Professional Documents
Culture Documents
..
: .
/0508
:2006/2007
-1-
.. /
- 1
..................................................................................................................2
: ......................................................................................7
.1. ......................7
.2. ..9
.3. ..11
.3.1. ..........11
.3.2. .................................................................................12
.4. -
..14
.4.1. .........................................................................................17
.4.2. ............................................................21
.4.3. ................................................................22
.4.4. ....................................22
.4.5. ............................................23
: - .....................................27
.1. ............................30
.2. .........................................................35
: ......................................41
.1. .........................................42
.2. ............................................................................................................47
.3. .................................................................................52
.4. .............................................53
.5. ......................................................55
.5.1. .........................................................................................56
.5.2. ......................................................................................57
.5.3. ...................................................................................57
.6. ....................................................................................59
.7. .....................................................................................60
.8. ....................................64
.8.1 ........................................................................................65
.8.2. .....................................................................................65
.8.3. ..............................................66
.9. ..............................66
: ( )....................................70
.1. ............................................................................................71
.1.1. ...............................................................71
.2. .............................................74
.3. .........................................................................................80
.4. .....................................................................................................83
.4.1. .........................................83
.4.2. ....................................................................83
.4.3. - - ..............................86
: .......................................................................................87
...................................................................................................................96
-2-
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.
,
.
.
(Wright et al., 1998).
. ,
.
(
Schuler,1991; Wright et a/.,1994; Barney & Wright,1998).
Hamel & Prahalad (1994) Mintzberg (1994, . 267-269)
,
" "
"" ("tacit" knowledge)
.
.
.
,
.
,
-4-
.. /
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
,
. , ,
, .
,
. ' ,
,
(Pfeffer, 1994; Lado & Wilson, 1994; Wright et al,
1994). , ,
.
(Delaney & Huselid, 1996) .
. ,
"Schumeterian Shocks" (Barney, 1991),
.
(Barney & Wright,1998) , .
-5-
.. /
. ,
,
, (Porter,1998, ),
(,2002,
2-4) ,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
, .
1
-6-
.. /
)
.
(core competencies)
.
. ,
.
(Harris, 1999:
G. Odiorne)
(Pfeffer,1994; Wright et a/., 1994),
.
;
.
(Pfeffer,1994; Harris,1999).
, ,
.
,
,
-7-
.. /
' :
'
.. /
.
. ' ,
.
,
,
, (Pettinger,1998, . 7-8).
.
.
.
. ,
.
(Harris & Ogbonna, 2000)
.
(Harris & Ogbonna, 2000),
,
(Schneider &
Bowen,1993).
.1.
,
1950 1960
-9-
.. /
- .
'60 '70
.
, 1974 1979
, .
vvs.
' .
,
vv v
. Bruce Henderson,
Boston Consulting Group. :
.
,
.
.
...
,
.
. '70
'80,
- 10 -
.. /
.
'80 '90,
.
(Grant,1998, 1618).
.2.
,
,
.
(positioning) ,
, Michael Porter,
,
.
'
. .
(resource based view),
, , Prahalad Hamel
,
.
- 11 -
.. /
, .
Henry Mintzberg .
.
, , .
(Skat-Rordam,1999,
.3233). ' ""
'
(Mintzberg, 1994, . 25).
,
,
(Mintzberg, 1994, 381-384) (Hammel
& Prahalad,1994; ,1999, . 177-190; Ulwick,1999, . 5; SkatRordam,1999, . 33)
. '
-
(Wheelen &
Hunger, 2002, 8-9). Hamel & Prahalad (1994),
.
.
- 12 -
.. /
.3.
,
,
().
.3.1. Eo
,
(Noe et a/., 2000, 43).
, "
"
,
, ,
,
,
(, 1999, '146-150, Savvyer, '198, _12-13 & 191)
,
. ,
- 13 -
.. /
, ,
(, 1999, .
11).
.3.2.
.
,
()
, ' , '
.
.
.
.
.
,
- 14 -
.. /
.
, , ,
'
.
(Hamel & Prahalad, 1994).
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.
.
'
.
.
,
,
, , ,
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,
. '
,
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.
,
- 15 -
.. /
(Mintzberg, .
5).
.
"
"
,
,
.
.
. ,
,
,
,
(oe et a/.,2000, 65; Wheelen & Hunger,
2002, .8-9 )
.4.
'80
-
. Porter (1991 1998, 4-5),
'90 ,
,
. Hamel Prahalad,
,
- 16 -
.. /
.. /
. Porter
.
(Johnson & Scholes, 2002 ,sel.153)
(, )
. '
(, , )
(- , , ,, ,
, , )
ooo
(distinctive competence) HameI & Prahalad (1990)
"" " "
.
