MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Real Gases

Dr Axel Lexmond
2013

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Gas mixtures of ideal gases

pass:
fail:
honours:
response:

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(<50/100)
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68.7%
31%
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55%

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Practicals

Study tour groups: OK

Late late registrations:

Send email to: conrad le futur ingnieursanama4@yahoo.fr
CC:axel.lexmond@up.ac.za

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Gas mixtures of ideal gases

Ideal gas:

Follows ideal gas law: PV=nRT

(R is universal gas constant: independent from type of substance)

II

Molecules do not interact

(molecules have no volume, no attractive forces)

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dalton Model
Substance A

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

U=UA+UB
H=HA+HB

PA, V,T

S=SA+SB

PV=nRT

Substance B
P,U,H,S?
PB, V,T

n=nA+nB
m=mA+mB

PV= (nA+nB) RT
P= nART/V+ nBRT/V
P=PA+PB
PA is the partial pressure of
component A

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Two ways to define composition

Mole fraction

Mass fraction

yi
= / nj

=1

ci
= / j

=

=

/
/

=1

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Use Mole fraction

For partial pressures

=
=

=

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Use Mass fraction

for Intensive properties

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

hi =0, + ,

hmix= hi

hmix= 0, + ,

hmix= 0, + ,

hmix=h0,mix + ,
0

hmix=h0,mix + ,
0

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

All extensive
properties:
Hmix= Hi

Umix= Ui

Smix= Si

Pmix= Pi

Most intensive properties:

Use mass-weighted average
hmix= hi

umix= iui

smix= si

Cp,mix= ci,

Cv,mix= ci,

Rmix= ci

h0,mix= cih0,i

s0,mix= cis0,i

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

Averaging does NOT work for the pressure term in the entropy
Smix= Si

Smix =

s0,i + ,

0
0

Use partial pressure!

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

smix= si

smix =

s0,i + ,

smix = s0,i +

smix =s0,mix +,

Use partial pressure!

0
0

,
0

Lecture 6

0
0

smix s0,mix +,

0
0

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Entropy of mixing
A

PA= PB

H=HA(T)+HB (T)
S=SA(P,T)+SB (P,T)

H=HA(T)+HB (T)
S=SA(PA,T)+SB (PB,T)
Mixing:
Hmix=0
Smix0

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Entropy of mixing
unmixed

mixed

S=SA(P,T)+SB (P,T)

S=SA(PA,T)+SB (PB,T)

S= s0,A
s0,

s0,

S =S S =

0
0

S= s0,A

0
0

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Condensation from gas mixture

Substance B

PB, V, T

PA + PB , V, T
Substance A

PA, V, T
PA = PA,sat

PA = PA,sat

Condensation starts when Pi = Pi,sat

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Condensation from gas mixture

Begin of condensation

Initial condition:
Superheated vapour

PA
V
L

PB= Ptot-PA
=Ptot-PA,sat(T)
T

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

several measures for air humidity:

Humidity ratio

Relative humidity ( ):

Absolute humidity
Dew point Tsat(Pv)

= 0.622

=

0.622 +

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6

MTX 311 Thermodynamics

Dr Axel Lexmond

Lecture 6