Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PIPESIM 2000
User Guide
PIPESIM 2000
www.BakerJardine.com
Contents
iii
1.1
Setting up ................................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Before you run setup............................................................1-1
1.1.1.1 Hardware and system requirements.............................1-1
1.1.1.2 Check the PIPESIM 2000 package ..............................1-2
1.1.1.3 Make backup copies ......................................................1-2
1.1.1.4 Read the additional notes document ............................1-2
1.1.2 Running setup ......................................................................1-3
1.1.3 Changing Options after quitting setup.................................1-3
1.2
Documentation .......................................................................1-3
1.2.1 PIPESIM 2000 additional documentation ...........................1-3
1.2.1.1 Artificial lift Performance curve .....................................1-3
1.2.1.2 User Defined Multiphase flow correlation.....................1-4
1.2.1.3 OpenLink........................................................................1-4
1.2.1.4 PVT file format ...............................................................1-4
1.2.1.5 Sentinel LM Security......................................................1-4
1.2.2 Case Studies ........................................................................1-4
1.2.3 Online Help...........................................................................1-4
1.2.3.1 Help contents .................................................................1-4
1.2.3.2 Help Search ...................................................................1-5
1.2.3.3 Context-sensitive Help ..................................................1-5
1.3
PIPESIM 2000 overview.........................................................1-5
1.3.1 Modules ................................................................................1-6
1.3.1.1 Pipeline & Facilities .......................................................1-6
1.3.1.2 Well Performance analysis ............................................1-6
1.3.1.3 Network analysis module ..............................................1-6
1.3.1.4 Production Optimization (GOAL) ..................................1-7
1.3.1.5 Multi-lateral wells (HoSim) ............................................1-8
1.3.1.6 Field Planning (FPT)......................................................1-9
1.3.2 Options..................................................................................1-9
P I P E S I M 2000
i v Contents
1.3.2.1
1.3.2.2
1.3.2.3
1.3.2.4
1.3.2.5
1.4
1.5
Security .................................................................................1-12
1.5.1 Stand-alone security ..........................................................1-12
1.5.2 LAN Security.......................................................................1-13
1.6
New features.........................................................................1-13
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.3
Units System...........................................................................2-1
2.4
Fluid data.................................................................................2-2
2.4.1 Black Oil................................................................................2-2
2.4.2 Compositional .......................................................................2-4
2.4.3 Steam....................................................................................2-5
2.5
Model components overview ...............................................2-5
2.5.1 Model & Component limitations ...........................................2-9
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
How to build models............................................................2-11
2.9.1 Fluid calibration ..................................................................2-11
P I P E S I M 2000
Contents
3.1
Black Oil ..................................................................................3-1
3.1.1 Lasater ..................................................................................3-1
3.1.1.1 Bubble point pressure ...................................................3-1
3.1.1.2 Solution gas ...................................................................3-2
3.1.2 Standing................................................................................3-2
3.1.2.1 Bubble point pressure ...................................................3-2
3.1.2.2 Solution gas ...................................................................3-2
3.1.2.3 Oil formation volume factor - saturated systems ..........3-2
3.1.3 Vazques and Beggs .............................................................3-2
P I P E S I M 2000
vi Contents
Contents
vii
viii Contents
3.3.4.3
3.3.4.4
3.3.4.5
3.3.4.6
3.3.4.7
3.3.4.8
3.3.4.9
3.3.4.10
3.3.4.11
3.3.4.12
3.3.4.13
3.3.4.14
3.3.4.15
3.3.4.16
3.3.4.17
3.3.4.18
3.3.4.19
3.4
References ............................................................................3-29
4.1
Vertical Completions .............................................................4-1
4.1.1 Liquid Reservoirs..................................................................4-1
4.1.1.1 Fetkovich / Normalized back pressure .........................4-1
4.1.1.2 Jones..............................................................................4-1
4.1.1.3 Pseudo-Steady state / Darcy ........................................4-2
4.1.1.4 (Straight line) Well productivity Index...........................4-2
