PROBLEM 1.

48
KNOWN: Inner surface heating and new environmental conditions associated with a spherical shell of
prescribed dimensions and material.
FIND: (a) Governing equation for variation of wall temperature with time. Initial rate of temperature
change, (b) Steady-state wall temperature, (c) Effect of convection coefficient on canister temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible temperature gradients in wall, (2) Constant properties, (3) Uniform,
time-independent heat flux at inner surface.
PROPERTIES: Table A.1, Stainless Steel, AISI 302: = 8055 kg/m3, c p = 535 J/kgK.

 E

ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance on the shell at an instant of time, E
in
out = Est .
Identifying relevant processes and solving for dT/dt,
4
dT
qi 4 ri2 h 4 ro2 ( T T ) = ro3 ri3 cp
3
dt
dT
3
qi ri2 hro2 ( T T ) .
=

dt c r 3 r 3

) (
p

Substituting numerical values for the initial condition, find

W
W
2

3 105 2 ( 0.5m ) 500 2

( 0.6m )2 ( 500 300 ) K
dT
m
m K

=
kg
J
3
3 3
dt i
8055 3 510
( 0.6 ) ( 0.5) m
kg K
m
dT
= 0.084 K/s .
dt i

<

 = 0, it follows that
(b) Under steady-state conditions with E
st

) (

qi 4 ri2 = h 4 ro2 ( T T )
2

2
qi ri
105 W/m 2 0.5m
T = T + = 300K +

= 439K
h ro
500W/m 2 K 0.6m

<

Continued ..

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.

PROBLEM 1.48 (Cont.)

(c) Parametric calculations were performed using the IHT First Law Model for an Isothermal Hollow
Sphere. As shown below, there is a sharp increase in temperature with decreasing values of h < 1000
W/m2K. For T > 380 K, boiling will occur at the canister surface, and for T > 410 K a condition known
as film boiling (Chapter 10) will occur. The condition corresponds to a precipitous reduction in h and
increase in T.
1000
900

Temperature, T(K)

800
700
600
500
400
300
100

400

800

2000

6000

10000

Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)

Although the canister remains well below the melting point of stainless steel for h = 100 W/m2K, boiling
should be avoided, in which case the convection coefficient should be maintained at h > 1000 W/m2K.
COMMENTS: The governing equation of part (a) is a first order, nonhomogenous differential equation

with constant coefficients. Its solution is = ( S/R ) 1 e Rt + i e Rt , where T T ,

S 3qi ri2 / c p ro3 ri3 , R = 3hro2 / c p ro3 ri3 . Note results for t and for S = 0.

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in
courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.