( -Durability)
oo ( - Imitability).
,
( - Transparency),
( - Transferability)
( Replicability DuplicabiIity) (Grant, 118 125-133; Johnson & Scholes, 2002,
156; Wheelen & Hunger, 2002, 82-83; , 1999, 91_104).
, , Barney
(1991)
.
- 18 -
.. /
,
()
.
.
.
.
( )
. ,
(Barney, 1991 ).
,
.
,
.4.1.
M.Porter
- 19 -
.. /
o.
.
, ,
.
,
(Porter, 1998,.3337, ,1999, .105-112, Johnson & Scholes,2002, sel.161).
o
,
(Johnson & Scholes, 2002, .161).
,
- 20 -
.. /
.
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
- -
- .
,
.
-
(Schneider & Bowen, 1993).
Barney (1991) ,
. :
) ,
.
.
) ,
. ,
.
) .
, : i)
- 21 -
.. /
, . .
ii)
,
. iii)
,
, .. ,
, ..
) ,
,
.
,
-
-
-
,
. ,
.. /
. (Smith et
a/., 1996) ,
, ,
.
-
-
.
. ,
.
(Wright et a/., 1994).
, ,
.
.
.
, , (Wright et al.1994.)
.4.2.
- 23 -
.. /
.
()
,
.
.
.
, .
.4.3.
(cognitive ability)
,
.
,
, , !.
'
.
.4.4.
.
,
,
- 24 -
.. /
,
.
. ,
,
,
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.
.4.5. u
) ) (
) , .
, ..
,
. ,
- 25 -
.. /
, .. ,
, ,
, (Wright et a/.,1994).
,
,
(Barney, 1991,
Castanias & Helfat, 1991: Wright et 8/.,1994),
.
(Wright et a/., 1994)
,
(Schneider,1944)
-
.
.
,
(Wright et al.1994)
,
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
- 26 -
.. /
,
:
3
.
( )
. ()
(),
.
. ,
,
,
(Wrght et a/., 1994, 322).
- 27 -
.. /
, ,
(Bamey, 1991).
,
,
, .
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.
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,
.
.
,
.
- 28 -
.. /
: -
.
,
.
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()
, (, , , , ) ,
,
,
.
.
Gunnigle & Moore (1994) ,
,
, , ,
. :
) ,
, , ,
) , ,
,
- 29 -
.. /
) , .
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
.
(Noe et a/., 2000;
Schuler, 1991; Gunnigle & Moore, 1994; Johnson & Scholes, 2002)
- - ( Brockbank, 1999; Budhwar, 2000;
Kane et a/., 1999 ).
,
' (Wright et a/.,
1998).
:
) , ,
,
- 30 -
.. /
) ,
' .
.
) ,
,
) , ,
,
(Noe, 2000, 45-47).
,
.
,
.
,
, .
,
.
.
.
(Wright et a/., 1998)
(Schuler, 1991).
- 31 -
.. /
.1.
: , , ,
,
.
' , ,
, ' .
.
,
, ,
.
(Noe
et al., 2000, 52).
'
/, , ,
// .
(contingency theory)
.
(Miles & Snow,
1984; Porter, 1985; Schuler & Jackson, 1987: Huang, 2001; Gunnigle
- 32 -
.. /
,
(Delery and Doty, 1996, MacDuffie, 1995;
Youndt, Snell. Dearl & Lepak, 1996: Barney & Wright, 1998).
-
.
.Porter (1998)
.
.
(generic
strategy) , '
: ,
oo .
Schuler Jackson (1987) (Huang, 2001)
: , vi
(, 2001, . 32-33 & 41).
Dowling Schuler (1990) (Huang, 2001)
-
- 33 -
.. /
xo
(utilization),
(inducement),
(investment) (involvement) .
(Schuler & Jackson,1987),
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
bonus .
.
.
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- 34 -
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,
,
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(, 2001, 41-43,
Huang, 2001).
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,
( Noe et a/., 2000, 58-62).
, ,
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- 35 -
.. /
,
.
. ,
,
"",
' ,
"" " " (Wright et
a/., 1998).
Schuler & Jackson
/
, -
.
(Gunnigle & Moore, 1994)
(Truss Gratlon et al., 1999, 44).
'
(Legge,1995; Lengnick-Hall & Lengnick-Hall, 1990; Legge,1989; Keenoy, 1990)
"" (absolutist approach)
, , ,
(Truss Gratlon et al., 1999, 44 ).
(Huang, 2001)
,
.
.
- 36 -
.. /
,
,
.
