ALSTOM Micromho Distance Protection Type SHNB Service Manual R5850E Publication R5406 forms part of this manual ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control lid_St Leonards Works, Stafford ST17 4UX, England Tel: +44 (0) 1785 223251 Fox: +44 (0] 1785 212232SAFETY SECTION This Safety Section should be read before commencing any work on the equipment. Health and safety The information in the Safety Section of the product documentation is intended to ensure that products are properly installed and handled in order to maintain them ina safe condition. Itis assumed that everyone who will be associated with the equipment will be familiar with the contents of the Safety Section. Explanation of symbols and labels The meaning of symbols and labels which may be used on the equipment or in the product documentation, is given below. A Caution: refer to product documentation Caution: risk of electric shock & Protective/safety *earth terminal Functional "earth terminal Note: this symbol may also be used for @ protective/ sofely earth terminal if that terminal is part of a ferminal block or sub-assembly eg. power supply. *Note:The term earth used throughout the product documentation is the direct equivalent of the North American term ground. Installing, Commissioning and Servicing Equipment connections Personnel undertaking installation, commissioning or servicing work on this equipment should be aware of the correct working procedures to ensure safety. The product documentation should be consulted before installing, commissioning or servicing the equipment Terminals exposed during installation, commissioning and maintenance may ‘Pos ‘9 19 y present « hazardous voltage unless the equipment is electrically isolated. IF there is unlocked access to the rear of the equipment, core should be taken by all personnel to avoid electric shock or energy hazards. Voltage and current connections should be made using insulated crimp terminations to ensure that terminal block insulation requirements are maintained for safety. To ensure that wires ore correctly terminated, the correct crimp terminal and tool for the wire size should be used. 588 /6A/1098Before energising the equipment it must be earthed using the protective earth terminal, or the appropriate termination of the supply plug in the case of plug connected equipment. Omitting or disconnecting the equipment earth may cause a sofety hazard The recommended minimum earth wire size is 2.5 mm2, unless otherwise stated in the technical data section of the product documentation. Before energising the equipment, the following should be checked: Voltage rating and polarity; CT circuit rating and integrity of connections; Protective fuse rating; Integrity of earth connection (where applicable) Equipment operating conditions The equipment should be operated within the specified electrical and environmental limits Current transformer circuits A Do not open the secondary circuit of a live CT since the high voltage produced may be lethal to personnel and could damage insulation. External resistors A Where external resistors are fitted to relays, these may present a risk of electric shock or burns, if touched. Battery replacement Where internal batteries are fitted they should be replaced with the recommended DA type and be installed with the correct polarity, to avoid possible damage to the equipment Insulation and dielectric strength testing Insulation testing may leave capacitors charged up to a hazardous voltage. AY the JD end of each part of the test, the voltage should be gradually reduced to zero, to discharge capacitors, before the test leads are disconnected. Insertion of modules and pcb cards JD These must not be inserted into or withdrawn from equipment whilst it is energised, since this may result in damage. Fibre optic communication Where fibre optic communication devices are fitted, these should not be viewed A directly. Optical power meters should be used to determine the operation or signal level of the device. 588/6A/1008> PEPE Older Products Electrical adjustments Pieces of equipment which require direct physical adjustments to their operating mechanism to change current or voltage settings, should have the electrical power removed before making the change, to avoid any risk of electric shock. Mechanical adjustments The electrical power to the relay contacts should be removed before checking any mechanical settings, to avoid any risk of electric shock. Draw out case relays Removal of the cover on equipment incorporating electromechanical operating elements, may expose hazardous live parts such as relay contacts. Insertion and withdrawal of extender cards When using an extender card, this should not be inserted or withdrawn from the equipment whilst itis energised. This is to avoid possible shock or damage hazards. Hazardous live voltages may be accessible on the extender card Insertion and withdrawal of heavy current test plugs When using a heavy current test plug, CT shorting links must be in place before insertion or removal, to avoid potentially lethal voltages. Decommissioning and Disposal Decommissioning: The auxiliary supply circuit in the relay may include copacitors across the supply or o earth. To avoid electric shock or energy hazards, after completely isolating the supplies to the relay (both poles of any de supply], the capacitors should be safely discharged via the external terminals prior to decommissioning. Disposal: It is recommended that incineration and disposal to water courses is avoided. The product should be disposed of in a safe manner. Any products containing batteries should have them removed before disposal, taking precautions to avoid short circuits. Particular regulations within the country of operation, may apply to the disposal of lithium bateries. 