4.1.1.5 (Straight line) Well productivity Index (bubble point
correction) ....................................................................................4-2
4.1.1.6 Vogel ..............................................................................4-2
4.1.1.7 Multi-rate tests ...............................................................4-3
4.1.2 Gas and Gas Condensate Reservoirs ................................4-3
4.1.2.1 Back pressure / C and n................................................4-3
4.1.2.2 Forchheimer...................................................................4-3
4.1.2.3 Jones..............................................................................4-3
4.1.2.4 Pseudo-Steady state / Darcy ........................................4-4
4.1.2.5 (Straight line) Well productivity Index...........................4-4
4.1.2.6 Multi-rate tests ...............................................................4-4
P I P E S I M 2000
Contents
ix
4.2
Horizontal Completions ........................................................4-4
4.2.1 Effect of Pressure Drop on Productivity ..............................4-5
4.2.2 Single Phase Pressure Drop ...............................................4-8
4.2.3 Multiphase Pressure Drop ...................................................4-9
4.2.4 Inflow Production Profiles ....................................................4-9
4.2.5 Steady-State Productivity ..................................................4-10
4.2.6 Pseudo-Steady State Productivity.....................................4-13
4.2.7 Solution Gas-Drive IPR ......................................................4-15
4.2.8 Horizontal Gas Wells..........................................................4-15
4.3
4.4
Artificial Lift ..........................................................................4-18
4.4.1 Gas Lift................................................................................4-18
4.4.2 ESP Lift ...............................................................................4-19
4.5
Tubing ....................................................................................4-19
4.6
Chokes...................................................................................4-20
4.6.1 Ashford-Pierce....................................................................4-20
4.6.2 Omana ................................................................................4-21
4.6.3 Gilbert, Ros, Baxendall, Achong and Pilehvari .................4-22
4.6.3.1 PDVSA modification ....................................................4-23
4.6.4 Poettmann-Beck.................................................................4-23
4.6.5 Mechanistic Correlation, ....................................................4-24
4.6.6 API 14-B Formulation.........................................................4-26
4.7
4.8
Reservoir Depletion .............................................................4-27
4.8.1 Volume Depletion Reservoirs ............................................4-27
4.8.2 Gas Condensate Reservoirs .............................................4-29
4.9
References ............................................................................4-29
5.1
Compressor ............................................................................5-1
5.2
Expander .................................................................................5-2
P I P E S I M 2000
x Contents
5.3
5.4
Multiphase Boosting .............................................................5-3
5.4.1 Multiphase Boosters Positive Displacement Type ..........5-8
5.4.2 Twin Screw Type Multiphase Boosters ...............................5-9
5.4.3 Progressing Cavity Type Multiphase Boosters.................5-11
5.4.4 Multiphase Boosters Dynamic Type ...............................5-12
5.4.5 Helico-Axial Type Multiphase Boosters ............................5-13
5.4.6 Contra-Rotating Axial Type Multiphase Booster...............5-15
5.4.7 Alternative approach ..........................................................5-16
5.5
Separator ...............................................................................5-17
5.6
Re-injection point.................................................................5-17
5.7
5.8
References ............................................................................5-17
6.1
Check model...........................................................................6-1
6.2
No operation ...........................................................................6-1
6.3
6.4
System Analysis.....................................................................6-2
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Artificial Lift Performance .....................................................6-4
6.9.1 Optimization module perfor mance curves ..........................6-5
6.9.1.1 Well head chokes ..........................................................6-5
6.10
P I P E S I M 2000
Contents
xi
6.12
6.13
Network analysis..................................................................6-11
6.14
Optimization..........................................................................6-11
References ............................................................................6-18
7.1
Pipeline & facilities Case Study Condensate Pipeline ..7-3
7.1.1 Task 1. Develop a Compositional Model of the Hydrocarbon
Phases .............................................................................................7-3
7.1.2 Task 2. Identify the Hydrate Envelope ................................7-4
7.1.3 Task 3. Select a Pipeline Size .............................................7-5
