Power T&D Company Inc. Relay Divisions Coral Springs, Florida /Type RADSS Ultrahigh-speed bus differential relay + Protection for buses or short lines + 1-3 ms fault detection, 8-13 ms to trip, Fault sensitivity 20 % of rated current No maximum fault-current restrictions = No practical limit to number of circuits to the bus ‘= No dodicated or matched CT's required and CT's can be of different ratios and manufac- ture B03-6010' + Long GT leads acceptable - up to 68 ohms at 5 A or 1705 ohms for 1 A circ ‘+ Moderately-high impedance (165-301 ohms) in diff circutt + Selectable percentage restraint slope, 50 to 85 % ‘+ Compact summation CT version available + Adaptable to different bus configurations Application The RADSS relay is a high-speed, sensiive, mo: derately high-impedance differential relay for pphase- and ground-fault protection of buses and Short lines. The high sensitivity of the RADSS generally precludes the need for a separate ‘ground-tault relay. The relay is available in both three-phase and single-phase versions. it com bines the qualities of high impedance and per centage dilferential characierstics in one Uni {que operating principle. Applications are not limited by CT saturation for intemal or external faults. The high-speed (1-3 ms) fault-detection makes the relay applicable to any bus. Stability is ensured for external faults, even with CT saturation and secure oper alion is obtained for intemal faulls prior to satu ation The line CT's may have relatively poor charac: teristics and diferent ratios. They neither need to be dedicated nor matched: other relays can be used on the same CT circuits. Fuly distnbut fed secondary windings are not required. The relay is especially useful in stations where major changes involve old and new breakers wih mixed CT types and ratios. Also, additional ine Circuits can be added to the protacted bus with (out any practical imitations to the relay applica lion ‘high CT secondary lead resistance (over 1700 ‘ohms, or certain applications) can be tolerated ‘Auxiliary CT's are used to balance the ratios of the main CT's, An overcurrent starting relay may be used to supervise the measuring unit. The starting relay primary setting may be chosen to correspond to the largest rated line current. This will prevent ‘operation in case of accidental CT secondary open-circuit. The magnitude of the fault curt determines the setting of this relay. To enable the tipping of RADSS itis required that both the differential relay dq and the star relay Sq oper- ale simultaneously The single-phase version has one summation ‘auniiary CT for each three-phase circuit to the bus. This enables the use of only one single pphase relay for all phase and ground-fault pro: fection, at reduced cost compared to the other ne summation CT version as well as the three: phase version can be used in plate aitferen tial protection schemes,“ype RADSS Utranigh-speed bus Siferostiat lay 1803-6010" Application (contd) Busbar Arrangements The arrangements of power system buses vary widely depending on the magnitude of the through going load current, the numiber of ine circuits and the need for spiiting up the station ‘in several zones subsequent to an internal bus fault. The normal rating of a bus conductor i from 4000 A to 3000 A and a typical number of lines to @ certain bus zone is 6-12 L. For the largest installations 2, 4 and 6 relay zones may be in- stalled, Single bus 1-zone ‘The most simple and reliable installation ig the single bus t-zone arrangement (Fig. 1). In this ‘case it can also be permitted that a bus seciton switch (S) is opened al certain times to spit the bus in two paris. As long as there is no internal fault the RADSS diff relay remains stable, This applies even whon the two bus sections are working asynchronously, @9. at different fre- quencies. However, when an intemal fault oc curs, both sections will aways be tipped simul- taneously. U4 s lx pet Abus. n Tx Tm | Mx oA 1 le Fig. 1 Single bus. t-zone with bus section switch normally closed 2-zones with Bus Section Switch tS a When the bus section switch (A12) in fig. 2 is kept open during longer periods of time, it may be an advantage to include two differential 1o- lays, The two sections may then work indepen- dently and when a fault occurs only the affected section is tripped When the A12 switch is closed, all the input circuits will be connected to the DAT relay and the DA2 relay is disconnected. The operating sensitivity is then determined only by the DA relay. If both relays should be kept in service at the same time the total relay operating current becomes twice as large The relay units shown inthe drawing, AT2X and DA2X, consist of RXMVB 4 change-over relay and XMM 1 aux relay. These relay units are ranged to work in a special sequence so thal the CT secondary circus never become open- circuited. Double-bus with CT-switching One of the most commonly used arangements is the double bus, with bus coupler and one circut breaker per line (Fig. 3). When one line, which is connected to say the A-bus (L1-1 closed), has to be switched to the B-bus, the following se quence is used: 1) The bus coupler circuit breaker is closed, 2) The selector switch L1.2 is