaster 0.02 0.87 0.02/0.87 0.023
Block _ _ _ 0.21
Concrete 0.13 1.95 0.13/1.95 0.067
Stone 0.05 2.6 0.05/2.6 0.0192
Ro _ _ _ .04
Tot 0.489

U wall = 1 /Rtot= 1 / 0.489= 2.044

(6)
U value for Roof:

Type X (m) K X/K R

Ri - - - 0.10
Gipson 0.013 0.21 0.013/0.21 0.0619
board
Plaster 0.02 1.4 0.02/1.4 0.014
Concrete 0.25 1.95 0.25/1.95 0.128
Mortar 0.07 1.4 0.07/1.4 0.05
Ro - - - 0.04
Total - - - 0.393

U Roof = 1 /Rtot= 1 / 0.393 = 2.53

U value for windows: (Double glazing window with 12 mm air gap glass &
thermal break 8 mm).
w
From the table (a/6/3) & its modifying U value =3.3 ( m2∗℃ )
w
U value for Door: Solid Door = 3.0 ( m2∗℃ )

(7)
Secondly, now we want to calculate heating load for first floor starting with bed
room 1 as a sample:

Type of area M^2

Windows (2) 2*(1.8*1.5)=5.4
Wall (2exposed) ((4*3+4*3)-5.4)=18.6
Roof 16

U value W/M^2. C
Window 3.3
Wall 2.044
Roof 2.53

∆ T =17 ℃

Heating load = Q envelope + Q inf

Q envelope = ∑ A∗U∗∆ T (wall, window, roof)

Q env. = (5.4*3.3*17) + (18.6*2.044*17) + (16*2.53*17) = 1637.4Watt

Assume windows are sliding aluminum, K=0.43

V̇ f : Volumetric flow
2 windows, Thus L = ((1.24*4) +1.74*2) *2= 16.88m rate

S1 = 1, because wind speed = 9km/hr = 2.5 m/s V: Wind speed m/s

S2 = 0.70, Class 2 & Category C L: Crack length m

1250 K: infiltration coeff.

Q inf. = 3600 ∗V̇ f ∗∆ T
S1&S2: Factors
V̇ f =K∗L∗¿ ¿

V̇ f =0.43∗( 8.44∗2 )∗¿ ¿

= 11.04

1250
( )
Q inf. = 3600 ∗11.04∗17 =65.20

Q total = 1637.4 + 65.20=1702.6Watt (8)

 Next table will show the heating load for other room in first floor:-
(Note: kitchen contain wall exposed to soil that it Temp = out +10c = 4+10 = 14 c, due to this case kitchen doesn’t need much heating load)

Type of (Q) (Q) (Q)

room envelop inf/vent Heating load

Bed room 1 1637.4 65.20109 1702.601

Bed room 2 1582.156 65.20109 1647.357
Living room 3019.353 65.20109 3084.554
Bath room 1 562.817 5.987067 568.8041
Bath room 2 465.3084 5.987067 471.2955
Bed room 3 1048.074 32.60055 1080.675
Kitchen 1749.229 32.60055 1781.83
Total 10064.350 272.77 10337.11

Total heating load =10337.11 Watt

Devices and systems for heating & cooling:-

Air condition under floor heating system radiator system

(9)
 Fuel requirements for heating system

24∗Q∗DD Cd
MF = ( Ti−¿ )∗CV ( μ )

Janua February March April October Novembe Decembe

ry r r
Tavg 7.8 8.85 11.10 15.2 19.45 11.26 11.25
5
18.3- 10.5 9.45 7.20 3.05 -1.15 7.04 7.05
Tavg
Days of 31 28 31 30 31 30 31
the
month
D.D 325.5 264.6 223.2 91.5 -35.65 211.20 224.75
0

10337.11
Q total = ∗3600=37213.596 KJ /hr
1000

D.D = ∑ dgree day ∈above seasons=1298.9

∆ T =17 °

CV =39,000 , disel fuel(least value)

Cd=0.75 , cause 1001< DD <2000

μ=0.8 , for liquid

Denisty ( ρ ) =850 kg /m 3
 24∗37213 .596∗1298 . 9 0 . 75
MF = ( 17 )∗39 ,000 ( 0.8 ) =1640. 38 Kg/season

MF 1640.38
Volume Tank= = =1.92 m 3
ρ 850

(10)

Radiator System Design

Assumptions:-

 The Radial Plastic System used &Forced Circulation System.