7.1.4 Task 4. Determine the Pipeline Insulation Requirement....7-7
7.1.5 Task 5. Screen the Pipeline for Severe Riser Slugging .....7-9
7.1.6 Task 6. Size a Slug Catcher ..............................................7-12
7.1.7 Data Available ....................................................................7-14
7.2
Well Performance Case Study Oil Well Design ............7-16
7.2.1 Task 1. Develop a Calibrated Blackoil Model ...................7-17
7.2.2 Task 2. Develop a Well Inflow Performance Model..........7-22
7.2.3 Task 3. Select a Tubing Size for the Production String ....7-22
P I P E S I M 2000
xii Contents
Production Optimization.....................................................7-37
7.5
Field Planning.......................................................................7-37
7.6
Multi-lateral ...........................................................................7-37
INDEX..............................................................................I
P I P E S I M 2000
Conventions
xiii
Document conventions
<edit/copy> - used to denote commands enter into the computer from
either Microsoft Windows operating systems or PIPESIM 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
xiv Conventions
P I P E SIM
2000
xv
CTRL+W
CTRL+
CTRL+N
CTRL+O
CTRL+T
CTRL+S
ALT+F4
CTRL+T
CTRL+E
CTRL+Y
Simulation
Run model
Restart Model
Check model
CTRL+G
CTRL+R
CTRL+E
Windows
New Model Window
Close Active Window
Go to Next Window
Go to Previous Window
CTRL+W
CTRL+F4
CTRL+F6 or CTRL+TAB
CTRL+SHIFT+F6 or
CTRL+SHIFT+ TAB
Tools
Print
Access Help
CTRL+P
F1
Editing/General
Access Pull-down menus
Cut
Copy
Paste
Delete
Select All
Find
Sticky key mode
ALT or F10
CTRL+X
CTRL+C
CTRL+V
Del
CTRL+A
CTRL+F
SHIFT
P I P E S I M 2000
Zoom in
Zoom out
Zoom Full View
Restore View
P I P E S I M 2000
SHIFT+Z
SHIFT+X
SHIFT+F
SHIFT+R
Introduction
1.1
Setting up ................................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Before you run setup............................................................1-1
1.1.2 Running setup ......................................................................1-3
1.1.3 Changing Options after quitting setup.................................1-3
1.2
Documentation .......................................................................1-3
1.2.1 PIPESIM 2000 additional documentation ...........................1-3
1.2.2 Case Studies ........................................................................1-4
1.2.3 Online Help...........................................................................1-4
1.3
PIPESIM 2000 overview.........................................................1-5
1.3.1 Modules ................................................................................1-6
1.3.2 Options..................................................................................1-9
1.4
1.5
Security .................................................................................1-12
1.5.1 Stand-alone security ..........................................................1-12
1.5.2 LAN Security.......................................................................1-13
1.6
New features.........................................................................1-13
1.7
1.8
P I P E S I M 2000
Introduction
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction
1-1
1 Introduction
Welcome to Baker Jardine's PIPESIM 2000 - the integrated
Petroleum Engineer and Facilities package for; Design, Operation
and Optimization.
1.1 Setting up
You install PIPESIM 2000 on your computer by using the program
SETUP.EXE. The setup up program installs PIPESIM 2000 itself, the
Help system, sample case studies, the necessary start icons and any
other components required from the distribution disk to your local
hard disk.
Important
You can not simply copy files from the distribution disk to your hard
disk and run PIPESIM 2000. You must use the setup program. This
will decompress and installs files in the correct directory and register
the required COM objects.
1.1.1 Before you run setup
Before you install PIPESIM 2000, please make sure that your
computer meets the minimum requirements and that the PIPESIM
2000 package contains the required items.
This manual assumes that you have a basic working knowledge of
Microsoft Windows 95 or higher. If you are not familiar with Windows,
then you should refer to the Microsoft Windows User's Guide before
reading this manual or using the software.
1.1.1.1 Hardware and system requirements
To run PIPESIM 2000 you must have certain hardware and software
installed.
The minimum system requirements are:
Any IBM Compatible PC with an Pentium processor or
higher 200MHz
A hard disk
At least 100Mb of free space on the hard disk
A CD-ROM drive
PIPESIM 2000
1-2 Introduction
A VGA display
A mouse
16Mb of RAM
Microsoft Windows 95 or higher
The PC system date is set to the current date. The security
system uses the current PC date.
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction
1-3
PIPESIM 2000
1-4 Introduction
Introduction
1-5
Pipeline sizing
Equipment sizing
Nodal Analysis
Multiple Completions
Reservoir tables
Surface networks
Subsurface & surface networks
Field wide Optimization
Field Planning
Multi-lateral well
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Horizontal &
Multilateral module
Field Planning
Module
Optimization Module
Network Module
Well Performance
Module
PIPESIM 2000
1-6 Introduction
The initial release of PIPESIM 2000 does not have all modules fully
integrated, i.e. Production Optimization (GOAL), Field Planning
(FPT), Multi-lateral well (HoSim).