closed. Its corre- sponding auxiliary contact in the CT secon- dary is arranged fo close ahead of the main (HY) contact 3) Both selector switches (L1:1 and :2) are now closed and this situation activates a 2-zone to 1-zone auxiliary relay unit, which intercon- ects the CT circuits of the’A- and B-zones and disconnects the DB-relay, ‘The operating sensitivity then becomes con- tuolied by only one relay, instead of two relays in parallel, Also, the two tip circuits are intereon ected so that both buses are tripped for a fault fon one bus. 4) The selector switch L1:1 is then opened and the 22-12 unit brings back into service the DB-relay. and separates both the CT intor- connection and the trip circuit interconnec: ton, Nt should be noticed that during this switching ‘operation the CT secondaries ate never open ‘ircuited, so no dangerous voltages can occur ‘The diff relay trip circuits are never disconnect {ed so ia fault occurs, one or both, buses wil be \Wipped instantaneously, Bie Fig. 3 Double bus, 2zones wih switching of CT Secondary cirucits. A bypass switch <4 may be addedASEA Type RADSS Ultrahigh-speed bus differential relay ‘dc. trip circuit arangements The basic trip circuit of the RADSS is shown in fig. 4. The SR- and dR-relay contacts rust be closed simultaneously, for less than 1/ms, in lrder to energize the impulse storing device and to make sure that the 107 AXMS1 relay wil seal- in via its own contact 14-15. This quarantees decisive tripping of all circuit breakers. The sealin ercut is normaly inter ‘upted by the 301-RXKET time delay relay after 100 ms, All ripping rolays then reset automati- cally 101 . te - Sa__ oR 07 Fig. 4 Simplitied auxiliary dc. tip circuit of RADSS 3-phase, 6-121, 1-zone Sp Start retay (11 ms} oh diff realy (1 ms) 101 —-RXTCBI impulse storing 107 BXMS1 auxtipping relay (3.5 ms) 301 RXKE! time delay relay (100 ms) 325 AXMVB 2 blocking rolay RTXP 1 Test switch ‘Atypical high speed (3.5 ms) tipping unit (TU) is shown in fig, 5. This takes care of 6 individual {nip coll circuits, 2. six fines when all the three phases of each line are energized by one con- fact Similarly, if only one tip relay contact is required to tip each line, the double bus arrangement may be as in fig. 5. The selector switch (or micror relay) aux. contacts: 1 and -2 are then used 10 Dbtain selective tripping of only the faulty bus. For the larger and more important H.V. stations, single-pole tipping is offen required. One trip: ping unit (TU) Is then installed per line. Also, if two separate Seis of trip coils are to be used, Six individual tip relay contacts become necessary for every circuit breaker. The arrangement then used is shown in fig. 7. which also applies to the double bus in fig. 3. In this tripping scheme itis indicated how to in- clude, mast easily, a Breaker Failure Relay (BFR). ae a ra 03-6010" —_ ; ret aga - be ¢ lo Ss Fig. 5: Typical tip colay unk (TU) with high speea ($5 .ms) contacts and parallel connected reinforcing contacts. For 6 individual trip coll circulls, Fig. 6 Tripping of six lines in a double bus scheme, requiring only one tip circuit per line I, for example, the BFR for line L2 becomes activated due toa single-tine-o-ground fault, the TU for L2 energizes all six tp coils. and i the [2:1 selector switch is closed all lines connect- fd to the A-bus plus the bus coupler, will be tipped in all 3-phases (six tnp coils). By this arrangement the BFR's do not need to include ‘an extra set of Selector switch auxiliary contacts, rar do they need any additional trip relays. The diodes shown in the K:1 and :2 tip citcults of fig. 7, are required because during normal ‘AB: bus interconnection &:1 and :2 will normally be closed and the A-B trip citcults should not be interconnected ora L955} tel Fig.7 Trip circuit for the double bus shown in Fig. 3 with bypass switch (4), Each trip unt (TU) can tip six circuits at high speed. Breaker Failure Relays can easily be included.ASEA Type RADSS Ultrahigh-speed bus differential relay 03-6010" ‘All versions are available with 50, 66 80 or 85 % slope setting: the siope setting applies only dur ing external faults. During an internal faut, the ‘lay has a different characteristic with a greater ‘operating area. Any value, between 50 and 85 %, may be applied in the field by adjustment of the slide- wire comparator resistors. The rela: lionship between the relay slope, sensitivity and Fig. 8 Schematic diagram for one phase of a Single-2one bus. differential rolay with feeders Lg, Lg and L. The current dist ‘bution is shown for an assumed positive reference hallcycle. I feeder La has the largest pximary rating, a secondary rating with Iqg = AIS normally selected. Versions of RADSS RADSS 6 or 12L, 3-ph, 1-z0ne Version At 101: Measuring Unit with 3.RTXP18 test switch 3 of 6-ROBA line diades B-RODA Sq + dq relays 185: Blanking plate Version A2 allowable CT secondary resistance 1s seen from table 1 Auxiliary CT's are used in each circult fo balance the ratios to the relay. Each input to the relay is limited to 2 amps continously. The overall CT aio should be selected to limit the total current into the relay to 4 amps, Alarm relay, BXMT 1 for CT open eircut Starting relay Differential