(facilitation)
,
. (Lado &
Wilson, 1994)
,
.
.2.
.
(hard soft)
,
. ' ,
,
L. Gratton (Gratton e t a/.,1999).
,
- 37 -
.. /
.
, ,
.
) '
, ) '
) ' ().
,
:
i)
ii)
iii)
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
- 38 -
.. /
,
.
,
.
.
/.
Lynda Gratton, Veronica Hope-Hailey, Philip Stiles & Catherine Truss: "Linking Individual
Performance to Business Strategy: The People Process Model" Human Resource
ManaQement. 1999,l. 38, 1, . 17-31.
.
,
- 39 -
.. /
.
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
.
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, .
.
,
(Hamel & Prahalad, 1989) ,
- 40 -
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,
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() .
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.
(Gratton et a/., 1 999)
'
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- 42 -
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:
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, ,
,
(Khatri, 1999),
.
(Schuler, 1991),
( ), , .
(Khatri, 1999).
,
.
, .
- 43 -
.. /
, ,
(Budhwar, 2000).
,
.
( )
. ""
.
.1.
, (hard) (soft),
.
: Michigan (Fombrun et. 8/.,1984)
""
Harvard (Beer et 8/.,1985) .
. "soft"
.
( ) ,
.
,
,
- 44 -
.. /
, ,
.
:
.
"hard"
, , "
". ,
"
".
,
(, 2001, . 49-52; C. Truss Gratton et al.,
1999, . 40-41; Kane et a/., 1999).
,
. ""
.. /
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
, .
,
'
(Schuler, 1991).
, ,
, , ...
,
.
, Lado & Wlson (1994),
, -
- 46 -
.. /
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, .
,
,
.
Lado & Wilson (1994) :
) (managerial),
'
)
(input-based)
, ,
)
(transformational),
. ,
,
(output-based),
, ,
.
,
- 47 -
.. /
.
,
(Schuler, 1991).
,
.
_
, ,
,
' , (
),
,
,
'
.
,
,
.
, ,
/ .
,
- 48 -
.. /
.
' ,
.
,
,
,
(Delaney & Huselid, 1996).
.2.
,
, .
(Simpson & Cacioppe,
2001) (Barney,
1991) ' , .
,
80
(cultural web),
, , ,
(Johnson & S choles,
2002, 228-238; Ambrosini et a/., 1998, . 9; Balogun et a/., 1999, 48-52).
Schein,
,
- 49 -
.. /
( - adatation)
( - internal integration)
, ,
,
.
,
.
(, , ) .
'
- "" (.. ,
) - "" (..
, , ) - . ,
,
,
' (, Fombrun et
a/., 1984).
Hofstede (1984)
1968 1972
40 .
: "" (ower distance),
"
(uncertainty
(indvdualsm\collectivism)
avoidance)
"
\
\
(masculinity/femininity).
,
. ,
,
"/
- 50 -
.. /
.. /
,
.
,
- , .
( ,
, ) (Noe, 2000, . -543; Drucker, 2002).
(Lok & Crawford, 1999)
.
(
,
!).
.
() ,
, '
.
(Bartolome & Evans, 1979)
,
(Hofstede, 1982, 255-257).
(1986)
.
, ,
.
.
(Khatri, 1999) ""
- 52 -
.. /
"" .
(Peters & Waterman,) (Fombrun,
1984)
"" "" (Lewis & Thornhill, 1994). ,
.
"" ,
.
,
.
.
,
(Fombrun Fombrun et a/., 1984, . 13).
- , , ,
-
.
. " "
v
. ,
, " "
(Simpson & Cacioppe, 2001).
" "
.
'
- 53 -
.. /
' ,
' .
'
" " ' .
' ,
, ,
.
, (HopeHailey Gratton et a/., 1999, 116).
.3.
,
.
.
, .
,
, ,
. ,
,
- 54 -
.. /
(Budhwar, 2000).
.4. vivv
.
(Barney, 1991; Huselid, 1995; Wright et a/., 1998). ,
, .
, Barney & Wright (1998)
(Khatri & Bdhwar, 2002)
.
,
.
.
- 55 -
.. /
.
:
, , (
Ulrich et al., 1995)
:
, HR
.
.
, ,
.
.
, .
,
, ,
, , , , ..
, ,
(Gibb Dyer, 1999; Noe, 2000, . 7-8).
.
,
;
.
.
,
(Ulrich et
a/., 1995).
- 56 -
.. /
.5.
;
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
- ( )
;
,
, ;
:
- 57 -
.. /
.
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.
,
, ,
, .
, , ,
. '
, .
,
: ,
, ,
( , ,
)
.5.1.
, ,
,
.