5SS/6A/1098Technical Specifications Protective fuse rating The recommended maximum rating of the external protective fuse for this equipment is 6A, Red Spot type or equivalent, unless otherwise stated in the technical data section of the product documentation, Insulation class: EC 601010-1: 1990/A2 Class | EN 610101: 1993/A2: Class | Installation IEC 6010101: 1990/A2: Category Category Ii (Overvoltage): EN 610101: 1993/A2: Category Il Environment: IEC 601010-1: 1990/A2: Pollution degree 2 EN61010-1; 1993/A2: Pollution degree 2 Product safety: | 73/23/EEC ce EN 610101: 1993/A2: EN 60950: 1992/A11 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995, 1995 1997 This equipment requires a protective (safely) earth connection fo ensure user safety. Distribution level, fixed installation. Equipment in this category is qualification tested at SkV peak, 1.2/50ps, 5000, 0.5), between all supply circuits ‘ond earth and olso between independent circuits. Compliance is demonstrated by reference to generic safety standards. Compliance with the European Commission Low Voltage Directive. Compliance is demonstrated by reference to generic sofety stondards 585/6A/1098SERVICE MANUAL. R-5850D MICROMHO CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 Contents APPLICATION NOTES (INCL.R-5406) DESCRIPTION OF MODULAR DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEME WITH MICROPROCESSOR BASED SCHEME LOGIC MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING INSTRUCTIONS FAULT FINDI RELAY IDENTIFICATION MODEL IDENTIFICATIONSERVICE MANUAL, R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 MICROMHO DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY TYPE SHNB SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 APPLICATION NOTESSERVICE MANUAL MICROMHO 1 INTRODUCTION Choice of Reach Choice of Characteristics Time Settings bee 2 RELAY SETTINGS - Including Worked Example for 275kV System Zone | Setting Zone 2 Setting Zone 3 Setting (Forward Reach) Zone 3 Setting (Reverse Reach) Zone 3 Forward Reach (Reverse-looking) Zone 3 Reverse Reach (Reverse-looking) Check on Comparator Voltage for Accuracy of Zone 1 Earth Fault Compensation Settings Mutual Zero Sequence Compensation Settings (Optional) 10 Relay Characteristic Angle Settings 11 Zone 1 Extension Settings 12 Power Swing Blocking Settings 13 Lenticular Facilities .e Bt a CmUdgb abe ‘4. Selection of Scheme Logic Programs 5. Sketching Relay Impedance Characteristic 6 Comments on Relay Impedance Characteristics & RPRPRNRN PYVYNNNNy DISCUSSION ON APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS DISTANCE SCHEME OPTIONS Basic Zone 1 Extension Permissive Underreach Transfer Tripping Permissive Overreach Transfer Tripping Blocking pepey Beebe DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT PROTECTION DEF Settings DEF Current Sensitivity Setting DISTANCE AND DEF SCHEME OPTION LINKS Distance Scheme Links DEF Scheme Links vay ow ake BE Be R-5850D Chapter 1 Contents Page 1 of 2 PAGE nee © COMeEINA AUASEREWY 10 10 u i WW 12 12 12SERVICE MANUAL. MICROMHO TIMER SETTINGS FOR DISTANCE SCHEME LOGIC Permissive Underreach Scheme Permissive Overreach Scheme Weak Infeed Logic Blocking Scheme TIMER SETTINGS FOR DEF SCHEME LOGIC 1 Permissive Overreach Scheme 2. Directional Earth Fault - Blocking Scheme a 4 apan o 2oR2 APPENDIX A —_Diagrams APPENDIX B _ Sketching Relay Characteristics 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 19 R-5850D. Chapter 1 Contents Page 2 of 2SERVICE MANUAL, R-5850D MICROMHO- Chapter 1 Page 1 of 19 Section 1. INTRODUCTION 1a “The Micromho static distance protection scheme is designed for high speed phase and earth fault protection for high voltage and extra high voltage overhead transmission lines. Three zones of protection are provided, each with individual settings, Zones 1 and 2 having polarised mho characteristics and Zone 3 having mho, offset mho or optional lenticular characteristics. ‘The relay is equipped with microprocessor based scheme logic which provides five basic tripping schemes, selectable by thumbwheel switches. These are: 1) Basic three zone distance. 2) Zone 1 extension. 3) Permissive underreach. 4) Permissive overreach. 5) Blocking scheme. Each scheme also provides the choice of three phase tripping or single and three phase tripping. Optional features include: 1) Voltage supervision. 2) Power swing blocking. 3) Directional earth fault scheme. 4) Mutual compensation for double circuit lines. Choice of Reach Although the accuracy of the mho unit is within + 5% of its setting for most faults, ‘greater errors can occur as a result of voltage and current transformer errors and inaccuracies in line data from which the relay settings are calculated. To prevent the possibility of relays tripping instantaneously for faults in the next line, it is usual to set the Zone I reach of the mho unit to 80 - 85% of the first section and rely on Zone 2 to cover the remaining 20 - 15% of the line. If Zone 1 extension scheme is used, this is normally set to 150% of the Zone 1 reach. ‘The Zone 2 reach of the mho unit is usually set to cover faults in the first line section plus 50% of the shortest adjacent line section. The Zone 3 reach of the mho unit is usually set to cover faults in the first section, the longest adjacent section, plus 25% of the third section provided that the required settings do not encroach into the load impedance. Zone 3 can be set with a reverse offset if desired eg. to 25% of the Zone | setting, to give back-up protection for busbar faults behind the relaying point. If Zone 3 is set without a reverse offset it becomes a cross polarized/synchronous memory polarized element, as are Zone 1 and Zone 2 elements, in order that it provides zero voltage directional qualities for all types of fault.’ With the relay set to act in a blocking scheme, Zone 3 should be set to 1ook in the reverse direction, with a reach setting in the reverse direction of 120% of the Zone 2 reach of the remote-end relay.