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Building’s Heat Gain

Air Conditioning Design

A Project to be submitted to:

Engr. Marilou S. Tomentos

On the subject:
Air Conditioning Design (ME 426)

Prepared by:
Juniel D. Bonganciso
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Table of Contents

Overview and Establishment Profile……………………………1

Floor Plan Layout……………………………………………….2

Documentation…………………………………………………..3

Air Conditioning Design Factors

Sensible Load……………………………………………..4

Latent Load……………………………………………….8

Summary of Calculated Loads………………………………….…..9

Conclusion………………………………………………………….10

References…………………………………………………………..11

Appendices………………………………………………………….12

Proposed Air-conditioning Model………………….…......………...18

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OVERVIEW

Air conditioning is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus

cooling the air, and removing humidity (Total Heat Systems Ltd, 2017). This process

is used to achieve a more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans;

however, air conditioning is also used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with heat-

producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, power amplifiers, and even to

display and store artwork.

In this study, my aim is to design an air-conditioning system for R-4 JS Internet

Cafe because the place is not well ventilated. The study includes the calculation of

the total cooling load considering the different factors and choosing the most

appropriate type of air-conditioning device to provide comfort for the workers and

especially for the costumers.

Establishment: R-4 JS Internet Cafe

Location: National highway, Bolocboloc, Sibulan

Occupancy: maximum of 26 persons

Working hours: 14 hrs.

Total Area: 67.76 m2

Type of Building: Ground floor of a two-story building

Floor Plan Layout

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Figure 1. Floor Plan Layout

Legend:

DOCUMENTATION
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Figure 2. The Main Door

Figure 3. The Computers Used

AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN FACTORS

DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
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1. The load on the building due to solar radiation is estimated for clear sky conditions.

2. The building occupancy is assumed to be at full design capacity.

3. All building equipment and appliances are considered to be operating at a

reasonably representative capacity.

SENSIBLE LOAD

I. Heat Gained by Occupants

Design Conditions:

Maximum Person in a Certain Time: 26 Occupants

Table 1. Room Occupants

Occupants Quantity Activity

Personnel 1 Seated Quietly(managing)
24 Seated Quietly(using
Customers computer)
1 Standing

Sensible Heat from Occupants = 1(100)(.6) + 24(100)(.6) + 1(150)(.5)

= 1575 Watts

II. Heat Gained from Appliances

Table 3. Estimation of the Heat Loads from Room Appliances

Appliance Quantity Wattage Diversity Load

Computers 25 55 .67 921.25 Watts
Laser Printer 1 130 .33 42.9 Watts
TOTAL HEAT GAINED 964.15 Watts
III. Heat Gained by Walls and Door

Design Conditions:

Total floor area = 67.76 m2

Assumed outer and inner temperature: 32˚C and 26˚C

Wall is made of general concrete and glass

Doors are made of glass and wood

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Table 2. Wall and Door Specifications

Material Area Thickness Specific Heat

Walls
Concrete 13.2 m x 2.5 m 0.15 m 1.28 W/mK
(left side wall)
9.8 m x 2.5 m 0.15 m 1.28 W/mk
(right side wall)
Glass 3.4 m x 2 m 0.008 m 1.05 W/mK
Doors
Glass 1.4 m x 2 m 0.008 m 1.05 W/mK
Wood 0.8m x 2 m 0.05 m 0.1791 W/mK

Solving using the heat transfer through plain wall formula shown on Equation 1.
kTA
Q
t (Equation 1)

where:
Q = heat gained, W

k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m-K

ΔT= change in temperature, K

A= area

t= thickness

a. Heat Transfer (Concrete Wall)

1.28(13.2  2.5)(32  26)  1.28(9.8  2.5)(32  26) 

Q    
 0.15 0.15

Q = 2944 Watts

The 4.4 m at the right side and the rear side wall was not taken into consideration

because there is no significant change in temperature for the space behind it is just

indoor.
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b. Heat Transfer (Glass Wall)

1.05(3.4  2)(32  26) 

Q 
 0.008

Q = 5355 Watts

c. Heat Transfer (Glass Door)

1.05(1.4  2)(32  26) 

Q 
 0.008

Q = 2205 Watts

d. Heat Transfer (Wooden Door)

 0.1791(0.8  2)(32  26) 

Q 
 0.05

Q = 34.3872 Watts

Total Heat Gained (Walls and Doors) = 2944 + 5355 +2205 +34.3872

= 10,538.3872 Watts

IV. Heat Gained by Solar Energy through a Glass Door and Wall

The Glass of the R-4 JS Internet Cafe is fully exposed to sunlight during

11:00 am – 3:00 pm

The formula below is used to compute heat gained by solar energy through

glass during the span of time the wall and door is exposed to sunlight.