relay Restraint voltage Operate voliage Current through delay Blocking current through diode Ds auxiiary CT (yaa = ballas) Ng = UsyiUee Overall CT ratio = larlag = hala Restraint and differential cireull resis- tances Resistance Rig referred fo Tw primary Side, Ran = Unvlan = na? Ra. Variable’ciferential circuit resistor Total resistance of differential circuit Rar = Faas + Rany = Usrllan Total voltage ot differential circuit Ditlerential curcant total incoming relay current al terminal K (Current leaving at terminal L 501 Supervision + aux. relay unit T-RXTCB 1 capacitor + resistor 1-RXMS 1 aux relay S-RXMT 1 alarm relays -RXSP 14 flag indicator |-RXTNT 1 push-button with lamp 2-RXKE 1 time lag 2-RXMIM aux relay 4-RXMVB 2 aux blocking relay 1-FXME 1 aux relay 543. Space for trip relays F1 Loose transt + comparator unit with 3Tyyg aux transiormers, 3.x 6Resistors, each 50 W The F1-unitis normally mounted on the B-(back) plane of the cubicle and 3x 8 = 24 wires must be made by purchaser to the (101 + 501) unit, ‘As version A1 but all the units are fully intercon- ‘nected and mounted together in one 128 equip- ment frame.ASEA Type RADSS- ~ B03-6010" Ultrahigh-speed bus Pas differential relay RADSS 18 or 241, 3-ph, T-zone Version B 101 As 101 inversion At 501 Extension unit for 6L oF 12L with SRTAPIB test switch, 3 or 6-ROBA line diodes 543. Space for trip relays 901 As 501 in version At 943. Space for trip relays FAAS FI in version At ‘Switching relay units (ref. Fig. 9) ‘Switching line CT's to DA, DB 5075 a 101,901 RXMVB 2 latching relay Bus Coupler CT disconnection so74 ax 101,118 AXMVB 4 latching relay 7 I 125 RXKE 1 time-lag rolay s 325 RXMM 1 aux relay Bus interconnection (2:zone to 1-zone) sora = 101,119 FRM 4laiching slay 125 XSF 1 aux tag nic fig *S 325 RXKF 1, delayed alarm, 5 min ‘Trip relay units rac 5076 ATOF XMS 1 with 6 NO contacts RXMVB 2 latching relay with 6 NO as ‘and 2 NC contacts 01] 307 8c 5076 aor 101,301: RXMS 1 with 6 NO contacts 307,307: RXMH 2 with & NO contacts bs 01) 307ASEA Type RADSS: Ultrahigh-speed bus differential relay Technical data Faled veaueney 2560 He Opeiaie ine Garda) 1-3 ms reine Bia mero tip Rated curent 2 Apor mul See Relay data table B08-100GE and 803-1503 for Maximum continuous specific formation curren festrant excut aa Ai C's ‘ferential circuit O58 ‘vee diferent types may be used depending on ve quires ated secondary curent For sample Short time current siren ica 1) Type SUcE 12: 50 secanas 1A 510.7 8, 140/1000 1, 0/16 ohn, second 7A Knce-poiet (at 16 1) = 410 rms Dielectric ests 2) Type SLCE 16 current circats sO Hz, 25.KV, min iT'A, 1607800 t,0.4/10 oh, ‘emsining erscts SO He, 20KV, 1 mn Knee’ point (at 16 7) = 416 V ems Impulse volage test «1.250 us, 50KV,05 3) Type SLXE 4 hile burt test 25H? 512 A, 2401600 1, 0.4/3.5 ohm, Knee point (at 61) = 400 V ms Audiiry de votage 48, 190, 125 oF 250V Noe. Petrtieg ambient ‘The gven curtent ratios cortesnond tothe continucus temperature 510 4556 tora ated eure The nue of secondary tus for each type is always Input dose rating lo Arms, 200 FIV kept onsiant so as 10 oblain a certan secondary kege-paint valage. Eaereal ratios are thewlore 0D. tained By varying the numberof primary turns Table 1 RADSS setings and approximate operating valvos Fe eee ere ain A olin We anvA)oftm fm ofim ctv ui Sal 12 O17 07% 12 019 98 a 78 © BH 30 358 % 02” = 3 86 550 Ge 000) ee ce ool ie 730 045 7 7 od tt Hee eS et ee To order Specity: + RADSS - Lines, 3-ph, 1-Zone {Number of Lines: 6 or 12, 18 or 2a Slope (8): 015 oF 0.66 oF 0.80 {Start relay Iyy (SR) = 0.88 A (standara) {Ray 0 0F 136 ohms (max) TAUwliary de supply voltage Ordering Number (i available) Type of auxiliary CT's: + Current ratios and ‘Tums ratios Mounting and connection: + See BOS-9301E Note: When you need assistance to select the most suitable setting please send us a simple single line diagram ofthe bus(es), mdicating: (1) Cur rent rating of bus conductor, (2) Number of ine Circuits, (3) CT-ratios of all lines, (4) Rated load {current ofall lines (required only when load cur- rent is much less than CT-rating), (5) Requested primary operating current Having received these information we will ad: vise: (1) Slope setting, (2) Rasy setting, (3) Start relay Selling, (4) Permissible maximum loop-re- sistance as seen from relay Fx, (5) Max permis- sible loop-resistance in line CT-secondary cir Cuil Pag. Px (which includes CT-winding resis tance, de resistance of extra burden or relays and pilot-wire 2-way resistance), (6) Required line CT-secondary knee-point voltage Uaz. Uxa‘Type RADSS 'B03-6010" RADSS S-phase, 1-z0ne Version For number Transtomer and Ordering no oflines comparator Al 6ort2 Loose RK 697 016-48, A2 Gor t2_—Mountedinthe RK 637 O16-CB, equipment train B 1Bor24 Loose RK 637 016-88, Switching and trp relay units Version ‘Application | Relays included Ordering na. Switching Switching line CT's to DA, DB AXMVB 2 5651 131-4 relay unit's us interconnection RXMVB 4, RXSF 1, XKF 1 5651 131-SA, (2-zane to 1-20ne), Bus coupler CT disconnection RXMVB 4, RXKE 1, AXMM 1 5651 131-RA, Tip relay For each zone or for each line AXMS 1, RXMH 2 5651 260-4 units For each zone or for each line AXMS 1, FXMVB 2 5651 261-8 ‘Sample specification The bus diferential relay shall be a moderately high-impedance differential relay for phase-and ground-fauits. The relay shall have a percentage Festraint characteristic that is affective for exter nal faults, only. Instantaneous saturation shal ‘not cause maloperaiion on external faults Differ ent ratios of the main CT inputs corrected by using auxdiary C1's. The operating time shall be 8-13 ms for all tripping outputs, The relay shall be suitable for 19" rack-maunting Reference Buyer's Guide No. Auxiliary curtent transformer type: SLCE 12 1803-9280 SLCE 16 1803-9281 SLXE 4 1803-9282 Test system COMBITEST 1803-95 10E Mounting and connection 803-9301 Dimensions 1803.9382E information No. Description of RADSS: Checking of operating and RK 637-3008 restraint characteristics AK 637-1046 Commissioning: single bus system 8K 637-101E doubie bus system AK 637-105E Maintenance test double bus system K 637-105 Bus coupler CT's disconnection AK 637-301E Auxiliary CT's AK 637-3026 ‘Schematic diagram for 2-zones RF 637 359ASEA ‘Switching schemes ‘Type RADSS Ultrahigh-speed bus 4000 A, and that for the fine L r ny = 1000/5 A, and mya 2 TA ines ng ) and It3, * 1000 Also, it may be assumed that for this station the operating characteristic of Fig. 4c will apply. The primary fault setting (gg) then becomes (approx): , Tpg = 79 ¥ Mg min = 1009 x 0-46 = 460.4 If separate line CT cores are available for the bus relay, it is recommended that the auxiliary CT's be installed near the line CT's, In this way the auxiliary CT primary winding can be regarded as being securely connected to the line CT secondary winding. If an open-circuit should occur within the wiring up to the differential relay the auxiliary CT becomes damaged but it will protect the line CT from being open-r:rcuite: LINE CT REQUIREMENTS The line CT's need not be matched nor must they be of the same type, for example wound or ber type. In the majority of installations it is found that standard line CT's have a knee-point (Gaturation) voltage and a secondary winding resistance lying well within the requirements of the relay. ‘ In the case of internal bus faults Ss normaily required that a differential relay current of about 1.3 x the operating current shall be produced before the line CT's start to saturate, The total resistance (Ryz) of the differential circuit may be ‘ varied between 165-301 ohm. The required relay operating voltage (U;3) may vary between 8 V and 310 V depending on the selected settings for the installation. In the case of line CT's with a secondary rating of i A, their required knee-point voltages are often found to lie in the region of 100-500 V. For 5 A line CT's these requirements are normally reduced to 20-100 v. It should be noted that these minimum knee-poing voltage requirements are related only to the operating ability of the relay during internal faults, The stability of the relay during external faults is not in any way affected by the saturation levels of line or auxilicy CT's.FULL SCALE HEAVY CURRENT TESTING The basic formulae for stability and operation of the RADSS relay have been thoroughly tested under the most severe fault conditions. Such tests have been carried out both at the Central Development Department of ASEA and at the independent, heavy current testing laboratories of KEMA, Arnhem, Holland. Altogether, some hundred heavy current test shots have been carried out representing both internal and external faults of varying magnitudes. In none of these tests did the relay maloperate, or refuse to operate when required. The stability of the relay, under the most unfavourable through fault conditions, was checked with fault current equal to 600 times the rating of the faulty feeder circuit. The ability of the relay to operate prior to saturation ive. on the initial rise of the internal fault current, was checked by using fault currents equal to 375 times the rating of the incoming feeder. The line and auxiliary CT's were premagnetised in the worst direction. In these tests the incoming line CT saturated in less than 2 ms. The starting and differential relays, however, operated in less than I ms, causing an immedite seal-in action by means of an impulse storing capacitor unit and a self-sealing auxiliary relay RXMS 1. BRIEF REPORT OF TEST NO. 6868 A A brief review of the main test circuits and of two typical oscillogrars will be given in the following: Fig 5. Internal fault with max ly A ramas (first peak 62 kA). The oscillograph loops were arranged to record the current at relay terminal K and the current Ip j/Ipo-1g The test circuit of Fig. 5 was used to check the operating characteristic of the relay during internal faults. The primary Current Ip, is directed towards the bus, and at the same time the secondary current Ly, enters the relay at terminal K. The outgoing relay current I, is relatively small and limited by the value of Ry >, which initially was very large. The differential current Igy i8 therefore large and causes a current Ty) tO pass through the relay Sp and a current i, through the relay dp. By reducing Ry 7 some of the mathematieally derived equations for stability could be verified. he Fig 6. External fault with ty) = 