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3 Indices and Standard Form: 3.1 Index Notation
3 Indices and Standard Form: 3.1 Index Notation
, and
a n = a a ... a
144244
3
n of these
Example 1
Calculate the value of:
(a)
52
(b)
25
(c)
33
(d)
10 4
Solution
(a)
55
52 =
= 25
(b)
25 =
22222
= 32
(c)
33 =
333
= 27
(d)
10 4 = 10 10 10 10
= 10 000
Example 2
Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing number or numbers:
=
2222222
(a)
(b)
9 = 3
(c)
1000 = 10
(d)
53 =
37
3.1
Solution
(a)
27 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b)
9 = 3 3 = 32
(c)
1000 = 10 10 10 = 10 3
(d)
53 = 5 5 5
Example 3
(a)
Determine 2 5 .
(b)
Determine 2 3 .
(c)
Determine 2 5 2 3 .
(d)
Solution
(a)
2 5 = 32
(b)
23 = 8
(c)
2 5 2 3 = 32 8
= 4
(d)
4 = 22
Exercises
1.
2.
Calculate:
(a)
23
(b)
10 2
(c)
32
(d)
10 3
(e)
92
(f)
33
(g)
24
(h)
34
(i)
72
Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a)
10 10 10 10 10 = 10
(b)
3333 = 3
38
3.
(c)
77777 = 7
(d)
88888 = 8
(e)
55 = 5
(f)
19 19 19 19 = 19
(g)
6666666 = 6
(h)
11 11 11 11 11 11 = 11
Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a)
8 = 2
(b)
81 = 3
(c)
100 = 10
(d)
81 =
(e)
125 = 5
(f)
1 000 000 = 10
(g)
216 = 6
(h)
625 = 5
4.
5.
Is 34 bigger than 4 3 ?
6.
Is 52 bigger than 2 5 ?
7.
Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
8.
(a)
49 =
(b)
64 =
(c)
64 =
(d)
64 =
(e)
100 000 =
(f)
243 =
Calculate:
(a)
22 + 23
(b)
22 23
(c)
32 + 2 2
(d)
32 2 2
(e)
2 3 10 3
(f)
10 3 + 2 5
39
3.1
9.
10.
11.
Calculate:
(a)
(3 + 2 ) 4
(b)
(3 2 ) 4
(c)
( 7 4 )3
(d)
( 7 + 4 )3
10 2 10 3
(b)
23 2 7
(c)
34 32
(d)
25 22
(e)
10 6 10 2
(f)
5 4 52
(a)
64 = 8 2 = 4 k = 2 m
(b)
2 15 = 32 768
2 14 =
(KS3/99Ma/Tier 5-7/P1)
am an = am + n
2.
a a = a
3.
(a )
mn
am
or n = a m n
a
( m n)
= am n
These three results are logical consequences of the definition of a n , but really
need a formal proof. You can 'verify' them with particular examples as below, but
this is not a proof:
2 7 2 3 = (2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ) (2 2 2)
= 2222222222
= 2 10
(here m = 7, n = 3 and m + n = 10 )
40
or,
27 23 =
2222222
222
= 2222
= 24
(2 )
7
Also,
(again m = 7, n = 3 and m n = 4 )
= 27 27 27
= 2 21 (using rule 1)
Proof
am an =
a a ... a a a ... a
144244
3
144244
3
m of these
n of these
a a ... a a a ... a
1444442444443
(m + n) of these
am+n
The second and third rules can be shown to be true for all positive integers m and
n in a similar way.
We can see an important result using rule 2:
xn
= xn n = x0
n
x
but
xn
= 1, so
xn
x0 = 1
This is true for any non-zero value of x, so, for example, 30 = 1, 270 = 1 and
10010 = 1 .