 The Design temperature drop of hot water in each radiator is between 10 to 20 C.
Use 10 C.
 The Design water velocity is the piping network between 0.6 to 1.2 m/s
 (In Residential building). Use 0.9 m/s.
 The average daily consumption of hot water for family (six members) is 280 L/day
 The Temperature difference (TH.W – TC.W ) is between 50 to 60 C. Use 50 C
 Equivalent length for steel pipe is 1.5-2 Length of pipe. Use 1.5.
 Equivalent length for PVC pipe is 1.2-1.5 Length of pipe. Use 1.2.
 Q (radiator) = 1.1 -1.15 Q (loss). Use 1.15
 The length between boiler and collector is 3.5m.
 Sill Height = 1 m.
 (11)

From boiler to collector v = 0.9 m/s². (Steel pipe)

Q =∑Q Rad = 10337.11*1.15 = 11887.67W Q = 11.88KW.

QH.W= (M*CP )HW*(TH.W – TC.W ) = (280*50*4.186/3600) = 16.28

Safety factor 1.1, Thus Q h.w = 16.28*1.1 = 17.9

ṁb = Qrad +h.w /(Cp* ∆T) =29.78/(4.186*10) = 0.73kg/s.

EL2 = 1.5 *3.5 = 5.25 m.

∆P/El = 420Pa/m

∆P/El*(El) = 420 * 5.25= 2205 Pa

Diameter = 32 mm

From collector to radiator use PVC

EL1 = 1.2 * L= 1.2 *9.17 = 11m

m = Q/ (Cp* ∆T)

=11.88/ (4.186*10) = 0.045m/s

∆P/El = 1800 pa/m

∆P/El * El =1800*11=19800 Pa
Zone Q ṁ D
WATT L/S Mm
boiler 10337.11 32 mm
collector 10337.11 25 mm
Bed room 1 1702.601 0.040674 15 mm
Bed room 2 1647.357 0.039354 15 mm
Living room 3084.554 0.073687 15 mm
Bath room 1 568.8041 0.013588 15 mm
Bath room 2 471.2955 0.011259 15 mm
Bed room 3 1080.675 0.025816 15 mm
Kitchen 1781.83 0.042566 15 mm

(12)

El1+ EL2= 16.25m= EL TOTAL

∆P pump =19800 + 2205=22005 pa ∆p = 22.005 KpaHead pressure = 2.2 m

∆P/El=22005/16.25 = 1354.15 pa/m

Pump Selection:-
Suitable pump for design is 150 CAB
 (13)

Boiler Chimney Design

Assumptions:-
 Boiler uses diesel as fuel.
 Combustion Efficiency for diesel (ɳ)= 80%.
 Calorific Value of diesel (C.V) = 39000 kJ/kg.
 ṁ g = mass flow rate of flue gases leaving chimney.
 ṁ f =mass flow rate of fuel.
 Velocity (v) = 3-5 m/s. Use 5 m/s.
 Fuel gases density (ρg) =1.1 kg/m3.
 The chimney diameter should not be less than 126 mm.

𝑚̇ f=𝑄̇ 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟/ɳ*𝐶.𝑉=29.78/0.8∗39000= 0.000954 kg/s

𝑚̇ g = 25.2*𝑚̇ f
= 25.2 * 0.000954 = 0.024 kg/s
Ac =𝑚̇ 𝑔/𝜌𝑔*𝑣=0.024/1.1*5= 0.00436 m2
Ac =𝜋/4 * Dc2
Then the chimney diameter of the boiler is:
Dc= 0.0745m (74.5 mm) < Minimum chimney diameter (126 mm)
∴The chimney diameter is 126 mm.