QSE = A(SHGF)(SC)(CLF) (Equation 2)

where:

QSE = solar energy passing through the glass, W

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A = area, m² exposed to sun

SHGF = solar heat gained factor for single sheet of clear glass, 0.51

SC= shading coefficient, 0.64 for single glass with indoor shading

CLF = cooling load factor, 0.81

QSE  (4.8  2)(0.51)(0.64)(0.81)

QSE = 2.5380864 Watts

V. Internal Heat Gain from Lights

QHG = (Lamp Capacity)(FU)(FB)(CLF) (Equation 3 )

where:
QHG = Heat gained from lights

FU=utilization factor (fraction of installed lamps in use; 1.0 when all lights are
used)
FB= ballast factor of fluorescent lamps, usually 1.2 for common fluorescent
fixtures
CLF=cooling load factors for lightning (0.93for lights 14 hours after being

turned on with X Fixture and 16 hours of operation)

QHG = (12 Watts)(1.0)(1.2)(0.93)

QHG = 13.392 Watts

VI. Heat Transfer Due to Infiltration

Infiltration is the unintentional or accidental introduction of outside air into a

building, typically through cracks in the building envelope and through use of doors

for passage. Heat transfer due to infiltration consists of both sensible as well as latent

components.

QS = 20.449(Amount of infiltrated Air)(TO - TI) (Equation 4)

where:

QS = sensible heat load due to infiltration, W

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TO = 32 oC

TI = 26 oC

Amount of Infiltrated Air = (Volume in Space x Air Changes per Hour)/60 min

 1  1 
QS  (20.44)(67.76  2.5)  (32  26)
 60  60 

QS = 5.770893333 Watts

LATENT HEAT

I. Occupant’s Respiration & Activities

The latent heat load from occupant’s respiration and activities is solved and

shown below whose values are taken from Table 1.

Latent Heat from Occupants = 1(100) + 24(100) + 1(150)

= 2650 Watts

II. Latent Heat Gain due to Infiltration

QL = 50000(Amount of Infiltrated Air)(WO - WI) (Equation 5)

where:

QL = latent heat load due to infiltration, W

wO = humidity ratio of outside air, kg vapor/kg air

wI = humidity ratio of inside air, kg vapor/kg air

Amount of Infiltrated Air = (Volume in Space x Air Changes per Hour)/60 min

TO = 32 OC, ϕO = 80％

TI = 26 OC, ϕI = 50％

From the Psychrometric Chart:

WO = 0.015 kg vapor/ kg air

WI = 0.01kg vapor/ kg air

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 1  1 
QL  50000(67.76  2.5)  (0.015  0.01)
 60  60 

QL = 11.76388889 Watts

SUMMARY OF CALCULATED LOADS

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (QTSH)

Table 4. Summary Table for Sensible Heat Loads

Load Components Load

Heat Gained by Occupants 1575 Watts

Heat Gained from Appliances 964.15 Watts

Heat Gained by Walls and Door 10,538.3872 Watts

Heat Gained by Solar Energy through a 2.5380864 Watts

Glass Door and Wall

Internal Heat Gain from Lights 13.392 Watts

Heat Transfer Due to Infiltration 5.770893333 Watts

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD 13,099.23818 Watts

TOTAL LATENT HEAT (QTLH)

Table 5. Summary Table for Latent Heat Load

Load Components Load

Occupant’s Respiration & Activities 2650 Watts

Latent Heat Gain due to Infiltration 11.76388889 Watts

TOTAL LATENT HEAT LOAD 2661.763889 Watts

TOTAL REQUIRED THERMAL COOLING LOAD

Total Cooling Load (QT) = QTSH + QTLH

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= 13,099.23818 + 2661.763889

(QT) = 15,761.00207 Watts

(QT) = 15.76100207 KW

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

After thorough calculation, analysis, and consideration of all the factors that may

affect the air-conditioning system, I come up with a design that is most suitable for R-

4 JS Internet Cafe.

I recommend the DAIKIN FDYQ160LAV1 Model having the cooling capacity of

16 KW split type air-conditioning (See appendix and manual). I choose this type and

brand because it is easy to use, durable and low power consumption because of its

inverter technology

REFERENCES

Engineering Toolbox

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html

International Standardization Organization

https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:7730:ed-3:v1:en

Total Heat Systems

http://www.totalheatsystems.co.uk/air-condition/
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Hipolito B. Sta. Maria, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 3rd Edition,