41
3.2
Example 1
24 26= 2
(b)
37 39 = 3
(c)
36 32 = 3
(d)
(10 )
(b)
37 39 = 37 + 9
= 10
Solution
(a)
24 26 = 24+6
= 2 10
(c)
= 3 16
36 32 = 36 2
(d)
= 34
(10 )
4
= 10 4 3
= 10 12
Example 2
Simplify each of the following expressions so that it is in the form a n , where n
is a number:
a4 a2
3
6
7
(a) a a
(b)
(c) ( a 4 )
3
a
Solution
(a)
a6 a7 = a6+7
= a 13
(b)
a4 a2
a4+2
=
a3
a3
a6
a3
= a63
= a3
(c)
(a )
4
= a43
= a 12
42
Exercises
1.
2.
Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a)
23 2 7 = 2
(b)
36 35= 3
(c)
37 34 = 3
(d)
83 84 = 8
(e)
(3 )
(f)
(2 )
(g)
36
=3
32
(h)
47
=4
42
=3
=2
Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a)
a3 a2= a
(b)
b7 b2= b
(c)
(b )
=b
(d)
b6 b4= b
(e)
(z 3 ) = z
(f)
q 16
=q
q7
3.
Explain why 9 4 = 3 8 .
4.
Calculate:
5.
(a)
30 + 40
(b)
60 70
(c)
80 30
(d)
60+ 20 40
Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a)
(c)
36 3
= 3 17
a6
= a4
(b)
46 4
(d)
(z )
(f)
p 16 p
(h)
q 13 q
= 4 11
= z 18
a
(e)
(a )
(g)
(p
= a 95
19
= p 40
43
= p7
=q
3.2
6.
7.
8.
Calculate:
(a)
23
+ 30
2
2
(b)
34
30
3
3
(c)
54 62
+
52
6
(d)
77 59
75 57
(e)
10 8 5 6
10 5 5 3
(f)
4 17 4 13
4 14 4 11
82= 2
(b)
81 3 = 9
(c)
25 6 = 5
(d)
47= 2
(e)
125 4 = 5
(f)
1000 6 = 10
(g)
81 =
(h)
256 =
84 = 2
(b)
25 625 = 5
= 2
(c)
= 5
3
243
=
9
3
(d)
2
128
=
16
2
= 3
9.
=3
= 2
32 22 = 64
(b)
5 4 2 3 = 10 7
(c)
68
= 38
28
(d)
10 8
= 22
56
44
10.
(2
(c)
23 24
27
62 68
63
(e)
2 3) 4 =
(2
= (2
=
)4
(6
= 2
= 2
)4
= 6
(b)
36 5
2 =
3
(d)
3 2 9
33
(f)
78
2
7 73
(3
4
)5
(3
=
5
(7
= 3
)4
)5
= 3
=7
a2 a3
a23
a2 a3
aa
aaa
a 1
So clearly,
a 1
1
a
a 2
1
a2
1
aa
1
a3
1
aaa
In same way,
a 3
45
1
, a fraction.
a
3.3
and, in general,
a n
1
an
for positive integer values of n. The three rules at the start of section 3.2 can now
be used for any integers m and n, not just for positive values.
Example 1
Calculate, leaving your answers as fractions:
(a)
3 2
(b)
2 1 4 1
(b)
6 4 6 3
5 3
(c)
Solution
1
32
1
=
9
(a)
3 2 =
(b)
2 1 4 1 =
(c)
5 3 =
1 1
2 4
1
=
4
1
53
1
=
125
Example 2
Simplify:
(a)
67
69
Solution
(a)
67
= 679
9
6
= 6 2 =
(b)
1
1
=
2
36
6
6 4 6 3 = 6 4 + ( 3)
= 6 4 3 = 61 = 6
46
(c)
(10 )
2
(c)
(10 )
2
= 10 6
=
1
10 6
1
1000 000
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
4 1
(b)
2 3
(c)
10 3
(d)
7 2
(e)
4 3
(f)
6 2
1
1
=
=7
49 7
(b)
1
1
=
100 10
(c)
1
1
=
=9
81 9
(d)
1
1
=
=2
16
2
(e)
1
1
=
10 000 000 10
(f)
1
1
=
=2
1024 2
= 10
= 10
Calculate:
(a)
4 1 + 3 1
(b)
6 1 + 2 1
(c)
5 1 10 1
(d)
10 2 10 3
(e)
4 1 10 1
(f)
6 1 + 7 1
4 7 4 6
(b)
5 7 5 3
(c)
74
7 6
(d)
(3 )
(e)
(6 )
(f)
8 4 8 9
(g)
72
7 2
(h)
89
8 9
47
3.3
5.