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Page 2 of 19 1.2 Choice of Characteristics ‘Maximum accuracy and sensitivity is obtained by setting the relay angle @PH to the 13 nearest setting above the angle of the line positive sequence impedance (Z.1), and 6N to the nearest value above the angle of KN.Zi1 where KN is the neutral compensation vector. If mutual compensation is fitted, 8M is set to the nearest value above the angle of the vector KM.Z1,1 where KM is the mutual compensation vector. Time Settings ‘The settings tp (ph), t2 (N), 13 (Ph), t3 (N) determine the time delay from detection of a fault to the operation of the trip output device for faults occurring in Zones 2 and 3. “The relay clears the majority of Zone 1 faults in approximately 20ms. The Zone 2 time delay must, therefore, be long enough to discriminate between slightly longer Zone | clearances and faults in Zone 2. Generally a Zone 2 setting of 0.2 - 0.3s is satisfactory, but longer times may be required depending on the type of protection that the Zone 2 overlaps and with which it has to discriminate. Zone 3 gives back-up protection and may be overlapping other forms of protection, such as inverse definite time overcurrent relays. The setting of the Zone 3 time delay will depend upon the system of which the relay forms a part. In any case, Zone 3 times will be greater than the Zone 2 times, typically with a value of Is. Section 2. RELAY SETTINGS - INCLUDING WORKED EXAMPLE FOR 275KV SYSTEM (See setting ranges in Section 5.2, Chapter 2) eo 600/t 1 | 2-0 50km g0km Ls | 275000/110 Sample 275kV System Setting calculations for end A relays: Line +ve sequence impedance, Zz1 = (0.089 + j 0.324) ohmv/km Line zero sequence impedance, Zo = (0.204 + j 0.838) ohm/km Manual zero Sequence impedance, Zmo = (0.114 + j 0.419) obm/em. ASERVICE MANUAL R-5850 D. MICROMHO Chapter 1 Page 3 of 19 ‘Secondary ohms = primary ohms x 600 x_110 = primary ohms x 0.24 1 275000 Z1 = 0.336 (74.6" ohm/km Zo = 0.862 16.3" ohm/km Zo = 0.434 [74.8° ohm/km 2.1 Zone 1 Setting Required Zone 1 phase fault reach = 80% section AB = 80% of 50 x 0.336 = 13.4 ohm primary = 3.22 ohm secondary Select Zpy =(K1 + K2) = 3.2 ohm ie. K1 = 3, K2=0.2 Tn required fine multiplication = 3.22 32 Select K14 (K11 + K12 + K13) = 1.00 K11 = 1, K12 = 0.0, K13 = 0.00, Kid = 1 Check that (K1 + K2)K14 (K11 + K12 + K13) is as close Tn as possible to the required phase fault reach. 2.2 Zone 2Setting Required Zone 2reach = (Section AB + 50% shortest adjacent line). (Section BC in this case) = [50 + (0.5 x 90)] x 0.336 ohms = 31.92 ohms primary = 7.66 ohms secondary required Zone 2 fine multiplication = 2.66.= 2.39 Select K24 (K21 + K22) =2.39~2.4 ie, K21 = 2, K22 = 0.4, K24 = 1SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 23 24 25 2.6 27 Page 4 of 19 Zone 3 Setting (Forward Reach) Required Zone 3 reach = (Section AB + 125% longest adjacent line) (Section BC in this case) = [50 + (1.25 x 90)] x 0.336 ohms ‘= 54.6 ohms primary = 13.1 ohms secondary required Zone 3 fine multiplication = 13.1 = 4,09 = 4.1 Select K33 (K31 + K32) =4.1 2 ie, K31 = 4, K32 = 0.1, K33 = 1 Zone 3 Setting (Reverse Reach) If no reverse Zone 3 reach is required, set K34 =0 required Zone 3 reverse reach = typically 25% of Zone 1 = 3.22 x 0.25 = (0.805 ohms secondary required reverse multiplication = 0,805 = 0.25 Set K34 = 0.25 38 Note: The setting rules for Zone 3 just quoted apply for a forward-looking’ element. Ina blocking scheme the Zone 3 elements will be Teverse-looking’ and the setting tules in Section 2.5 should apply. Zone 3 Forward Reach (Reverse-looking) Required Zone 3 reach = 120% of Zone 2 setting on remote end relay. Zone 3 Reverse Reach (Reverse-looking) Required reverse Zone 3 reach = 25% of Zone I settings on the same relay. Check on Comparator Voltage for Accuracy of Zone 1 ‘The constraints for comparator accuracy are given in Section 5.3, Chapter 2. Zone 1 accuracy is + 5% for System Impedance Ratio's (SIRs) of up to 30 and +10% for SIRs of up 10 60. If 45% accuracy of Zone 1 is required, then the comparator voltage for earth faults need to be > 2.05V and for phase faults it needs to be > 3.55V. For the most onerous condition it has been assumed in the following calculations that circuit 1 of line AB is out of service and so infeed to a fault on circuit 2 from source C, through A busbars, does not exist.SERVICE MANUAL, R-5850D MICROMHO, Chapter 1 2.8 Page 5 of 19 ‘Assuming the minimum fault level of source A = 1000MVA and that the zero sequence source impedance equals the positive sequence source impedance. 2752 Zs1 =Zs0 = F009 = 75.6 ohms Source earth loop impedance, ZsE =2s1+ 224280 76, = 75.6 ohms The Zone 1 comparator must be accurate for faults at the Zone 1 reach point: Line positive sequence impedance to Zone 1 reach point = 13.4 ohms; relay voltage for a phase-fault i ZixE _ __ 13.4 " = Zsit+Zii ~ 736+ 134 * 10=166v ‘Thus voltage requirements for + 5% accuracy of Zone 1 phase fault comparator will be met. Line zero sequence impedance to Zone 1 reach point = 34.5 ohms; line fault loop impedance Zi1+Z2 + Zio Ze I z meee ot = 204 ohms pale eee a Relay voltage foran earth fault= Zt xe 5 = 13.5V Thus voltage requirements for + 5% accuracy of Zone 1 earth fault comparators for solid faults will be met. Earth Fault Compensation Settings Earth loop impedance of fault ZLE = Zi1 (1 + KN) Where KN =-210>ZL1 32 Zo - Zi = (0.204 + 30.838) — (0.089 + 10.324) = 0.527 17.4" ohms/KmSERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO, ‘Chapter 1 Page 6 of 19 KN = —_0.527,/77.4" 0.52328 = 52.3% 3 x 0.336 714.6" Kin=KNZi1 29 2.10 = 0.523 (2.8° x 0.336 (74.6" = 0.176 (77.4" (primary ohms per km) Required compensation setting IZ! = K-Zpx = 0.523 x 3.2 ohm = 1.67 ohms Select (K3 + K4 + K5) = 1.67 x In = 1.67 x 1 = 1.67 ie. K3 = 1, K4 = 0.6, KS = 0.08 Mutual Zero Sequence Compensation Settings (Optional) Earth loop impedance of fault, with mutual zero sequence coupling Ze = (1+KN+KM)Zi1 Zim=KMZi1 KM = Zo = Qasegase = 043102" = 43.1% 11 x 0.336 74.6" Zim = 0.431 (0.2° x 0.336 74.6" = 0.145 (74.8 (Primary ohms per km) Compensation setting Zl = KMZpx = 0.431 x3.2 = 1.38 ohms Select (K6 + K7 +K8) = 1.38 x In= 1.38x 1 = 1.38 ie. K6= 1,K7= 0.3,K8 = 0.08 Links are available to select which settings (Z1, Z1 ext, Z2) are to be compensated. Relay Characteristic Angle Settings Zu = 0.336 24,6" ohm/km therefore set OpH = 75" Zin = 0.176 277.4" ohm/km therefore set On = 80° Zim = 0.145 224.8" ohmvykm therefore set @y = 75°SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 211 2.12 Page 7 of 19 Zone 1 Extension Settings a) When the basic distance schemes are selected via the scheme logic (TSN 00,01), the Zone 1 extension controls can be used to extend the Zone | reach setting for phase faults. The earth fault setting will be unchanged in this case and the zone extension will not reset after a fault. For the basic scheme the Zone | extension controls are set as follows. Zone 1 +ve sequence earth fault reach = (KL+K2) K14 (K11 + K12 + K13) Ta Required extension = required Zone 1 phase fault reach x In (K1 + K2) K14 (K11 + K12 +K13) b) When the ZONE EXTENSION schemes are selected via the scheme logic (TSN 08, 09), the Zone 1 extension controls are used to extend both the phase and earth fault Zone 1 reaches. After the occurrence of a fault the Zone 1 extension is reset via an auto-reclose equipment contact so that normal Zone 1 reaches exist. Required extension = typically 150% of Zone 1 setting, Thus set (K15 + K16) = 1.5 ie. KIS = 1, K16 = 0.5 Power Swing Blocking Settings ‘The Power Swing Blocking (PSB) module measures A-B impedance and has two independent characteristics, referenced Zone 5 and Zone 6. If the measured impedance locus travels into the Zone 6 operating region and takes longer than the PSB timer setting ({Z6) to pass through into the Zone 5 operating. region, the PSB element will operate. The PSB unit is used to block distance relay operation under certain circumstances. Links are provided to select which distance zone(s) will be blocked. ‘The Zone 5 characteristic should be as close as possible to the Zone 3 distance characteristic except when applied to blocking schemes. ie. Zone 5 forward reach = Zone 3 forward reach (23) Zone 5 reverse reach = Zone 3 reverse reach (Z3') For a blocking scheme where the Zone 3 elements will be ‘reverse looking’, the Zone 5 forward reach should be set to 1.2 times the Zone 2 reach, and the Zone $ reverse Teach should be set to 0.2 times the Zone 2 reach. Proportion of Zone 5 reverse offset = K54 K54= -Z3' = 805 = 0.058 Z3+Z3 0.805 + 13.1 SetKS4 = 0.10SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 2.13 2.14 Page 8 of 19 The nameplate constant, K50 = K53 (K51 + K52) (KL +K2) In K50 is found from, K50_ = fe reach 2(1—K54) - 13.1 ZT — 0.058) = 727 Set K53 (K51+K52) = KsOxIn = 227 = 227 (KI +K2) 3.2 ie. K51 = 2, K52 = 0.3, K53 = 1 Automatically the Zone 6 reaches are set so that Z6 + Z6 = 1.3 (Z5 +Z5') This relationship should be checked, using the following: 26 =K5O0 (0.3 +2 [1 - K54]) Z6' = KSO (0.3 + 2K54) For the above (26 + Z6)/(Z5 +Z5') ratio, the normal PSB time setting is 40ms. ‘Thus tZ6 should be set to 40ms. ‘The links on the PSB module can be set to allow blocking of particular distance zones. Lenticular Facilities For applications where there are likely to be problems of load encroachment on the relay Zone 3 characteristic or even more so on the PSB Zone 6 characteristic, lenticular shaped characteristics are available for Zones 3, 5 and 6. ‘The major axis of the lenticular Zone 3 characteristic (b) would be set according to the required Zone 3 forward and reverse reach as normal, but the minor axis (a) can be adjusted by a control which alters the aspect ratio (a/b). This control is variable from 0.47 to 1.0. The aspect ratio should be adjusted to prevent load encroachment on the impedance characteristic. ‘When using PSB facilities with lenticular characteristics the aspect ratio of the unit should be set the same as that of the Zone 3 characteristic. Selection of Scheme Logic Programmes ‘The distance scheme logic programmes are selected by the Thumbwheel Selection Numbers (TSNs) listed in Section 6.2, Chapter 2. It should be noted, that the blocking scheme requires a Zone 3 printed circuit board to be changed around so that Zone 3 becomes a 'reverse-looking’ blocking characteristic. Guidelines for setting scheme logic timers are given under the various scheme options.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 215 2.16 Page 9 of 19 Sketching Relay Impedance Characteristic (See Appendix B for method) ‘Asan example, only the earth fault impedance characteristic will be sketched: assume ZS =75 ohms. P= Zs 10M = Zi0 = 0.862 = 2.57 B° (approximate angle) Zs Zi 0.336 Calculating offsets: K1= 0.138(2+P)=0,138x3= 0.090" +9) (2+ 2.57) K2= 3P = 2xl= 0.660 (2+q) (2 + 2.57) Captive Point Constraint: See Appendix B. See sketches in Figure 1, Appendix B. ‘Comments on Relay Impedance Characteristics Itcan be seen that the Zone 1 earth fault elements provide a minimum of 9.5 ohms resistive coverage on the positive sequence impedance diagram and for the length of line AB the Zone 2 earth fault elements provide a minimum of 14 ohms resistive coverage. Zero sequence compensation = 52.3%, hence resistive reaches on positive sequence diagrams must be multiplied by (1 + 0.523) to obtain actual earth fault reaches: Zone 1 resistive earth fault coverage = 14.5 ohms Zone 2 resistive earth fault coverage = 21.3 ohms Section 3. DISCUSSION ON APPLICATION OF VARIOUS DISTANCE SCHEME OPTIONS 3 3.2 Basic - (See Figure 2, Appendix A) a) This scheme does not require signalling channels. b) A major disadvantage is that all faults within a protected section cannot be cleared instantaneously by distance relays at both ends. c) The scheme is suitable for a single circuit radial line, where a distance relay would be used at the source end only. Zone 1 Extension - (See Figure 3, Appendix A) a) This scheme does not require a signalling channel. b) Normally Zone 1 phase and earth fault comparator reaches are extended to overreach the remote end of a protected section.