1.3.1 Modules
PIPESIM 2000 consists of the following modules:
Pipeline & Facilities
Well Performance Analysis
Network Analysis
Production Optimization (GOAL)
Field Planning (FPT)
Multi-lateral (HoSim)
1.3.1.1 Pipeline & Facilities
A comprehensive multiphase flow model with "System Analysis"
capabilities. Typical applications of the module include:
multiphase flow in flowlines and pipelines
point by point generation of pressure and temperature profiles
calculation of heat transfer coefficients
flowline & equipment performance modelling (system analysis)
1.3.1.2 Well Performance analysis
A comprehensive multiphase flow model with "Nodal & System
Analysis" capabilities. Typical applications of the model include:
Well design
Well optimization
well inflow performance modelling
gas lift performance modelling
ESP performance modelling
horizontal well modelling (including optimum horizontal
completion length determination)
injection well design
annular and tubing flow
1.3.1.3 Network analysis module
Features of the network model include:
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction
1-7
PIPESIM 2000
1-8 Introduction
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction
1-9
1-10 Introduction
Petroleum Fraction
Phase envelop generation
Dew point line
Bubble point line
Critical point
Hydrate formation line (if present)
Ice formation line (if present)
Quality lines
EOS
Peng-Robinson (standard and advanced)
SRK (standard and advanced)
Corresponding EOS
SMIRK (limited access)
Stand alone flash (PT, PH, etc) details
Viscosity models
Pederson
LBC
In addition the Multiflash option has the following features;
Multiple Bubble point matching
Multiple Dew point matching
Multiple Viscosity data matching
Setting of BIP's
Emulsion options
User defined BIP's
1.3.2.2 OLGAS 2000
Utilizes the steady-state version of the multiphase flow correlation
from Scandpower as used in OLGA Transient.
This option has 2 versions;
(i)
2-phase and
(ii)
3-phase.
1.3.2.3 ECLIPSE 100
Allows the Field Planning module to use the ECLIPSE 100 (Black Oil)
reservoir simulator to model the reservoir performance. The system
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-11
has been designed so that ECLIPSE (and its model) resides on the
UNIX machine.
1.3.2.4 ECLIPSE 300
Allows the Field Planning module to use the ECLIPSE 300 reservoir
simulator (Compositional) to model the reservoir performance. The
system has been designed so that ECLIPSE (and its model) resides
on the UNIX machine.
1.3.2.5 Mbal
Allows the Field Planning module to use the material balance
program Mbal (from Petroleum Experts) to model the reservoir
performance.
1.4 File Management
PIPESIM 2000 uses the following to store data;
ASCII files
Binary files
Microsoft Access Database.
Input data (*.BPS, *.BPN, *.PGW, *.FPT,*.HSM)
Contains all the data that is necessary to run a model. This includes
data for; units, fluid composition, well IPR, system data, etc. The
support team requires these files when support queries are made.
Output data (*.OUT, *.SUM)
Contains program output data in different formats.
Transfer files (*.PLT, *.PLC, *.PWH, *.PBT, *.TNT, *.PST)
Files that transfer data from one PIPESIM 2000 module to another.
PVT table (*.PVT)
A file that contains a single stream composition and a table of fluid
properties for a given set of pressure and temperature values. This
file can (if required) be created by a commercial PVT package e.g.
Multiflash, Hysys, PVTSim, EQUI90, etc. or via the compositional
module in PIPESIM 2000.
Database files (*.MDB)
Microsoft Access Database file that contains;
PIPESIM 2000
1-12 Introduction
Introduction 1-13
using PIPESIM 2000 after you have set your clock back. If you do
accidentally do this, contact Baker Jardine for information on how to
reset your dongle.
1.5.2 LAN Security
For LAN versions of PIPESIM 2000 the Sentinel License Manger
software from Rainbow Technology is used.
This system allows the number of concurrent users of the PIPESIM
2000 software to be monitored and controlled to insure that you don't
violate your license agreement.
The SentinelLM license server, installed on the LAN, can authorize,
meter and report PIPESIM 2000 usage. When PIPESIM 2000 is run,
it first makes a check to SentinelLM to verify that use is permitted by
the license agreement. If the user is authorized, then SentinelLM
gives PIPESIM 2000 permission to run. If permission is granted, this
process is invisible. If permission is denied, then you will be informed
and PIPESIM 2000 exited. Permission may be denied because all the
available PIPESIM 2000 licenses are in use, the license has expired,
or no license has been installed.
The LAN security system also has the following license management
capabilities,
PIPESIM 2000 can be restricted to one or more computers
A summary of current and historical PIPESIM 2000 usage can
be obtained
A network administrator can impose local restrictions on the
usage of PIPESIM 2000. A certain number of licenses may be
reserved for particular departments or work groups.
A network administrator can configure the license server to
report certain conditions such as approaching license
expiration.
A document," Sentinel License Manger; System Administrator's
Guide" can be down loaded from out web site.
1.6 New features
You are advised to review the additional notes' document supplied
with your version of the software for a complete list of new features.
PIPESIM 2000
1-14 Introduction
Our web site also provides detailed information on the latest version.
In addition, enhancements (service packs) can be download from the
site to fix minor bugs and enhancements.
1.7 Baker Jardine Support Services
Baker Jardine offer full technical support for PIPESIM 2000 from our
offices.
