PRGR-633

Renewable Energy Systems & Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Week (04)

Knowledge Check (03)

Heating, Cooling (Using Conventional & Renewable
Energy) and Hybrid Air Conditioning Systems

August 18th, 2020

Question-01:

A building has the following U values and surface areas for various components of a building’s fabric:
Element Area (m2) U value (W/m2K)
Floor 324 0.45
Roof 324 0.28
Glazing 60 4.5
External Door 8 2.0
External walls 378 0.75
Assume the following: The building experiences 3 air changes per hour, the building volume = 2268
m3, the internal design temperature is 21⁰C, and the external design temperature is -3 ⁰C. For the
building, use a heavy weight building according to Lebanese Building Guideline. Also, use Bekaa
climate degree day provided in the posted climatic zoning of Lebanon if needed.

1. Determine the design day heat loss rate:

Fabric Losses: Apply: Qf =U*A*(tai -tao)

U value Temperature
Element Area (m2) Heat Loss (W)
(W/m2K) Difference (°C)

Floor 324 0.45 24 3,499.20

Roof 324 0.45 24 2,177.28

Glazing 60 5.0 24 6,480.00

External Doors 8 2.0 24 384.00

External Wall 378 1.0 24 6,804.00

Total Fabric Losses: 1,9344.48 Watts

Ventilation Losses: Apply: Qv = 0.333*n*V *(tai -tao)

=0.33*3*2268*24 = 53,887.68 Watts

Total heat losses: 19,344.48W + 53,887.68W = 73,232.16 W

2. Determine the heating plant output for an internal design dry resultant temperature of 21°C for
the following building heating systems:

Ʃ(A) = 1094m2 Ʃ(AU) = 806.02m2 NV/3= 2268

Ʃ(UA)/A = 0.74m2 NV/3 Ʃ(A) = 2.07m2

From tables 4a.7, 4a.8 and 4a.9, F1 and F2 can be found for each case:

Option Heating Type F1 F2

a- Forced Warm Heating 0.965 1.120

b- LTHW panel radiator system 1.025 0.925

c- High Temperature radiant strip system 1.115 0.655

a- Using the following equations for option a-Forced Warm Heating:

Qf = F1 *(UA)*(tc -tao ) = 0.965*806.02*(21-(-3)) = 18,667.423W

Qv = F2 *0.333*n*V *(tc -tao ) =1.120*0.333*3*2268*(21-(-3)) =60,902.876W
Qp =Qf +Qv = 79,570.299 watts

b- Using the following equations for option b- LTHW panel radiator system:

Qf = F1 *(UA)*(tc -tao ) = 1.025*806.02*(21-(-3)) = 19,828.092W

Qv = F2 *0.333*n*V *(tc -tao ) =0.925*0.333*3*2268*(21-(-3)) =50,299.250W
Qp =Qf +Qv = 70,127.342watts

c- Using the following equations for option c- High Temperature radiant strip system:

Qf = F1 *(UA)*(tc -tao ) = 1.115*806.02*(21-(-3)) = 21,569.095W

Qv = F2 *0.333*n*V *(tc -tao ) =0.655*0.333*3*2268*(21-(-3)) =35,617.307W
Qp =Qf +Qv = 57,186.402watts

Heating Type F1 F2 Qf (w) Qv (w) Qp=Qf+Qv

simple ‘air temperature’

19,344.48 53,887.68 73,232.16
method
a- Forced Warm Heating 0.965 1.120 18,667.423 60,902.876 79,570.299
b- LTHW panel radiator
1.025 0.925 19,828.092 50,299.250 70,127.342
system
c- High Temperature
1.115 0.655 21,569.095 35,617.307 57,186.402
radiant strip system

3. Make recommendations of best system to adapt and why.

The required output of the high temperature radiant strip system is about considerably lower (about
22KW) than that of forced warm air system with radiator system in middle.

The simple method based on indoor air temperature produces a plant output close in magnitude to
that required for the LTHW panel radiator system (with 3Kw difference).

The simple ‘air temperature’ method is acceptable for sizing standard wall radiator heating systems.

‘F1 and F2’ method should be used when designing systems which are either 100% convective or
almost 100% radiative.

The recommendation therefore is to adapt the simple “air temperature” method.

4. Determine the size of boiler plant and heat emitters if the boiler efficiency is 80% for (a)
continuous operation; and (b) week day operation for 12 hours.

Using the following Equation:

a- Continuous Operation:
E=73,232.16 /24 x 2354 x 24 x 1 / 0.85 = 202,810,005.45 KWH
b- Week day operation for 12 hours:
Correction factor for length of working week= 1.00
Correction factor for length of working day= 1.02
Correction factor for response of building and plant= 0.85
E=73,232.16 /24 x 2354 x 24 x 1.0 x 0.85 x 1.02 / 0.85 = 175,836,274.73 KWH.

Question-02:

An office space of dimensions 6 m × 5 m × 3 m height. The room is conditioned by chilled ceiling

displacement ventilation system. The space peak load is 75 W/m2 due to solar, envelop, and people load.

Room area A (m²) A (m²) 30

Peak total sensible load per floor area (W/m2) Qs (W/m²) 75
Chilled ceiling temperature (°C) Tc (°C) 16.5
Supply air temperature (°C) Ts (°C) 19-20
Load removal ratio R 50%
Stratification height (m) H (m) 1.39
Temperature gradient (°C/m) dT/dZ dT/dZ (°C/m) 1.3095
Total sensible load (kw) Qs (KW)  2,250
Ratio of cooling load to supply mass flow rate P=Qs/m˙s ( kJ/kg) P( kJ/kg) 8

1- The total sensible load in kW=75 (w/m²).

2- The sensible chilled ceiling ratio R=50%, the DV supply temperature 19-20 (°C), the chilled
ceiling temperature 16.5 (°C) and supply mass flow rate = 75x30/8/1000 =0.28125 kg/s.

3- The DV sensible load =2,250 (kW) x 50% =1,125 (kW).

4- The CC system sensible load =2,250 (kW) x 50% =1,125 (kW).

5- The stratification height =1.39 (m).

6- Indicate your selection point directly on the chart.