6.
7.
8.
Copy each of the following expressions and fill in the missing numbers;
(a)
1
=3
9
(b)
1
= 10
100
(c)
1
=5
125
(d)
5
=5
54
(e)
62
=6
63
(f)
22
=2
2 10
x8
x3
(b)
x7
x9
(c)
x4
x8
(d)
(x )
(e)
1
2
x
(f)
(x )
0.1 = 10
(b)
0.25 = 2
(c)
0.0001 = 10
(d)
0.2 = 5
(e)
0.001 = 10
(f)
0.02 = 50
x4
(a)
= x2
(b)
x6 x
= x2
x
(c)
x9 x
= x2
(d)
x7
= x 2
x
(e)
x3
= x4
(f)
48
(x )
3
= x6
9.
10.
1
=2
8
(b)
1
=5
25
(c)
1
=9
81
(d)
1
= 10
10 000
1
, express a as a power of c, without having any
c2
fractions in your final answer.
If a = b 3 and b =
Example 1
Calculate:
(a)
3 10 4
(b)
3.27 10 3
(c)
3 10 2
(d)
4.32 10 4
Solution
(a)
3 10 4 = 3 10 000
= 30 000
(b)
(c)
3 10 2 =
3
100
= 0.03
49
3.4
(d)
4.32 10 4 =
=
4.32
10 000
432
1000 000
= 0.000432
These examples lead to the approach used for standard form, which is a reversal
of the approach used in Example 1.
In standard form, numbers are written as
a 10 n
where 1 a < 10 and n is an integer.
Example 2
Write the following numbers in standard form:
(a)
5720
(b)
7.4
(c)
473 000
(d)
6 000 000
(e)
0.09
(f)
0.000621
Solution
(a)
(b)
7.4 = 7.4 1
= 7.4 10 0
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.09 =
9
100
= 9 10 2
= 9 10 2
50
(f)
0.000621 =
=
6.21
10 000
6.21
10
= 6.21 10 4
Example 3
Calculate:
(a)
(3 10 ) (4 10 )
(b)
(6 10 ) (5 10 )
(c)
(3 10 ) + (2 10 )
Solution
(a)
(3 10 ) (4 10 )
6
= (3 4) (10 6 10 3 )
= 12 10 9
= 1.2 10 1 10 9
= 1.2 10 10
(b)
(6 10 ) (5 10 )
7
= (6 5) (10 7 10 2 )
= 1.2 10 9
(c)
(3 10 ) + (2 10 )
4
EE
or
EXP
51
EXP
3.4
3.2
07
Some calculators also display the ' 10 ' part of the number, but not all do. You
need to find out what your calculator displays. Remember, you must always write
the ' 10 ' part when you are asked to give an answer in standard form.