Center
London
Baker Jardine
9 Heathmans Road
Parsons Green
London SW6 4TJ
UK
Support@bjalondon.com
America
Baker Jardine Americas
Suite 440, 7500 San Felipe
Houston, TX 77063
USA
Support@bjahouston.com
Venezuela
Baker Jardine de Venezuela
Bjvsptec@iamnet.com
Mexico
Baker Jardine de Mexicana
Adelfo@compuserve.com
Canada
Baker Jardine
740, 600 6th Avenue S.W.
Calgary, T2P 0S5
Canada
Austin_James@atech.ca
Tel
Fax
+52 93 16 18 61
+52 93 16 48 56
To offer the best and fastest support our preferred method for
support services is via email.
In addition our web site offer a collect of frequently asked questions
(FAQ').
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-15
PIPESIM 2000
1-16 Introduction
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Model Overview
2 MODEL OVERVIEW
2-1
2.1
2-1
2.2
2-1
2.3
Units System
2-1
2-2
2-2
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-9
2.6
Flow correlation
2-10
2.7
Run an operation
2-10
2.8
2-11
2-11
2-11
2-12
2-15
2-18
2-20
2-20
2-21
PIPESIM
2000
Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
2-1
2 Model Overview
2.1 Steps in building a model
The steps involved in building a PIPESIM 2000 model are slightly
different for each module but follow the same basic steps.
Select units
Set fluid data
Calibrate data (optional)
Define components in the model
Well components (completion, tubing)
Pipeline component
Field equipment
Set heat transfer options
Select multiphase flow correlation
Perform an operation
Analyze the results
Graphical
Tabular
Via schematic
2.2 Starting PIPESIM 2000
The PIPESIM 2000 GUI can be run from the start menu
<start/program files/Baker Jardine/PIPESIM 2000>.
2.3 Units System
The built in units system allows you the flexibility to select any
variable and define the unit of measurement to be used. Thus you
can use this feature to modify the units system to match reports or
data supplied by a service company or to simply customize the units
system to suit your own personal preferences.
Two non-customizable unit sets are provided;
Engineering (oil field) and
SI.
In addition the following customizable unit sets are supplied;
Mexican
Canadian S.I
PIPESIM 2000
Any number of customized unit sets can be created and saved (each
one to a different external data file) under a new name. These
customized files can be provided to other PIPESIM 2000 users.
The units system used for any particular model is saved with the
model data, thus allowing models to be moved easily.
Any unit set can be set as the default for new models or new
sessions of PIPESIM 2000.
2.4 Fluid data
One of the first things that you need to do before using PIPESIM
2000 is to decide what type of fluid system you are going to use.
PIPESIM 2000 can model the following fluid types
Compositional
Black Oil
Gas
Gas condensate
Liquid
Liquid & Gas
Steam
The fluid model that you use will depend upon:
Properties of the fluids in the system
Flow rates and conditions (pressure & temperature) at which the
fluid(s) enter and leave the system.
Available data, etc.
For a quick screening study where the accuracy of the physical
properties is not essential, we advise the user to use a Black oil fluid
model specification.
2.4.1 Black Oil
Black oil fluid modelling utilizes correlation models to simulate the key
PVT fluid properties of the oil/gas/water system. These empirical
correlation's treat the oil/gas system as a simple two component
system - unlike the more rigorous multi-component compositional
model methods. The hydrocarbon is treated simply as a liquid
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
2-3
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
2-5
Riser
Link
Pump
Internal
Node
Node
Multiphase
Booster
Separator
Compressor
Expander
PIPESIM 2000
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Description
The point where the fluid enters the
system.
A flowline to a point where it meets
another flowline (with different
characteristics) or another object.
Maybe horizontal or inclined and
surrounded by air, water or both;
insulated or bare
A description of the riser (vertical or
near-vertical - up or down) to a point
where it meets another riser or another
object.
A single or multistage pump for the
pumping of liquids.
A multiphase booster.
Allows fluid separation to take place in
the model. It is a two-phase separator,
(i.e. gross liquids, water or gas).
The removed fluid can be re-injected
back into the network model via the
injection point component.
A single or multistage centrifugal gas
compressor
An expander.
Model Overview
Heat exchanger
Choke
Injection point
Multiplier/Adder
Spot report
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Internal
Node
Keyword tool
Internal
Node
Connector
Link
2-7
Nodal analysis
point
Node
Network module
Component
Type
Description
Production well
Boundary Models the source as a production well.
Node
The well is (normally) defined from the
sand face to the point where it joins
another object, i.e. well head, manifold,
etc.