,
- 58 -
.. /
(Wrght et a/.,1994).
,
" ",
.
.5.2.
.
,
.
,
,
' .
.
,
, Gratton et a/. (1999) ,
,
.
. 5.3.
.
- 59 -
.. /
,
' , .
.
,
.
.
' ,
(Skinner, 1981).
,
.
,
.
.
.
(Hammel &
Prahalad, 1989) ,
,
.
" " (Quinn, 1985).
- 60 -
.. /
. 6. _
. :
(objective setting),
(appraisal), ,
, ( )
( ),
(performance metrics)
.
.
(reward)
(short-term training).
xo
.
, 1rQIJ
.
,
(feedback) '
.
,
- 61 -
.. /
.
,
,
.
. 7.
,
.
,
(Gratton, 1999).
,
,
,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
- 62 -
.. /
.. /
.. /
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
(Gratton, 1999). ,
,
(London & Smither, 1999)
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
, ,
- 65 -
.. /
.
.
,
:
9.
10.
11.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .
7. .
8.
.8.
.
.
,
,
- 66 -
.. /
.8.1.
, , ,
.
, ,
. ,
; ,
;
;
, , .
.
.
.8.2.
.
- 67 -
.. /
.
.
, .
.
,
,
.
.
Hamel & Prahalad, (1990)
.
.8.3.
.
.
, , .
- 68 -
.. /
.9.
, ,
(Storey, 1995).
d hoc (),
- .
,
, ,
,
(Huselid, Jackson & Schuler, 1997).
Kane, Crawford Grant,
(, , , )
,
. '
,
.
.
.
.
- 69 -
.. /
.
,
, .
, ' ,
, ,
.
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
- 70 -
.. /
,
soft
.
hard
soft
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
maximum . ,
, hard soft
,
.
,
- 71 -
.. /
' : ( )
, ,
, ,
,
,
.
. :
-
(
)
-
-
-
- .
- 72 -
.. /
1.
. ' 80
, ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
: .
, ,
,
.
.
, , .
.
.1.1
.
,
- 73 -
.. /
(rebranding)
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
.
standard
.
19.000 1200 .
.
92%
42% .
40-42 ,
.
.
- 74 -
.. /
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
:
:
Manpower Planning , Internal Job Market,
,
.
,
.
- 75 -
.. /
2.
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
(Brubakk, 1996).
. -
, ,
(Avkiran, 2000).
,
,
, ,
.
- 76 -
.. /
,
, .
,
, (Avkiran, 2000).
,
, ,
,
,
(Thornhill & Saunders, 1998).
(Sisson,1994: Thornhill & Saunders, 1998).
,
.. /
(Schneider, 1994).
,
.
. ,
:
(1)
.
()
, :
v , ,
(. .
)
v
v
(2)
.
- 78 -
.. /
:
v
- ,
(status)
. , ,
(Schneider & Bowen, 1993, Schneider, 1994).
, ,
(Cowling
& Newman, 1995).
,
,
, .
. ,
, ,
.
.
- 79 -
.. /
,
.
,
.
-
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
- , ,
, .
"soft" (Thornhill & Saunder5,1998).
,
"soft" ,
,
. ""
,
,
. ,
"" , "",
(55, Gratton etal., 1999).
,
- 80 -
.. /
: , .
,
. ,
. , ,
. ,
.
.
,
. , ,
, , (Wiley, 1997).
, , .
,
.
, , ,
,
,
, ,
(Wley, 1997).
,
.
'
. ,
,
.
'''' .
,
- 81 -
.. /
.
, '
,
.
.
, , , .
,
. ,
,
.
.
(Brubakk, 1996).
.3
, ,
,
19 ,
.
,
.
,
- 82 -
.. /
.
4 ,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
, .
,
:
, , ,
, , ,
.
,
- 83 -
.. /
.
.
, (),
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
,
. 19
, 15 ( 79%).
, .
,
,
.
- 84 -
.. /
.4
,
.
15
15
14
15
14
15
10
15
15
10
15
15
13
15
15
14
15
10
15
15
15
15
&
,&
.4.1 ,
100%
,
.
, , ,
.
(Retail Banking).
- 85 -
.. /
,
(budget).
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
, ,
..
.
.
.4.2
:
,
,
.
,
.
- (attribute approach),
- 86 -
.. /
1 5. ,
.
:
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
. , (
,) . ( ,
.)
.
,
.
,
,
(incentive pay plans).
,
level ,
- 87 -
.. /
bonus .
,
.
-
- .
,
, &
..
.
,
.
intranet site
.
.
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Beaumont P.B. Hunter L.C. & Phayre R.M. Human Resource and Total
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