24 kA rain. nj. 24000 cing The test circuit of Fig. 6 was used to check the stability of the relay during external faults. Varying the value of the resistance Ryoy in the secondary circuit of the line current transformer 600 times rating. Ty, made it possible to determine the limiting condition for stability. It was found that Ry» could be increased by about 10 per cent above the calculated value without any risk of maloperation. The measuring loops of a high-speed multi-channel oscillograph were arranged to provide traces of: Ly, Primary fault current. This always starts in a positive reference direction. Taifigs The positive trace, above the zero line, represents Ip, through the differential relay dp. The negative trace below the zero line, represents the blocking current Ip» through the diode D2 (blocks operation ot dp).19 Nat This trace represents Ip} when Ip, flows in the positive reference direction. When Ip, is negative, the current I, from the auxiliary current transformer Tyyy enters the : Mx relay at terminal K. ty Operating time of differential relay dp. 1, Operating time of starting relay Sp. tz Total operating time (measured on auxiliary self-sealing relay RXMS 1), see Fig. 7. Fig ?. The relays dp and Sp have only one make contact each. The arrangements shown here were made to permit individual recording of the opening and closing of these contacts. Oscillogram No. 16, Ip, = 24 kA ram.s. Internal fault ty = Fig 8. tg = 08 ms ty = 2.8 ms20 Fig 9. Oscillogram No. 48, ip, = 24 KA eam.s. External fault. No operasion of differential relay (trace ty) ané the relay remains fully stable : RADSS THREE-PHASE DESIGNS The RANSS components are designed to suit the COMBIFLEX modular mounting and wiring system. A standard relay for 3 phases and { zone is shown an drawing 7451 298-1A. APPENDIX Derivation of comparator circuit operating and restraint characteristics The dg-relay just operates when (see Fig. {): Rap (Eq VDI » Forward voltage drop of diode D1 Jp, = Pick-up current of dp-relay Rgp= Resistance of dg-relay ng = Turns ratio of Tyyy = 10 By inserting these values in equati constants given by: (1) and also including the21 the operating equation for the da-relay becomes a straight line with the slope 5, Le. : Iy=Sip3+K (Eq. 2) This implies that the differential current must exceed a certain percentage (S) of the total incoming current 73 plus a certain fixed amount (K) in order to cause operation of da-relay. Full stability can be guaranteed when the output current Ip) = 0 and K = 0, giving the stability line: Ty = Sly (Eq. 3) The minimum operating current is obtained when all the incoming current goes through the differential circuit, ie. L Tg1min inserted in Equation 2 gives: 3 Tarmin = 5 taamin * K kK Hence, Igimin = “LS (Eq. 4) Maximum permissible loop resistance Ry y Referring to Fig. 2d and 2e, the maximum value of Ry y required to bring the relay to its stability limit, is determined by: gy = Stygy and 1, = (1-8) Typ Also, neglecting the influence of Rg/2 and assuming Ugy gives: eT eels eda eke Hence, Ry x =P R, (Eq. 5) where, the total differential circuit resistance: 2 Rote a Ras * Rua * Ba * Rant (Eq. 6) and, where the differential circuit components are given by: 2 ng? Ryg = Ryy = Resistance referred to Ty primary side. Rug = Resistance of Tyy4 primary winding. Raq = Resistance of alarm relay RXMT 1. Ray, = Variable resistor max. range: 0-136 ohms.22 Typical settings: Ryp = 10% x 1104+ 35 + 20+ Rg = 165 + Rory max. setting = 165 + 136 Ror 301 ohms Hence, with $ = 0.8 0.8 Rix = Gp 301 = 1204 ohms CT knee-point voltage requirements The line and auxiliary CT's must have output voltages capable of driving a differentia! current (Ig,) through RADSS, so that the dpp- and Sp-relay elements operate on internal faults The output voltage from the auxiliary CT required to cause operation of the dj-relav is given by approx. (GR) aeirmin Teen atl ee where: 28 ohms is the secondary winding resistance of T, referred to the primary side, and ae YD3 = 2.0 Volts, 1s the forward voltage drop of the full wave rectifier on T,y, secondary side. Asan example, consider standard settings: 5 = 0.8, O46 A, Ry = 301 ohms, ng = 10 armin the operating voltage of the d,,-relay becomes approximately: U3 (apy = O46 G29) + 25 = 171 Similarly, the voltage required to cause operation of the Sp- relay is given by: Una ¢spy = Fan (spy Rar * 28) + 0g VO3 hence, with standard Sp -relay setting we have: Ur (gp) = 0:88 B29) + 10x 2 = 310 V23 When a sensitive relay is required, or when the line CT's are relatively weak, ite. with small knee-point voltage, the Sp-relay should be particularly ordered to operate at the same, or af a smaller value than the dp-relay. In that case the various operating currents can be written: Tar esp) = Ian (a) = fatmin which is determined by the selected slope setting (ie, between, 0.20-0.61 A). The line CT's should have a relatively high knee-point voltage, 30 that sufficient current can be fed through the RADSS diff. circuit. It is considered adequate if the relay input voltage (Li, 3) and the diff. current (Ij) become at least 1.3 x the pick-up values before the line CT's start to saturate. The auxiliary CT secondary knee-point