(14)

Radiator Selection
Assumptions:-
 Radiator height 681 mm <1000 (sill height) – (150 mm).
 Heating output per radiator section= 170Watt.
 weight = 8.3
 Q Section = 170 watt. (MC3,5/681,cast iron radiator).
Qrad 1957.99
Number of section= = =11.51 ≈ 12
Qsec 170

Q rad. Q Qrad # of sec Approx

watt watt watt #of sec
Bed room 1 1702.601 1957.991 11.5176 12
Bed room 2 1647.357 1894.461 11.14389 12
Living room 3084.554 3547.237 20.8661 21
Bath room 1 568.8041 654.1247 3.847792 4
Bath room 2 471.2955 541.9898 3.188175 4
Bed room 3 1080.675 1242.776 7.310449 8
Kitchen 1781.83 2049.105 12.05356 13
 Cooling Load

Parameters were taken in our consideration for cooling calculation:

latitude of Palestine is = 32°
Assume the building is medium construction.
Cooling load occurs between (13:00-17:00). Use Max. At 15:00.
Maximum average temperature in August and its equal 29° c
Inside design condition = 21° c

Assumptions:-
Color adjustment factor (k) for roof is 1. (Assume roof is dark colored)
Color adjustment factor (k) for walls is 0.83. (Assume wall is permanently
medium Colored)
U wall = 2.044 w/m².c
U roof =2.53 w/m².c

CLTD corr. CLTD LM K 25.5-TI To-29.4

Roof 22.6 19 -0.5 1 4.5 -0.4
N.wall 4.017 1 -1.1 0.83 4.5 -0.4
E.wall 12.4 10 0 0.83 4.5 -0.4
S.wall 13.645 11 0.5 0.83 4.5 -0.4
W.wall 9.08 6 0 0.83 4.5 -0.4
 (16)

Bed room 1 sample calculation:-

For Roof:-

(CLTD)Correction= (CLTD+LM)*k + (25.5-Ti) + (To, m -29.4) *f

Roof CLTD is not mentioned at table 9-1 , Thus used 9-3

Roof CLTD= 19

Roof LM = -0.5

Roof k = 1 (assume roof is dark colored)

Ti = 21 c ,To = 29 c .

F = 1 (factor roof fan)

(CLTD)Correction= (19-0.5)*1 + (25.5-21) + (29 -29.4) *1 = 22.6

𝑄̇s =U*A*(CLTD) Correction

𝑄̇s =2.53* 16 * 22.6 = 914.84 watt

For East wall:-

(CLTD)Correction= (CLTD+LM)*k +(25.5-Ti) + (To,m -29.4) *f

wall CLTD is not mentioned at table 9-4 , Thus used 9-6 ,wall CLTD= 10 ,wall LM = 0 .
wall k =0.83 (assume roof is dark colored)

Ti = 21 c

To = 29 c

F = 1 (factor roof fan)

(CLTD)Correction= (19-0)*0.83 + (25.5-21) + (29 -29.4) *1 = 12.4

𝑄̇s =2.044*9.3 *12.4 =235.71

(17)

For North wall:-

(CLTD)Correction= (CLTD+LM)*k +(25.5-Ti) + (To,m -29.4) *f

Wall CLTD is not mentioned at table 9-4, thus used 9-6

Wall CLTD= 1 , wall LM = -1.1 .

Wall k =0.83(assume roof is dark colored)

Ti = 21 c ,To = 29 c .

F = 1 (factor roof fan)

(CLTD)Correction= (19-1.1)*0.83 + (25.5-21) + (29 -29.4) *1 = 4.017

𝑄̇s =2.044*9.3*4.017=76.35

Total for bed room 1 Qs = 914.84 +235.71 + 76.35 = 1226.90 watt

U U A CLTD Qs Q
Room Wall wall roof wall A roof W. CLTD R. QsRoof Walls Total
Bed N 9.3 4.017 76.35 1223.9
room 1 E 2.044 2.53 9.3 16 12.4 22.6 914.84 235.71
Bed E 8.7 12.4 220.50 1348.88
room 2 S 2.044 2.53 9.3 15.2 13.64 22.6 869.10 259.28
Living N 8.1 66.50 2649.39
room 4.017
E 2.044 2.53 6.07 42.48 12.4 22.6 2428.92 153.97
 Bath N 5.52 4.017 45.32 502.74
room 1 2.044 2.53 8 22.6 457.42
Bath S 4.62 13.64 128.80 498.16
room 2 2.044 2.53 6.46 22.6 369.36
Bed S 8.4 13.64 234.19 1098.11
room 3 2.044 2.53 14.06 22.6 803.92
Kitchen S 2.044 2.53 6.3 18.6 13.64 22.6 1063.51 175.64 1239.15
total 16 8560.33

(18)

*Transmission heat gain:-

Q transmitted = A*SHG*SC*CLF

In design, assumed all windows have interior shading (Venetian Blinds, Medium), calculated
in august at 15:00 pm,(double glazing) the glass is Reflective and Nominal thickness=6mm.