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculate:
(a)
6.21 1000
(b)
8 10 3
(c)
4.2 10 2
(d)
3 1000
(e)
6 10 2
(f)
3.2 10 3
(g)
6 10 3
(h)
9.2 10 1
(i)
3.6 10 2
200
(b)
8000
(c)
9 000 000
(d)
62 000
(e)
840 000
(f)
(g)
(h)
3 240 000
Convert each of the following numbers from standard form to the normal
decimal notation:
(a)
3 10 4
(b)
3.6 10 4
(c)
8.2 10 3
(d)
3.1 10 2
(e)
1.6 10 4
(f)
1.72 10 5
(g)
6.83 10 4
(h)
1.25 10 6
(i)
9.17 10 3
0.0004
(b)
0.008
(c)
0.142
(d)
0.0032
(e)
0.00199
(f)
0.000000062
(g)
0.0000097
(h)
0.00000000000021
52
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Convert the following numbers from standard form to the normal decimal
format:
(a)
6 10 2
(b)
7 10 1
(c)
1.8 10 3
(d)
4 10 3
(e)
6.2 10 3
(f)
9.81 10 4
(g)
6.67 10 1
(h)
3.86 10 5
(i)
9.27 10 7
(4 10 ) (2 10 )
(b)
(2 10 ) (3 10 )
(c)
(6 10 ) (8 10 )
(d)
(3 10 ) (7 10 )
(e)
(6.1 10 ) (2 10 )
(f)
(3.2 10 ) (4 10 )
(9 10 ) (3 10 )
(b)
(8 10 ) (2 10 )
(c)
(6 10 ) (2 10 )
(d)
(6 10 ) (3 10 )
(e)
(4.8 10 ) (1.2 10 )
(f)
(3.6 10 ) (9 10 )
12
(6 10 ) + (3 10 )
(b)
(6 10 ) + (9 10 )
(c)
6 10 5 1 10 4
(d)
8 10 2 + 9 10 3
(e)
6 10 4 + 8 10 3
(f)
6 10 4 3 10 5
(3.4 10 ) (2.1 10 )
(b)
(6 10 ) (8.2 10 )
(c)
(3.6 10 ) (4.5 10 )
(d)
(8.2 10 ) (4 10 )
(e)
(1.92 10 ) (3.2 10 )
(f)
(6.2 10 )
11
53
11
21
11
14
3.4
10.
11.
Newton also found that he needed to work out the square of the distance
between the two bodies.
(b)
Work out the square of the distance between the Earth and the Moon.
Give your answer in standard form.
Distance between Earth and Moon = 3.89 10 5 km
Work out the gravitational force (F) between the Sun and the Earth
Gm1 m 2
using the formula F =
with information in the box below.
R2
Give your answer in standard form.
m 1 m 2 = 1.19 10 55 kg 2
R 2 = 2.25 10 16 km 2
G = 6.67 10 20
(KS3/95/Ma/Levels 6-8/P1)
54
12.
(a)
(ii)
(iii)
One of the numbers below has the same value as 3.6 10 4 . Write
down the number.
36 3
(c)
(3.6 10) 4
36 4
0.36 10 5
One of the numbers below has the same value as 2.5 10 3 . Write
down the number.
25 10 4
(d)
0.36 10 3
2.5 10 3
(2 10 ) (2 10 )
2
2.5 10 3
0.00025
2500
(3 10 ) (2 10 )
(ii)
6 10 8
2 10 4
(KS3/98/Ma/Tier 6-8/P1)
1
2
for example,
for example,
83
for example,
625 4
a4 =
a
a3 =
1
n
1
2
55
3.5
Example 1
Calculate:
(a)
81 2
(b)
1000 3
(c)
1
2
Solution
1
(a)
81 2 =
81
= 9
(b)
1000
1
3
1000
= 10
(c)
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
Exercises
1.
Calculate:
(a)
49
(d)
81
(g)
92
1
2
(b)
1
2
64
(e)
100
(h)
36
2.
(c)
1
2
1
2
16
1
2
1
2
(f)
25
(i)
144 2
Calculate:
(a)
(d)
3.
1
2
1
3
64
(b)
1
(e)
1
3
216
(c)
1
3
(f)
125
1
3
1000 000
Calculate:
(a)
32
(d)
81
1
5
1
4
1
2
(b)
64
(e)
625 4
1
4
(c)
10 000
(f)
100 000
56
1
5
1
3
4.
5.
Calculate:
1
2
(a)
4 8
2
(c)
125 5
25
(b)
9 27
3
(d)
625
5
1
2
(c)
1
3
16 2 = 8
1
3
81 = 9
(b)
16 4 = 2
(d)
1
100
(b)
(a 10 )
1
2
1
2
= 10
Simplify:
1
(a)
(c)
(x 9 ) 3
1
2
a
a
7.
6.
(d)
1
2
a
a
Simplify:
3
(a)
x2
x
(b)
8.
x2
1
3
(c)
a
a
(d)
a
a
1
3
1
2
Calculate:
1
2
(b)
1
0
2
9
+
9
(d)
(9 9 0 ) 3
+42
(a)
(c)
2
256
1
2
57
1
2