Generic source
Boundary The point where a fluid enters the
Node
system. Can be used when a well is
modelled from the well head.
Injection well
Boundary Models the sink as an injection well,
Node
including tubing and completion.
Generic sink
Boundary The point where the fluid leaves the
Node
systems. A model may have any
number of sinks.
Node
Node
A point in the system where 1 or more
branches meets
Branch
Link
Connects 2 or more nodes, sources or
sinks. Any combination of flowline, riser
or pieces of equipment can be used to
describe a branch. When connected
between a well and a node the
resulting branch has no physical
meaning
Re-injection
Node
Connects 3 branches;
node
1 - the incoming fluid stream (this
branch MUST contain a separator)
2 - the outlet stream
3 - the stream removed by the
separator. All the fluid removed from
the separator is re-injected. The reinjected stream can be upstream or
downstream of the separator.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
2-9
50
1
1
4
101
Well Performance
Maximum number of completions:
Maximum number of sinks
Maximum number tubing coatings:
Maximum number of nodes for a tubing:
Maximum number of geothermal survey points:
Maximum number of tubing strings:
Detailed model:
Simple model:
10
1
10
100
100
20
4
Network
Maximum number of wells / branches:
Maximum number of nodes:
Maximum number of PVT files:
Maximum number of compositions:
Maximum number of Black Oil compositions:
Maximum number of PQ data points:
512
512
500
1,000
1,024
30
Field Planning
Maximum number of stored timesteps:
Maximum number of auxiliary properties:
Maximum number of Eclipse models:
Maximum number of network models:
Maximum number of events:
256
1,500
1
5
2,500
PIPESIM 2000
99
500
1500
50
500
400
1
Multi-lateral (HoSim)
Maximum number of multi-laterals:
500
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
2-11
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
2-13
Insure that the most suitable correlation is then selected from the
horizontal flow correlation list for subsequent simulations.
2.9.2.2 Pressure/Temperature profile
The following basic steps are required to determine the pressure or
temperature profile along the system;
Build the well performance model.
Select the Pressure/Temperature profile operation
Determine the boundary condition to compute
Select any sensitivity parameters
Enter the sensitivity parameters
Run the operation
Save the model!
2.9.2.3 Equipment/Flowline sizing (1 parameter)
The following basic steps are required to size a flowline/riser or a
piece of equipment;
Build the pipeline and facilities model.
Include the flowline/equipment/riser to be sized.
Select the Pressure/Temperature profile operation
Select the sensitivity parameter
Enter the data for the sensitivity parameter
Run the operation.
Save the model!
2.9.2.4 Equipment/Flowline sizing (Multiple parameter)
The following basic steps are required to size a flowline/riser or a
piece of equipment;
Build the pipeline and facilities model.
Include the flowline/equipment/riser to be sized.
Select the System Analysis operation
Select the multiple sensitivity
Select the x-axis and sensitivity parameters
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
2-15
Model Overview
2-17
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
2-19
Model Overview
2-21
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3.2 Compositional
3.2.1 EOS (Equations of State)
3.2.2 Viscosity model
3.2.3 BIP (Binary Interaction Parameter) Set
3.2.4 Hydrates
3-9
3-9
3-10
3-12
3-12
3-14
3-15
3-18
3-19
3-24
3.4
3-29
References
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM
2000
3-1
PIPESIM 2000
3-3
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
3-5
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
3-7
B
1.000
0.931
0.884
0.811
0.761
0.721
0.660
0.615
0.578
0.548
0.522
0.498
where
m = 2.6p1.187 exp(-8.98x10-5 p - 11.513)
For dead oils at high pressures the Vasquez and Beggs correaltion
overestimates the viscosity: Use Kousel.
3.1.9.2 Kousel method
Undersaturated oil viscosity is derived from the equation
Log(mp/ma) = p/1000(A + Bma0.278)
Where
A and B are parameters entered by the user.
Suggested values for A and B are 0.0239 and 0.01638 respectively.
m a is the viscosity of the oil at the same temperature and
atmospheric pressure.
3.1.9.3 No calculation
The undersaturated oil viscosity is assumed to be the same as the
saturated live oil viscosity at the same temperature and pressure.
3.1.10
Oil/Water Mixture Viscosity
3.1.10.1
Inversion method
The inversion method assumes that the continuous phase changes
from oil to water at a given watercut cutoff point. This means that, at a
watercut below or equal to the cut-off value, water bubbles are
carried by oil, and the mixture assumes the same viscosity as that of
the oil. At a watercut above the cut-off value, oil bubbles are carried
by water, and the mixture assumes the same viscosity as that of the
water.