Surface SHG SC CLF

s
N 117 0.20 0.82
E 691 0.20 0.20
W 691 0.20 0.72
S 350 0.20 0.50

For Bed room 1:-

North wall:

Q transmitted = A * SHG * SC * CLF

= 2.7*117*0.20*0.89=56.23

East wall:

Q transmitted = A * SHG * SC * CLF

= 2.7*691*0.20*0.24=89.55

A Q
Room Wall wind SC SHG CLF Trans.
Bed N 2.7 0.2 117 0.82 51.80
 room 1 E 2.7 691 0.20 74.62
Bed E 2.7 691 0.20 74.62
room 2 S 2.7 0.2 350 0.50 94.50
Living N 2.7 117 0.82 51.80
room 691
E 2.7 0.2 0.20 74.62
Bath N 0.48 117 0.82 9.21
room 1 0.2
Bath S 0.48 350 0.50 16.8
room 2 0.2
Bed S 2.7 350 0.50 94.50
room 3 0.2
Kitchen S 2.7 0.2 350 0.50 94.50
total 16 636.97

Convection:-

Q convection = U*A*(CLTD) correction

For room 1

North wall:-

Q convection = U*A*(CLTD) correction

= 3.3*2.7*11=98.01

East wall:-

Q convection = U*A*(CLTD) correction

= 3.3*2.7*012.1=107.81

Surfaces CLTD LM K F CLTDcorr.

N 8 -1.1 1 1 11
E 8 0 1 1 12.1
W 8 0 1 1 12.1
S 8 0.5 1 1 12.6

A CLTD Q
Room Wall wind U valu corr. conv.
Bed N 2.7 11 98.01
room 1 E 3.3 12.1 107.81
Bed E 2.7 3.3 12.1 107.81
 room 2 S 12.6 112.26
Living N 2.7 11 98.01
room
E 3.3 12.1 107.81
Bath N 0.48 11 17.42
room 1 3.3
Bath S 0.48 12.6 19.95
room 2 3.3
Bed S 2.7 12.6 112.26
room 3 3.3
Kitchen S 2.7 3.3 12.6 112.26
total 893.6

(20)

Heat gain due to lights and occupants:

Assumptions:-
Lighting intensity it ranges from (10-30) W/m2 for apartment.
Lambs are not vented.
Number of hours of operation is 16 hr.
Number of hours after lights are turned on is 8 hr.

Where:-

Q lighting =Plight *Area * (CLF) Light

For bed room 1:-

Q lighting =Plight *Area * (CLF) Light

Q lighting =15 * 16 * 0.87 = 208.8 watt

Power
(𝑤 Area CLF Q Lighting
Room ⁄𝑚2 ) (m2) (Lighting) (watt)
Bed
room 1 15 16 0.87 208.8
Bed
room 2 15 15.2 0.87 198.36
Living
room 20 42.48 0.87 739.15
Bath
room 1 10 8 0.87 69.60
 Bath
room 2 10 6.46 0.87 56.20
Bed
room 3 15 14.06 0.87 183.48
Kitche
n 30 18.6 0.87 485.46
total 1941.05

(21)

Occupants:-

Assumptions:-
Number of hours of operation is 16 hr.
Number of hours after each entry into space is 8 hr.
(CLF) occ. =0.88 is used for sensible heat only.
From table (4-2) , Found Q sensible& Q latent

For Bed room 1:-

Q sensible =#of people * CLF (sensible) * Q sensible

= 2* 0.88 * 64 = 112.64

Q lat=#of people * Q latent

= 2 * 30 = 60

Q tot = 60 + 112.64 = 172.64 watt

Space N:number of CLF(sen.) Qsen./perso Qlat/person Qsen. Q lat. Qtotal

people n
Bed 2 0.88 64.0 30 112.64 60 172.64
room 1
Bed 2 0.88 64 30 112.64 60 172.64
room 2
Living 6 0.88 70 44 369.5 264 633.5
 room
Bath 1 0.88 70 44 61.6 44 105.6
room 1
Bath 1 0.88 70 44 61.6 44 105.6
room 2
Bed 2 0.88 64 30 112.64 60 172.64
room 3
Kitchen 4 0.88 71.5 71.5 251.68 286 537.68
Total = 1900.3

(22)

-:Heat gain from equipments

Appliances Q (watt)
Toaster 1760
Food warmer(gas) 400
Hair dryers 795
Water heater 1465
total 4420

The total Cooling load, Qt is:-

Qt = Qwall & Roof + Q trans.glass + Q conv. glass +Q Lighting + Q occ. + Q equ.