voltage should therefere, in this example, be at least 3x 310 © 400V Urs k= Referred to the aux. CT primary sides: Ura k Pax ies if my = 5 and nyyye = 50 Upg = 80 V and Uy, = 8 V If line Ly can feed fault current towards the bus, the required knee-point voltage of the T, CT becomes: Una ok a2 k*'az (sp) ®a2* Aya where: aa «gry = Current required to cause operation of Sp-relay (say R = Total loop resistance of T, secondary circuit (say 2 Az A ohms) As a typical example we may have, for a 5A CT secondary rating: Ung xT X24 80= 90024 The knee-point voltage requirement for the other feeding jines can be calculated similary. If line Ly is connected to a load only, this line cannot feed a fault current towards the bus and the Ty CT knee-point voltage requirement is only Calculations for a typical station Assume that: nq = Largest line CT ratio = 2090/5 4 Scnallest line CT ratio = 205/54 Dy lpyq = Max. bus transfe} \tnimum primary fault current = 2099 8 On the basis of these data the following relev settings may be selecte: v de 2 2060 tap oe eee on The max. circulating relay current then becornes Than 5 Selec! 5 = 0.8, Igy gay = 088 A and R, 165 + 136 = 391 ohms gr = 165+ Ryyy gives a minimum operating value for the dp-relay: latin = O86 8 lm25 and permits a max. loop resistance: = 08 Rixp Tes Rar * 02 ise. the actual total loop resistance in the Ty CT secondary Circuit must be less than: 301 = 1204 ohms ~ Pix 1204 R = 3B = 0.48 ohms fee (yy? and for the other line CT circuits R, LXp _ 1208 _ ecm $5 = 48 ohms kya) The secondary winding resistance of a 200/5 A CT is normally about 0.2 ohms and by installing the aux. CT close to the line CT the permissible resistance value will not be exceeded. In practice, therefore, a problem may exist only if the ratio between the largest and smallest line CT primary current ratings exceed 10. The line CT knee-point voltage requirements must be checked as indicate in the section above. It should be remembered that in a station with small knee-point voltages an appreciable reduction in the voltage requirements can be obtained by making the Sp- and dp-relays operate at the same current value, ie. Ty) (spy = Tat (aR) * atin’26 Typical settings The turns ratio of Ty44 is given by: ng = 1500/150 = 10 Standard Sp-relay setting: Tay (gp) = O88 A #5 % (fixed) Resistance of Ryy = 1.10 ohms + 5% (fixed) Table 1. RADSS settings and approximate operating value. Slope (S) 0.50 0.66 0.80 0.85 Ry/2 {ohms) 3.66 | 5.50 | 7.30 | 8.15 K {AY 8.10 0.096 | 6.092 | 0.991 0,96 | 1.0 | 1,02 | 1.03 we | jie | 46 eee a) 0.26 | 0.30 | 046 | 0.61 Ro (ohms) 3or | 301 1 30! | 301 . Rix (ohms) 30 j 602 | 1205 | 1705 | a ’ Ursapy ©) 36 | ig fart | 221 310 | 310} 310° | 310 rasa) ©)27 The effective resistance Rg, refers to the resultant resistance of Rys in parallel with Rg, as seen by the circulating relay current (Iq) during normal service. The calculated value P, = (Ip3,)* Rg, is based on the max. heat developed with Iy3,, = 4 A. Ifa larger heating effect is required the physical size of the resistors must be increased and, probably, also the ventilation of the relay cubicle. REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS Test report 6868 A Full scale heavy current testing Test report RKU 40-30 E Result from tests carried out at KEMA, Arnhem, Holland Information RF 637 321 RADSS 1 Zone, 12 Lines, 3- phase, circuit Diagram 7451 298-HAASEA RELAYS RFR September 1979 7451 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Edition 1 Supersedes RF 637 E RADSS: Test cireuit for checking the operating and restraint characteristics ‘The operating and restraint characteristics of the RADSS protection can easily be checked by the test circuit indicated in Fig. 1, When the test circuit impedance 2, is made equal to a variable linear resistor, the restraint characteristic of Fig. 2 can be obtained, and when 2, is made equal to a variable reactance, the opera- ting characteristic of Fig. 3 will be obtained, The injection test voltage Up3 and the test circuit impe- dance 2, is varied to make a certain percentage of Inq, the total incoming current, pass through the differen= tial circuit. The various characteristics of Tq, versus Igy will then be obtained (Figures 2 and 3). RESTRAINT CHARACTERISTIC (Fig. 2) 2.1 ‘The more detailed test circuit of Fig, & should be used, Minimum operating currents 2.2 In the case of @ standard RADSS package, set Ryy =00 (i.e, open circuited) and increase Up3 until the current Ip, = = Ij, causes operation of the RXMT 1 alarm relay, dy relay and S, relay. Check also that a positive deflection is obtaified on the sensitive de voltmeter Up,+ Record: Pick-up |Up; ( [ 14, (® | u,, Cw) Alarm a telay Sa telay Stability (restraint) test ASEA 72100 Vistets Swasen Set the resistor Rx about 50 % higher than the cal- culated maximum permissible loop-resistance, Increase Upy. Check that Up, gives positive deflection. Reduce Ryx and observe that Ug, is also reduced, Increase Upy until Tp3 = 0.5 A and adjust Rpy so that Up, remains approximately zero (but still positive), record:Ww) Jy, a (a) a OV | ov) fot) | Ry = Ost, Note: Continuous (thermal) rating of differential circuit Ty, = 0.5 A. Ty, 7 1A can be permitted for 50 