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 33 3.4 Page 10 of 19 ©) This scheme is intended for use with auto-reclose equipment. After a fault ‘occurs, the auto-reclose equipment gives a reset signal to the extension facility so that Zone 1 phase and earth fault reaches fall back to normal setting. 4) This scheme provides fast clearance of most transient faults. On the basis that most overhead line faults are transient in duration, the scheme will allow fast clearance of most faults along the protected section and those just out of the section. Lack of discrimination does not matter as auto-reclosure of the protected section circuit breaker(s) will take place. The operation of the auto-reclose relay is used to reset the extension facility so that if the fault is permanent, upon reclosure the faulted section of line will be cleared permanently by its own protection as in the BASIC scheme. ©) This scheme would not normally be used for cable circuits although its use might be considered for hybrid circuits. Permissive Underreach Transfer Tripping (PUR - See Figure 4, Appendix A) a) This scheme requires only one signalling channel for both relays, as the channel is keyed by underreaching Zone 1 elements. b) Provided the underreaching Zone 1 element reaches ‘overlap’, fast clearance Of faults along the whole line section will be effected. Ifa line terminal is open, then fast tripping will occur for faults within the Zone 1 reach of the closed end relay. c) If the signalling channel fails, the line relays will only provide BASIC protection, 4) Fast tripping will not occur for all faults along the protected line section if there is little or no infeed at one terminal. Permissive Overreach Transfer Tripping (POR - See Figures 5 and 6, Appendix A) a) This scheme requires duplex signalling channels; one frequency for each relay, as the channel is keyed by overreaching the Zone 2 elements. b) This scheme may be more advantageous than Permissive Underreach (PUR) for protecting short lines - the resistive coverage of the Zone 2 mho circles will be greater than that of the Zone 1 mho circles, particularly on short lines where Zone I reach is set to a small value. Thus Permissive Overreach (POR) enables fast tripping for higher resistance faults along a line than does PUR. ©) If aline terminal is open, then, as with PUR, fast tipping will only occur for faults within the Zone 1 reach of the closed end relay. However, with ‘Micromho - POR, it is possible to have a ‘signal echo feature’ included in the scheme logic, which is initiated when the local line terminal is open (CB auxiliary contact initiation). By such means the closed end relay will be able to provide fast tripping for faults along the whole length of the line.SERVICE MANUAL. R-5850D. MICROMHO, Chapter 1 35 Page 11 of 19 4) Ifthe signalling channel fails, he line relays will only provide BASIC protection. ©) For standard POR schemes, fast clearance will not occur for all faults along the protected line section if there is weak or no infeed at one terminal. It is possible with Micromho to switch in a weak infeed feature which will allow aided tripping of the strong infeed relay and three phase tripping of the weak infeed relay. The feature uses undervoltage logic and Zone 3 elements set to be ‘reverse looking’. Blocking - (Block - See Figure 7, Appendix A) a) This scheme requires only one signalling channel for both relays b) Only two forward zones of protection are available, as Zone 3 elements are required to be ‘reverse looking’ for initiating blocking signal. ¢) This scheme will provide similar resistive fault coverage as POR. 4) Ifaline terminal is open, fast tripping will still occur for faults along the whole of the protected line length, ©) Ifthe signalling channel fails, fast tripping will occur for faults along the whole of the protected line, but also for some faults within the next line section. ) Fast tripping will still occur at a strong source line terminal for faults along the protected line section if there is weak or no infeed at the other terminal. Section 4. DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 41 It may sometimes be necessary to provide fast clearance of very high resistance faults on an overhead line, which could not be seen by even Micromho distance comparators, which allow resistive expansion of the 'mho' circle. ‘Supposing that for the line section AB in the example, it is desired to quickly clear arth faults which may be resistive up to say 100 ohms. A POR scheme with the Zone 2 settings already calculated will provide resistive earth fault coverage up to 36 ‘ohms, This coverage could of course be increased by increasing the Zone 2 reach. If itis difficult to get the required resistive coverage with the distance comparators, €g. ‘ona short line, then the Directional Earth Fault (DEF) module should be used. DEF Settings ‘The standard relay has three current settings of 10, 20 and 30% In. Where possible the most sensitive setting should be used, taking into account normal neutral current levels. ‘There are two scheme options for signalling channel DEF tripping: 1, Permissive overreach scheme 2, Blocking scheme ‘The advantages and disadvantages of each DEF scheme are similar to those of the two corresponding distance schemes. The DEF POR scheme does however include as standard a ‘signal echo feature’ for the case of an open line terminal.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Page 12 of 19 ‘The DEF schemes include a back up tripping facility which is independent of signalling channel operation. Guidelines for setting scheme logic timers are given with the guidelines for distance scheme timer settings in Section 4.2. 