=8560.33+636.97+893.6+1941.05+1900.3+4420=18352.25 Watt.
 (23)

Duct system sizing

Assumptions:-
Using Balanced pressure drop method
Cp of air = 1 kJ/kg.C
Inside design condition= 21C.
Supply design condition = 57C.
Air density ρ= 1.25 kg/m³.
Air velocity in the main duct = 5 m/s.

𝑄̇s= ρ*Cp*𝑉 ̇ *(Ts – Ti)

Qs = 1.25*1*v*(57-21)

V=Qs/45

Volumetric flow rate:-

m3
v̇( )
Room Qs v̇ s
Bed
room 1 2732.58 60.724 0.060
Bed
room 2 2109.07 46.86822 0.046
Living
room 4354.26 96.76133 0.096
 Bath
room 1 704.57 15.65711 0.015
Bath
room 2 2161.71 48.038 0.048
Bed
room 3 1660.99 36.91089 0.036
Kitchen 4629.05 102.8678 0.102
Total 0.407

(24)

Distribution of ducts through false ceiling:

The following figure illustrates distribution of ducts, their length & used fittings types:-
Equivalent length of the sections of duct:-

Section EL(m)
A-B 3.4
B-C 2.77
C-D 4.39
D-E 2.98
E-F 2.90
F-G 5.41
B-1 17.43
C-6 16.27
6-7 18.41
6-8 4.14
D-2 17.55
D-5 17.84
E-4 16.20

Design of ducts by balance pressure drop method:-

Find ∆P/EL for main duct, with the longest EL.

From table 10-1 in book, we can find recommended velocity for main duct and equals to 5
m/s. Then, from figure 10-5(a) can find (∆P/EL), V = 0.407 m3/s, so ∆P/EL = 0.9 Pa/m,
diameter = 0.32m.

To find rectangular duct diameter go to table 10-2 in book. The height limit is 0.25m, make
duct height is always 0.20m.

At point F: (∆P/EL)F-3 × ELF-3 = ∆PFG

∆PF-G = 0.90 × 21.85= 19.665 Pa = ∆PF-3

For duct section A- B

Volumetric flow rate = 0.407s

Assume the velocity = 5 m/s

 π
V= 4 *v*d²

π
d²*5*4 =0.407

So; d=0.32m

:From the figure 10-5(A) in the text book

∆P
0.9Pa/m =
LE

)26(

The following table summarizes diameter, friction loss and velocity for each duct:-

∆P/EL rectangula v(m/s

section EL (m) V (m3/s) (Pa/m) ∆P(Pa) D(m) r )
A-B 3.4 3.06
0.407 0.90 0.32 200*500 5
B-C 2.77 2.493
0.09 0.90 0.18 200*200 3.6
C-D 4.39 3.951 200*200
0.09 0.90 0.18 3.6
D-E 2.98 2.682 200*200
0.09 0.90 0.18 3.6
E-F 2.90 2.61 200*200
0.09 0.90 0.18 3.6
B-1 16.558
17.43 5 200*200
0.09 0.95 0.18 3.6
C-6 13.992
16.27 2 200*200
0.09 0.86 0.18 3.4
6-7 28.719
18.41 6 200*200
0.102 1.56 0.17 4.2
 6-8 28.731
4.14 6 200*200
0.036 6.94 0.085 5.5
D-2 10.003
17.55 5 200*200
0.015 0.57 0.11 1.8
D-5 17.84 9.9904 200*200
0.048 0.56 0.17 2
E-4 16.20 7.452 200*200
0.09 0.46 0.22 2.7
F-3 18.70 4.862 200*200
0.060 0.26 0.21 1.8
F-G 5.41 4.869 200*200
0.046 0.90 0.14 3

(27)

References:-

 M. A. Alsaad & M. A. Hammad, "Heating and Air Conditioning", Fourth Edition, 2007

 http://www.pentax-pumps.it/CatalogueResources/Pentax/Serie/PdfCatalogo/CAB.pdf

 http://palweather.ps

 www.pentax-pumps.it (Formal website of pentax-pumps)

Thanks for reading
(28)