seconds. From these results the slope of stability line is obtained from $ = Tyi/Tp3. The boundary of the restraint area may also be checked for different values of Ip3, for example: 0.8 A and 1,0 A, The corresponding values of Ig; should be found to coincide fairly well with the straight line: Ty = S pgs which may be denoted the stability line, or restraint line, because it corresponds to zero output voltage to the dy relay, ice. Uys = Use 2.3 Operating area of Fig. 2 Increase the value of Rj, and check that in the case of standard settings, the dy relay just operates when (approx.) Tg) "9-8 Ty + Oot 3 OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (Fig. 3) ‘The test circuit of Fig. 4 may still be used, but should be replaced by a variable air-gap reactor: 0-500 ohms, 1A rating. The operating area for the standard protection will be basically as shown in Fig. Standard RADSS settings: Ryg = Let ohms; R,/2 = 7.3 ohms ng = 10 and § = =(Fig ) Test circuit used to determine the restraint and operating areas on external and infernal foults Ur3 = Test supply voltage, Z,Test circuib impe~ dance Restraint characteris~ tic on external foul; Zt Ryy linear resistance Zy, “ST Stability line Ly *5I3tK operoting tine (Fig. 2) Qperoting characteris tie on internal fauit, 2 * Zim magnetising impedorce (Fig-3)(Fig. 4) Test circuit 3 (f° 3 hi | 1 x tr ae The : Test terminal on front’ of RQDA relay unit Instruments Ur3, U, Voltmeter O-200V a.c. Tr3, I, Tgp Ammeter 0-20 ac. Upy’ Sensitive dc. voltmeter 0- 100mVde Resistor + Rix Variable resistor 0- 1000.2, 1AASEA RELAYS RFR, December 19837451 1 Edition 2 Supersedes Edition 1 Auxiliary CT's for RADSS bus protection The RADSS bus differential protection uses auxiliary CT's for the following reasons: © Ratio correction, so that the overall turns ratio (n,) becomes the same for all CT circuits. © To bring down the main CT secondary current from 5 A to 1A, or in some special cases from 5A to 2A. © The auxiliary CT's also limit the maximum transient voltage imposed on the RADSS relay. This is achieved by keeping the secondary knee-point voltage less than about 500 V rms. AUXILIARY CT TYPE SLCE 16 AND SLXE 4 The auxiliary CT's types SLCE 16 and SLXE 4 are available. The auxiliary CT's have strip mounted cores made up of high quality sheet steel with C-shaped stampings. The SLCE 16 and SLXE 4 is normally provided with screw terminal 2 for maximum 10 mm? wires (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 for dimensions). Table 1. Typical ratios Type Current ratio Turns ratio Cu-loss at 20°C and rated current on 160/800 suce 16 5/95 80/800 ow in 800/800 20W 5/2 240/600 25 W one)? 600/600 25.W 1/2 1200/600 25 W The knee-point voltages for the SLCE 16 resp. SLXE 4 are about 450 resp. 400 V ram.s. It should be noted that the number of secondary turns is kept constant for both types, 800 resp. 600 turns. Different CT turns ratios are therefore obtained by varying the number of primary turns. The volts/turn at an induction of about 1.6 Tesla is 0.52 V/t for SLCE 16 and 0.66 V/t for SLXE 4. SEA RELAYS £72171 VASTERAS SWEDENMULTI-RATIO AUXILIARY CT'S For a particular bus installation, with several diferent inein CT ratios, it is an advantage to use only one type of auxiliary CT with the required number of taps. The SLCE 16 nay be provided with seven terminal taps for the primary winding and two terminals for the secondary winding. As an example consider a bus installation with the following line CT and aux. CT ratios: Table 2 The overall ratic is in this examele a, = 209%. One multi-tutio auxiliary CT with the above data may be ordered as follows: Type SLC 16, aux. CT with Current ratio: 9/0.2 0. 0.9 G6 - G8 19 Primary tevninals/turns PL. Pz. PPG - PS O32 oc 7 8 - 160 Secondary terminals/turns: Si-S2/0- 8001 to be used with RADSS It should be noted that if more ratios are required these can be obtained by using intermediate terminals, e.g. by using the primary connections P3 - P& = 16 t and P4 -P6 48 t, the ratios 5/0.1 and 5/0.3 A can also be obtained. ALITO-CONNECTED AUX. CT FOR 2 A SECONDARY RATING The SLCE l@ may be used for the ratio 3/2 A provided it is permitted to use the auto-cennection principle. This is normally the case if dedicated main CT's are used. On the other hand, if the RADSS plus some other relays are connected to same main CT core, certain wiring and polarity problems may’ arise. The SLXE 4 must then be used with separately insulated primary and secondary windings:SLCE 16 5I2A Autoconnected with terminals/ turns: 1-2-3/0- 480 - 800t Fig. 1 Possible arrangement of SLCE 16 The knee-point voltage U3} % 450 V across terminals | - 3. STOCKED MULTI-WINDING AUX. CT A special reconnectable SLCE 16, suitable for being used with the RADSS protection, will be made available from a small stock at the R-division. Two different ratings will be provided, i.e. with | A or 5A rated primary windings. The secondary winding will always be made with a maximum rating of 1 A. The two different designs are denoted: © Multi-winding SLCE 16 Ratio 1/0,025 - 1A Ordering No. #785 040-BCV © Multi-winding SLCE 16 Ratio 5/0.025 = LA Ordering No. #785 040-BCZ In both designs the secondary current can be altered in steps of 