4.2 DEF Current Sensitivity Setting (typical) for 10% In set K41 = 0, K42=0 for 20% In set K41 = » K42=0 for 30% In set K41 = . Ka2=1 Section 5. DISTANCE AND DEF SCHEME OPTION LINKS There are a number of links on the Micromho scheme logic module and on the DEF module which can exercise control over individual scheme programmes. 5.1 Distance Scheme Links LKO = "0" Current and distance comparator controlled Switch On To Fault (SOTF) tripping. Current level detector controlled SOTF tripping only. " Weak infeed feature inhibited. ‘Weak infeed feature enabled in POR scheme. LK2 POR current reversal guard enabled. POR current reversal guard inhibited. LK3="0" Block A/R for back up cleared faults only. = "1" Block A/R for back up cleared faults, also for Zone 1 or aided trips for three phase and three phase-earth faults within line. Indications will be reset on power up. Indications will not be reset on power up. " Weak infeed aided trip inhibited but weak infeed signal send enabled. " Weak infeed aided trip enabled. Zone 3 time delayed tripping enabled. Zone 3 time delayed tripping inhibited. LK7="0" Zone 1 tripping enabled. = "I" Zone 1 tripping inhibited.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Page 13 of 19 5.2 DEF Scheme Links LKOG = "0" Block A/R on any DEF trip. = "1" Block A/R on DEF back up trip only. LKIG = ="0"_ Block AR if DEF signalling channel is not in service. ="1" AMR not blocked if DEF signalling channel is not in service. LK2G Inhibits Timer 4. = "1" Enables Timer 4, Link 3 is spare on early schemes. Note: Later DEF modules make use of Link 3 in the POR scheme. LK3G —_="0" Zone 2 distance comparators will give phase selection for single phase tipping. Zone 2 distance comparators will not effect tipping. 1 Section 6. TIMER SETTINGS FOR DISTANCE SCHEME LOGIC 6.1 Permissive Underreach Scheme (See Figures 8, Appendix A) Operating Conditions Zone 1 operation ---> instantaneous trip + carrier transmit. Zone 2 operation + carrier receive ---> instantaneous trip. Special aspects to consider: SINGLE END FED DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE, FAULT CLOSE UP A B A B WEAK WEAK (a) Fault occurs - busbar (>) End Arelay clears voltage low so negligible fault and current fault and current via end B. starts feeding from end B.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Page 14 of 19 In the situation outlined above, end B receives a permissive trip signal from the faulted circuit relay at end A. A trip cannot occur at end B however, because it sees negligible fault current, When end A trips, end B sees a Zone 2 fault but end A has ceased to transmit a carrier. It may be that end B will cease to receive carrier before its Zone 2 element picks up, in which case there will not be a fast trip. tis therefore necessary to have a delay on reset of the ‘carrier received! signal so that in the case above end B will be allowed to fast trip when its Zone 2 element picks up. Time delay t= 100ms 6.2 Permissive Overreach Scheme - (See Figures 9, Appendix A) Operating Conditions: Zone 2 operation ---> carrier send. Zone 2 operation + carrier receive --> instantaneous trip. CURRENT REVERSAL AFTER NEAREST CB OPENS A B A B STRONG IWEAK STRONG} WEAK (a) Fault occurs (bo) End A relay trips ‘The current reversal guard incorporated in the scheme logic is initiated when a healthy circuit relay receives a permissive trip signal, but does not have a Zone 2 element picked up. A delay on pick up (tp) of the current reversal guard is necessary in order to allow time for Zone 2 elements to pick up if they are going to: ie. for an internal fault. Recommended Setting tp = 10ms Once the current reversal guard has picked up (healthy circuit relay at end A) transfer tripping is inhibited. The reset of the guard is initiated by either the loss of permissive trip signal or by the pick up of a Zone 2 element. A time delay (tg) for the reset of the reversal guard is required in case the Zone 2 element (end A) picks up before the permissive trip signal from the other relay (end B) has reset, which could cause ‘healthy circuit’ ripping. Recommended setting tq = Signalling channel reset time + 15ms Open terminal signal echo logic is also included with the POR scheme as illustrated in Figure 9, Appendix A. To avoid locking up the signalling channels, the echo signal is limited in duration to 100ms. To avoid unnecessary transmission of an echo signal during fault clearance when the local breaker is open, the logic requires that the circuit breaker must have been open for at least 10ms.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 63 Page 15 of 19 Weak Infeed Logic - (See Figures 10, Appendix A) ‘The weak infeed feature can be introduced to the POR via a selection switch on the front of the relay. ‘The purpose of this feature is to allow a relay at a transmission line terminal to send a permissive trip signal to the remote terminal and initiate a local three phase trip when a fault occurs in the protected line section and the infeed at this terminal is of such a low value that the impedance elements of the distance relay cannot operate. Such a fault is indicated by the following: a) No impedance comparator is operated. b) The local circuit breaker is closed. ©) A permissive trip signal is received from the remote end. 4) Anundervoltage condition exists. The Zone 3 elements are set to ‘look’ in the reverse direction to detect faults behind the relay location to prevent weak infeed feature operation. The weak infeed feature logic is shown in detail in Figure 10, Appendix A. After all weak infeed conditions above are satisfied, a permissive trip signal is issued after 10ms and an optional trip after 60ms. The 10ms timer covers race conditions and mainly ensures that time is given for the reverse looking Zone 3 elements to pick up where necessary, preventing a weak infeed permissive trip signal being sent. The 60ms timer covers for the condition illustrated below. A B “XK —~t- This relay ‘sees’: ~< ~<«- Breaker closed Undervoltage Permissive trip receive Reverse Zone 3 operation (a) Fault occurs, B i Relay now ‘sees’ Breaker closed Undervoltage Remenant permissive trip Reverse Zone 3 reset (b) End A relay trips.