3.1.10.2
Volume ratio method
Mixture viscosity is calculated as follows
mm = mO Vo + mw Vw
where
mO = oil viscosity
Vo = volume fraction of oil
mw = water viscosity
Vw= volume fraction of water
PIPESIM 2000
3-9
3.1.10.3
Woelflin method
The Woelflin option assumes that the continuous phase changes
from emulsion to water at a given watercut cutoff point. This means
that, at a watercut below or equal to the cut-off value, an emulsion
forms and the emulsion viscosity is given by the Woelflin equation for
emulsions. At a watercut above the cut-off value, oil bubbles are
carried by water, and the mixture assumes the same viscosity as that
of the water.
The Woelflin equation is as follows
mm = mO (1 + 0.0023 Vw2.2 )
3.1.11
Gas Viscosity
3.1.11.1
Lee et al. Method
Gas viscosity is calculated as follows:
mg = Kexp(Xr y)
where
K = (7.77 + 0.0063M)T1.5 /(122.4 + 12.9M + T)
X = 2.57 + 1914.5/T + 0.0095M
Y = 1.11 + 0.04X
M is the gas molecular weight
r is the gas density
3.2 Compositional
3.2.1 EOS (Equations of State)
Equations of state describe the pressure, volume and temperature
behaviour of pure components and mixtures. Most thermodynamic
and transport properties are derived from the equation of state.
The following equations of state are available: SRK (advanced and standard)
PR (advanced and standard)
SMIRK
3.2.1.1 Soave-Redlich-Kwong
The standard SRK equation is;
P = (NRT/(V - b)) + (a/(V(V + b)))
PIPESIM 2000
The values of "a" and "b" in the above equations are derived from
functions of the pure component critical temperatures, pressures, and
acentric factors.
The advanced implementation of SRK contains additional nonstandard features. These include the ability to match stored values for
the liquid density (Peneloux correlation) and the saturated vapor
pressure and a choice of mixing rule.
3.2.1.2 Peng-Robinson
The standard PR equation is;
P = (NRT/(V - b)) + (a/(V2 + 2bV - b2))
The values of "a" and "b" in the above equations are derived from
functions of the pure component critical temperatures, pressures, and
acentric factors.
The advanced implementation of PR contains additional nonstandard features. These include the ability to match stored values for
the liquid density (Peneloux correlation) and the saturated vapor
pressure and a choice of mixing rule.
3.2.1.3 SMIRK
The Shell SPPTS package uses the SMIRK equation of state.
3.2.2 Viscosity model
The following methods are available to predict the liquid and gas
viscosity;
Pederson
LBC (Lohrenz-Bray-Clark)
These are not available when using SMIRK (SPPTS)
Preliminary testing has shown the Pedersen method to be the most
widely applicable and accurate for oil and gas viscosity predictions.
Both methods are based on the corresponding state theory.
PIPESIM 2000
3-11
PIPESIM 2000
3.2.2.5 Methanol
Neither the LBC nor the Pederson method can deal with polar
components with the Pederson method slightly worse than the LBC
method. This is not surprising, as both methods were developed for
non-polar components and mixtures. The Pedersen method works
best with light alkanes and petroleum mixtures in the liquid phase. It
performs as well or better than the LBC method in nearly all
situations.
3.2.2.6 Emulsion
The following options are available for handing emulsions;
Inversion method
Volume ratio method
Woelflin method
The methods are as described for Black Oil emulsions.
3.2.3 BIP (Binary Interaction Parameter) Set
Binary Interaction parameters (BIPs) are adjustable factors which Are
used to alter the predictions from a model until these reproduce as
closely as possible the experimental data.
BIPs apply between pairs of components. The SRK and PR EOS
(being cubic equations of state) require only a single BIP, kij, in the
model description. The closer the binary system to ideality the smaller
the size of kij, which will be zero for ideal systems. It is unlikely that
the value of kij will be greater than 1, although it is possible for it to be
negative.
3.2.4 Hydrates
Natural gas hydrates are solid ice-like compounds of water and light
components of natural gas. They form at temperatures above the ice
point and are therefore a serious concern in oil and gas processing
operations. The phase behavior of the systems involving hydrates
can be very complex because up to six phases must normally be
considered. The behavior is particularly complex if there is significant
mutual solubility between phases. The hydrate model uses a
modification of the RKS equation of state for the fluid phases plus
The van der Waals and Platteeuw model for the hydrate phases. The
model can explicitly represent all the effects of the presence of
inhibitors.