www.fujitsu-general.com

Meng443PPT5.pdf

ASHRAE Mechanical Pocket Guide Pdf

Airconditioning-Online

https://www.airconditioning-online.com.au/product/daikin-fdyq160lb-av-

ducted-premium-inverter-single-phase/

APPENDICES

Table A-1. Heat Gain from Occupants

Activity Heat Gain, W Sensible Heat, W

Sleeping 70 75

Seated quietly 100 60

Standing 150 50

Walking, 3km/hr 305 35

Office work 150 55

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Teaching 175 50

Rental shop 185 50

Industrial 300-600 35

Table A-2. Cooling Load Factors (CLF) for lightning

Hours after lights Fixture X, Hours of operation Fixture Y, Hours of operation

are turned on 10 16 10 16
0 0.08 0.19 0.01 0.05
1 0.62 0.72 0.76 0.79
2 0.66 0.75 0.81 0.83
3 0.69 0.77 0.84 0.87
4 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.89
5 0.75 0.82 0.90 0.91
6 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.93
7 0.80 0.85 0.93 0.94
8 0.82 0.87 0.95 0.95
9 0.84 0.88 0.96 0.96
10 0.85 0.89 0.97 0.97
11 0.32 0.90 0.22 0.98
12 0.29 0.91 0.18 0.98
13 0.26 0.92 0.14 0.98
14 0.23 0.93 0.12 0.99
15 0.21 0.94 0.09 0.99
16 0.19 0.94 0.08 0.99
17 0.17 0.40 0.06 0.24
18 0.15 0.36 0.05 0.20
Fixture X: recessed lights, not vented, supply and return air registers below the ceiling
of through the ceiling space and griller.
Fixture Y: vented or free hanging lights; air registers below or through the ceilings,
return air registers around the fixtures and through the ceiling space.

Table A-3. Space per Occupant

Type of Space Occupancy

Residence 2-6 occupants
Office 10-15 m2 per occupant
Retail 3-5 m2 per occupant
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School 2.5 m2 per occupant

Auditorium 1.0 m2 per occupant

Table A-4. Values of Infiltration Constants

Quality of Construction a b c
Tight 0.15 0.010 0.007
Average 0.20 0.015 0.14
Loose 0.25 0.20 0.022

Table A-5. Sensible-Heat Cooling Load Factors for People

Hours after Total Hours in Space

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Entry
1 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.62
2 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.70
3 0.17 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.75
4 0.13 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79
5 0.10 0.27 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82
6 0.08 0.21 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.85
7 0.07 0.16 0.34 0.8 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.87
8 0.06 0.14 0.26 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88
9 0.05 0.11 0.21 0.38 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90
10 0.04 0.10 0.18 0.30 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91
11 0.04 0.08 0.15 0.25 0.42 0.91 0.91 0.92
12 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.92 0.92 0.93
13 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.28 0.45 0.93 0.94
14 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.36 0.94 0.95
15 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.30 0.47 0.95
16 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.38 0.96
17 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.21 0.31 0.49
18 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.19 0.26 0.39

Table A-6. Maximum Solar-Heat Gain Factor for Sunlight Glass

Month N/shade NE/NW E/W SE/SW S Hor

32° North Latitude
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Dec 69 69 510 775 795 500

Jan, Nov 75 90 550 785 775 55
Feb, Oct 85 205 645 780 700 685
Mar, Sept 100 330 695 700 545 780
Apr, Aug 115 450 700 580 355 845
May, July 120 530 685 480 230 865
June 140 555 675 440 109 870
42° North Latitude
Dec 57 57 475 730 800 355
Jan, Nov 63 63 480 755 795 420
Feb, Oct 80 155 575 760 750 505
Mar, Sept 95 285 660 730 640 690
Apr, Aug 110 435 690 630 475 790
May, July 120 515 690 545 350 830
June 150 540 680 510 300 840

Table A-7. Shading Coefficients

No indoor Venetian Blades Roller Shades

Types of Glass Thickness, mm
shading Med Light Med Light
Single Glass

Regular Sht 3 1.00 0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25

Plate 6-12 0.95 0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25

Heat-absorbing 6 0.70 0.57 0.53 0.40 0.30

10 0.50 0.54 0.52 0.40 0.28

Double Glass

Regular 3 0.90 0.57 0.51 0.60 0.25

Plate 6 0.83 0.57 0.51 0.60 0.25

Reflective 6 0.2-0.4 0.20-0.33

Table A-8. Shading Factors at Different Locations

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Table A-9. Thermal Conductivity

Material Thermal Conductivity (W/m K)

Brick, common (Building brick) 0.621
Brick, fire 0.47
Brick, insulating 0.15
General concrete 1.28
Concrete, light 0.1-0.3
Concrete, stone 1.7
Concrete, medium 0.4-0.7
Cement 0.29
Glass 1.05
Glass, window 0.96

Table A-10. Cooling Load Estimates for Various Office Load Densities

Light Load Density Wattage Diversity Load, W

Computers 55 0.67 36.85
Monitors 55 0.67 36.85
Laser-Printer 130 0.33 42.9
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Fax Machine 15 0.67 10.05

Vacuum Suction 621 .49 304.29

Table A-11. Approximate SHGC and U Values for Different Glazing Types

Proposed Air-conditioning Model

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