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 6.4 Page 16 of 19 ‘When a fault occurs on one line at end A, which is a weak infeed terminal, the healthy line relay weak infeed logic at end A remains stable since the reverse looking Zone 3 element(s) will pick up. If the fault is cleared sequentially by end A first, then the current in the healthy line will virtually fall to zero. The reverse looking Zone 3 element on the healthy line at end A will then reset. This relay however, still ‘sees’ an undervoltage condition due to the fault not having been cleared at end B and due to the 100ms delay on ‘signal receive’ reset (See Figure 43, Appendix A, Chapter 2): thus the relay still ‘sees’ a permissive trip signal. The 660ms timer overrides this period until the fault is cleared at end B and the voltage level detectors on the healthy line relay at end A pick up again, preventing weak infeed tripping. With a 60ms delay incorporated in the weak infeed trip path it may be possible, due to fast clearance of a fault close to the strong infeed terminal of a protected line, for the permissive trip signal from the strong end relay to reset before the weak infeed trip has had time to take place. To ensure weak infeed tripping in such a condition, a 100ms delay on reset has been provided for the permissive signal receive circuit. Provision of a 100ms delay on reset of the received signal could mean that the weak infeed feature will initiate a three phase trip, following successful single phase clearance of a line fault by the distance measuring elements. Following single pole tripping, a condition of no comparator operation, undervoltage on one phase, breaker not open, three pole and signal receive circuit not reset will be arrived at. These coincident conditions will lead to a weak infeed three phase trip and so additional logic has been included to inhibit the weak infeed logic following operation of Zone 1 or Zone 2 distance measuring elements. Once the Zone 1 or Zone 2 comparators operate, a blocking latch will be set which will only reset when the signal receive circuit resets. A 100ms delay on reset of the Zone 1 and Zone 2 latch control input is incorporated, to allow for the possibility of the latch not being able to operate while the Zone 1 and Zone 2 comparators are operated. This condition is due to the signal receive circuit not having been picked up already (ie. signal received after distance elements reset, due to very fast local clearance of fault and relatively slow remote relay operation). Blocking Scheme - (See Figures 11, Appendix A) Operating Conditions: Zone | operation ---> instantaneous tip. Reverse Zone 3 operation without Zone 2 operation --> transmit blocking carrier. Zone 2 operation without carried received --> instantaneous trip. Special aspects to consider: ‘A delay on instantaneous tripping (tp) after Zone 2 operation is required to allow time for a possible blocking signal to arrive from the relay at the other line end. Recommended setting: p= signalling channel p/u time + 10ms safety margin.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Page 17 of 19 STRONG| WEAK STRONG| WEAK NZ rr ON BLOCK BLOCK CURRENT REVERSAL AFTER NEAREST CB OPENS (a) Fault occurs. (b) End A relay trips. In case (a) the healthy line end B relay has its Zone 2 element operated but instantaneous operation is blocked by carrier signal transmitted from end A. When the relay near the fault trips, current reversal takes place in the healthy circuit and end ‘A ceases to transmit a blocking signal. However, it takes Zone 2 at end B a few ms to reset. If this relay loses the blocking signal before Zone 2 has reset, an instantaneous trip will occur on the healthy circuit. A slight delay on reset of the blocking signal ‘received’ signal is therefore required to allow the relay Zone 2 elements to reset on current reversal. Recommended setting (assuming 20ms reset time for Zone 2) tg= 20ms - (signalling channel reset time) If channel reset time is greater than 20ms then td should be set to zero. Note: For the best performance of the scheme for stability on reverse high resistance faults, it is recommended that the Zone 3 reversing card in the Zone 3 setting module is set Reverse’ with no offset. Consequently the reverse Zone 3 mho characteristic of the local relay expands in the same way as the forward Zone 2 characteristic of the remote relay. This offers the highest degree of stability with the smallest possible setting of 'tp for external faults and the fastest aided tip times for internal faults.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Page 18 of 19 Section 7. TIMER SETTINGS FOR DEF SCHEME LOGIC 7.1 Permissive Overreach Scheme Operating Conditions: Low set operation + DEF operation ---> carrier send. Low set operation + DEF operation + carrier receive ---> trip. A B A B WEAK ISTRONG WEAK STRONG (a) Fault occurs. (b) Sequential tip causing current reversal in healthy feeder. A time delay (T2) is required to prevent the relay at end B from tripping during current reversal should its DEF element begin to pick up before the DEF element and signalling channel have reset at end A. ‘A time delay (T'1) is required so that during a current reversal, the healthy circuit relay at end B, that is about to transmit, will be prevented from doing so for a time to allow the DEF element at end A to reset. ‘The recommended settings for T1 and T2 are as follows: T2 setting range is (0 - 60ms) Recommended setting T2 = 23ms + signalling channel reset time but > 32ms T setting range is (0 - 18ms) Recommended setting T1 = 19ms - signalling channel pick up time. A time delay (T5) holds