25 mA up tol A. The primary current is always considered to be fixed, i.e. equal to the rated current of 1 A or 5A. As indicated in Fig. 2 there are four primary windings with the relative number of turns: 1k, 3k, 9k and 27k, where k is a constant. The secondary winding has a fixed number of 800 turns, which provides the typical knee-point voltage of about Uy = 450 V rams. The total relative number of turns in all the primary windings is: 1k+3k+9k+27k=40k Hence, in the case of a 1/1 A ratio it follows that: 40 k = 800 t, ive. k= 20. Similarly, in the case of a 5/1 A ratio: 40k = 160 t, ke. k= 4SLEE 16 " Fig. 2. Shulti-winding SLC! i ig, siti-wis 7 From Table 3 it is seer teat any relavve aumber of primary turns hetween k= i and k 49 can be ootained dy adding o: subtracting the tues = the -arious wine The percentage value between each relative swmber of turn is Li oe 22.58 FEE ¥ 100% = 2.586 which corresponds te steps of 29 mA whet setlected to the outpur current of the | A rarest secondary win ting. The connections shown in Ladle 3 are vaiva rer beh the LAs and 5 Acdesigns, ive. the ratio 1/0,025A ane 5/0029 \ will be obtained by using the connections fork 1. ke, PE 1, 2 P2. , The vorresponding actual primary number of turns is 2) < for the: | Acrating and 4t for the > A-rating. The secondary current | theretore becomes (for k= 3. 2x20 : ” 9 = RGR ZEE 0.029 A for the 1 A-rating SAxSt the > A-rating y= abet = 0.029 a & Similarly, for all the other K-values, between 2 and 49, the secondary current can be increased in steps of 25mA up to 1000 mA by using the shown primary connections. The secondary winding is always connected to $1 - 5:Example a) Required ratio: 1/0.375 A User SLCE 16, 1/0.025 - 1A Reference k-value = 20 Connect: Pl - 4,3 - 6,5 -7,8- P2 Ordering No. 4785 040-BCV b) Required ratio: 5/0.375 A Use: SLCE 16, 5/0.025 - 1A Reference k-value = 4 Connect: PI - 4, 3 - 6,5-7,8-P2 Ordering No. 4785 040-BCZ It should be remembered that the RADSS protection cannot tolerate too high aux. CT ratios. In practice the ratios 1/0.05 A = 20 and 5/0.125 A =40 must be regarded as typical maximum values. AUX, CT SECONDARY SATURATION VOLTAGE The aux. CT's must be capable of producing a certain secondary voltage in order to ensure that the RADSS relay will operate in the case of an internal bus fault. The secondary knee-point voltage should be at least 1.3 times the RADSS relay operating voltage. If the operating voltage is about 300 V the aux. CT saturation voltage should be at least 390 V. This is sufficient because in the case of heavy internal bus faults the maximum aux. CT transient voltage can reach 2000 V and since the RADSS relay works within I ms decisive operation will still be obtained. As previously mentioned the aux. CT saturation voltage should not exceed 500 V r.m.5.. in order to limit the maximum transient voltage imposed on the RADSS relay. For the RADSS relay the auxiliary current transformer second- ary turns are fixed for SLCE 16 to 800 t and for SLXE 4 to 600 t. Ordering table: SLCE 16, standard versions with 800t secondary Fixed ratio 5/1 A 4785 040-AYZ ALA 4785 040-AZF 1/0.5. A 4785 040-ANV Multi ratio 5/0.5-1 A 4785 040-AXP 1/0.125-0.25-0.5-1 A 4785 040-ANX 1/0.2-0.4-0.5-1 A 4785 040-ANY 1/0.3-0.5-0.6-1 A 4785 040-ARFDIMENSIONS Fig. 4 Cype SLXE 4 (Mass: 8 kg)muutr mong beet RK 637-302 €4.2 ieee (=e aE eats a= |. Yet t 3, SS. 7, P2] 3 Lae fina 2S 32 98 BB | Comets] 421 2 | *< a a. so] ee ies ee 323 wm |e es oe ] get} | 100 | 2 ee i| Se1-39 | 125 | —~Lt 2 | Prats, 3-5 62-349 150 — fa ee i Fe 01-369 15 | 2 eae 35 | 82-149 | 200 | —_ fare ae | 929 zs{ oe as wets | 250) ee Me-193+9 | 275] | 3 ee ee 122369 300 | “2 2 Aga [13214369 325 | 2 e aa cae [ieeete (36-71) 330) testa ecg ee gee nr ae i 2-3-9607 | 375 | SL Ab Weare waka PoRK 637-3026 E42 SE Se | S.Forsman = aa i Pits. Se, Se, ley P2| ly [ Reference | |, 43 33 943 ag 2 | Pane Bol k-value (ma) et gt g connections — 1=1,2-4, 3-6 t6=+1-3-9+27) 400 oe Lo | 5-7, 8-P2 = Pi-2, 1-6 We-1-947 | 425). 2 Le | 5-7 8-2 = P16, 5-7 165-9 +27 oo | | ge - —e Pit, 266 1et-94 27 | 475 oe | 5-7, 8-2 —- o—- | 20=-1+3-9+ 27 | 500 —-- | El zise3-9627 | 525 | ° — 7 | a+ 143-9227) 550 | J eee | pt-2,-4,3-7 21-3e27 | 995 | 2 LE o—— | 8-P2 es | Pi-4, 3-7 2h=-3+ 27 600 ae eee! — 8-P2 1 ——— | Pi-t,2-4, 3-7 D5=+1- 3427 | 625 ; ce | a-P2 a Pi-2,1-7 262-1627 | 650 o—» | 8-P2 aaa Pi-7 27227 675 o——» | 8-P2 > | Pi-1, 2-7 2erl+ 27 | 700 oJ o> | 8-2 | Pi-2, 1-3,4-7 295-143 +27 8-P2 Pi-3, 4-7 30e+3+ 27 B-P2 POGNO Ma hwtye nie i |g exr-so2e_£42 _. nf eS porsman neds | = | Prt Bes 7, P2 | - ene | ot Primary ly | Reference | Ip | ab 1 . y . bf Reteerce Tee eB eB Teg > | Pam Ip | k-vol 2 a ae) it PI-1, 2-3, 4-7 |, [ Bist+3+27 | 775 8-P2 e 7 4 eee ee P1-2, 1-4, 3-5 AEP e-1-3-9-27] 800) LS gt ae t = ——_ PI1-4,3-5, 6-7 { 33:-349+77 | 825 | | oto | B-P2 oo oo Pt-1, 2-6, 3-5 f 3he1-369+27] 850 | 2 et eo | 6.7 g-P2 = Pi-2,1-5,6-7 352-149+27 | 875 ot eo | 8-pz | = P1-5, 6-7 1 362 9427 | 900 | ot o> | g-p2 | | 1 Piet, 25 372169427 | 925 6-7, 8-P2 a | 1-2, 1-3, &5 32-1+3+9427) 950 7 a ot os | 6-7, B-P2 j = P1-3,4-5, 6-7 3923+9+27 | 975 | ° oS et ts | ope. 1 P1+1, 2-3, 4-5 | [ 40216369427] 1000 | * ct eS fle | 6-7, PD aie doe