off three phase tripping for a while, to allow any Zone 2 element operation to select phases for tripping on single phase trip schemes. If there isa Zone 2 element operation but the fault is not cleared via the distance equipment, then TS will time out and allow a three phase DEF trip. If there is no Zone 2 element pick up, the time delay (TS) will be by-passed after 15ms to allow a three phase DEF trip. TS setting range is (0 - 150ms) Recommended setting TS = Carrier aided distance time + CB clearance time - TI pfu + 24msSERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 a2 Page 19 of 19 An additional timer (TT4) can be used to provide a back up facility for uncleared external earth faults. T4 should be set to co-ordinate with adjacent protection. T4 setting range (0.5 - 7.5s) Note: Later DEF modules have a slightly modified DEF POR scheme as outlined in Figure 15, Appendix A). ‘The setting range of timer TS has been changed from a 0 - 150ms range to a0 - 450ms range. An extra timer (T3) has been added in the logic path for ‘open terminal’ carrier echo. ‘The purpose of this timer is to prevent unnecessary operation of the echo feature for the case of sequential fault clearance by the circuit breakers at each end of a protected line. The echo pulse timer T7 has had its setting changed from 200ms to 500ms. The recommended timer settings for this later scheme are similar to those recommended for the earlier scheme and the recommended setting of the new timer T3 is given by: 73 settings are (0,50,100 and 150ms) T3 = S4ms + signalling channel reset time + maximum possible variation in line CB ‘operating times. Directional Earth Fault - Blocking Scheme Operating Conditions: Low set operation + no DEF operation ---> blocking send. Low set operation + high set operation + DEF operation ---> trip. Referring to current reversal diagram for overreach scheme: A time delay (12) is required which temporarily inhibits the operation of the healthy circuit relay at end B, after it sees a reverse fault, so that time is allowed for the DEF element at end A to reset and for the blocking signal to be sent from end A. A time delay (TS) is present to always delay DEF tripping long enough for a possible blocking signal to be received, so that tripping does not occur for external faults, and also to give time for the distance protection to clear the fault. The recommended settings for T2 and TS are as follows: TS setting range (0 - 150ms) Recommended setting TS = carrier aided distance time + (CB trip time) + 26ms 2 setting range (0 - 60ms) Recommended setting T2 = 9ms + signalling channel pick up time. ‘Asin the overreach scheme a time delay (T4) is available to provide back up for uncleared external faults.SERVICE MANUAL R-5850 D ‘MICROMHO Chapter 1 Al fix A. Page I of 16 Figure 1 IR WORKED EXAMPLE, ZONE 1 AND ZONE 2 EARTH FAULT IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTICS, FO! AX ZONE 2 aa “7 ro oo B ‘ / \ / _ ZONE 1 x i a ad SL » oo > \ / D \ 1 2 A - \ 1 I / \ RY 1 , 4 / \ | I \ 1 \ / \ \ I / a i 7 SS a \ 7 “ S oN 77 “Me eeSERVICE MANUAL R.5850 D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Appendix A Page 2 of 16 Figure2 BASIC - SIMPLIFIED DISTANCE SCHEME LOGIC ZONE 3 20NE 2 << ZONE 1*——_—— a | A 1 B ' Hs A th wh * | x | | @- i 0ne 1 > Z0NE 2 ZONE 3 RELAY A RELAY B . —>———_- 20NE-1 i° L-TRIPA TRIP B={oR ZONE- 1 zone - 2 —{tz2 12+ Z0NE-2 ZONE - 3 4123 +Z23}-—-ZONE-3SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Appendix A Page 3 of 16 Figure3 Zl EXT - SIMPLIFIED DISTANCE SCHEME LOGIC ZONE 3 1 1 ZONE- 1 EXTENDED a Zz] a ti re re a . i ¢ ' ZB; ZONE - | ZONE | EXTENDED 1 ' ZONE 2 ZONE 3 RELAY A RELAY B AUTO-RECLOSE RESET AUTO-RECLOSE RESET ZONE 1 EXT. — ie] & p— ZONE 1 EXT. ZONE 1 EXT. ——— }——— ZONE 1 EXT. ZONE 1 OR OR|TRIPA TRIP B=-j0R FR aone 1 ZONE 2 —4#Z2} Tae 2 Zone 3 {123 {73} ZONE 3SERVICE MANUAL R-5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Appendix A, Page 4 of 16 Figure4 PUR - SIMPLIFIED DISTANCE SCHEME LOGIC ZONE 3 ZONE 2 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 RELAY A RELAY B eh ronan 1 & ee 1 ZONE-1 OR OR ‘ZONE - 1 Ir -TRIPA TRIP B+ TL ZONE -2 44122 +Z2}-+-ZONE -2 = SIGNALLING CHANNELSERVICE MANUAL R-5850 D MICROMHO Chapter 1 ‘Appendix A Page 5 of 16 Figure 5 POR - SIMPLIFIED DISTANCE SCHEME LOGIC (with ‘open terminal’ signal echo feature) ZONE-3 RELAY A RELAY B cB é — CONTACT ay clé oe io Lo-e1] OR} 5 ZONE = 7 = —_Sfor }+TRIP A TRIP B={ORE ZONE -1 ZONE - 2 +422 val ome aie) zone -3 —fz3} = SIGNALLING frz3] ZONE 3 CHANNELS. CB CONTACT- CLOSED WHEN CIRCUIT BREAKER IS OPENSERVICE MANUAL R-5850 D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Appendix A Page 6 of 16 Figure6 POR - SIMPLIFIED DISTANCE SCHEME LOGIC (with ‘open terminal’ signal echo feature and ‘weak infeed’ signal echo and tip feature) ZONE -2 << ZONE-1 <———_—__, p—h}—t ee +> 20NE-2 o - 1. i Tt ZONE-3 RELAY A RELAY B UNDERVOLTAGE UNDERVOLTAGE DETECTOR (| DETECTOR - — L..- cB cB CEaract pee CONTACT A ==} —oRAL 3 ZONE - i or}=TRPA TRIP B={OR ZONE -1 ZONE - 2 zz} zone-2 20NE-3 - = = SIGNALLING tZ3}-—+ ZONE-3 CHANNELS CB CONTACT-CLOSED WHEN CIRCUIT BREAKER |S OPENSERVICE MANUAL R.5850D MICROMHO Chapter 1 Appendix A Page 7 of 16 Figure7 BLOCK - SIMPLIFIED DISTANCE SCHEME LOGIC ZONE-3 ZONE-3 RELAY A RELAY B = c —{a em ap 1 1 lLe— 4 4 & = feP) ZONE -1 [ —JORF=TRIPA TRIP B=40R} ZONE -1 ZONE-2 HZ2 1tZ2| ‘ZONE - 2 - + ___—- = SIGNALLING tf . eee a CHANNEL 23) ZONE - 3Chapter 1 Appendix A R-5850D Page 8 of 16 PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH SCHEME SERVICE MANUAL. MICROMHO, Figure 8 Wear 0-y Toso o J ate \ ay p Seauvesanco 1 A E ve We 3 : Poo = usag| “3 aur Ose] g za A aunva3s 35) e 215 ara. r Taras}? J aH ep SuauvewanDo apt ¥ ail asow |? y ve ls 1 =) aos: t of 18 =) sd toon 7 A (zou xs} IZ a 2 oy | ne WiPage 9 of 16 Figure9 PERMISSIVE OVERREACH SCHEME, SERVICE MANUAL. 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