PIPESIM 2000
3-13
Note: you must explicitly include water in the mixture if you wish to
do hydrate calculations. The amount of water may influence the
results of the calculations, particularly when inhibitors or watersoluble gases are present.
The main features of the model are:
The description of the hydrate phase behavior uses a
thermodynamically consistent set of models for all phases.
The vapor pressures of pure water are reproduced.
The following natural gas hydrate formers are included: METHANE,
ETHANE, PROPANE, ISOBUTANE, BUTANE, NITROGEN, CO2
AND H2S.
The thermal properties (enthalpies and entropies) of the hydrates are
included, permitting flashes involving these phases. The properties of
the hydrates have been fixed by investigating data for natural gas
components in both simple and mixed hydrates to obtain reliable
predictions of both structure I and structure II hydrates.
The properties of the empty hydrate lattices have been investigated
and the most reliable recent values have been adopted. Proper
allowance has been made for the solubilities of the gases in water so
that the model parameters are not distorted by this effect. This is
particularly important for Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide
which are relatively soluble in water. Correct thermodynamic
calculations of the most stable hydrate structure have been made.
The model has been tested on a wide selection of open literature and
proprietary experimental data. In most cases the hydrate dissociation
temperature is predicted to within 1 degree Kelvin.
Hydrate inhibitors decrease the hydrate formation temperature or
increase the hydrate formation pressure in a given gas mixture. The
model includes parameters for the commonly used inhibitors such as
Methanol, and the glycols MEG, DEG and TEG. A new mixing rule
has been developed for the SRK equation of state to model the
inhibitors' effects on the fluid phases.
PIPESIM 2000
3-15
= fluid velocity
g = gravitational constant at current altitude
gc = universal gravitational constant
= flow angle
d = pipe diameter
The contribution from the major terms; elevational and frictional can
be summarized as;
In well
Elevation term (85-100%)
Frictional (0-15%)
In pipes
Elevation term (0-30%)
Frictional (70-100%)
For single phase flow the accelerational term is negligible and is
assumed to be zero. Thus the above equation reduces to an
elevational and frictional term.
In the simultaneous transportation of liquid (oil & water) and gas
along a single pipe (or well bore) the basic pressure drop equation is
the same as for single phase flow with mixture density and friction
factor specific to the correlation in which they are used.
3.3.1 Flow regimes
Flow Regimes Classification for Vertical Two Phase Flow
The general problem of predicting the pressure drop for the
simultaneous flow of gas and liquid is complex.
The problem consists of being able to predict the variation of
pressure with elevation along the length of the flow string for known
conditions of flow. Multiphase vertical flow can be categorized into
four different flow configurations or flow regimes, consisting of bubble
flow, slug flow, slug-mist transition flow and mist flow.
A typical example of bubble flow is the liberation of solution gas from
an undersaturated oil at and above the point in the flow string where
its bubble point pressure is reached.
PIPESIM 2000
In slug flow, both the gas and liquid phases significantly contribute to
the pressure gradient. the gas phase exists as large bubbles almost
filling the pipe and separated by slugs of liquid. In transition flow, the
liquid slugs between the gas bubbles essentially disappear, and at
some point the liquid phases becomes discontinuous and the phase
becomes continuous.
The pressure losses in transition flow are partly a result of the liquid
phase, but are more the result of the gas phase. Mist flow is
characterized by a continuous gas phase with liquid occurring as
entrained droplets in the gas stream and as a liquid film wetting the
pipe walls. A typical example of mist flow is the flow of gas and
condensate in a gas condensate well.
Vertical bubble flow
PIPESIM 2000
3-17
Wavy
Slug
Elongated bubble/Plug
Annular/Mist
Bubble
PIPESIM 2000
0.5
))
3.3.2.2 AGA
For gas only.
For laminar flow (Re < 1000):
= 64/Re
For turbulent flow:
(0.25 ) -0.5 = 4log10(3.7d/ )
For transition flow:
(0.25 ) -0.5 = 4log10(Re/(0.25 ) -0.5) - 0.6
The boundary between transition and turbulent flow is a function of
the Reynolds number and friction factor.
PIPESIM 2000
3-19
3-21
PIPESIM 2000
3.3.3.11 Gray
The Gray Vertical Flow correlation is used for pressure loss and
holdup. This correlation was developed by H E Gray of Shell Oil
Company for vertical flow in gas and condensate systems which
are predominantly gas phase . Flow is treated as single phase, and
dropped out water or condensate is assumed to adhere to the pipe
wall. It is considered applicable for vertical flow cases where the
velocity is below 50 ft/s, the tube size is below 3-in, the condensate
ratio is below 50 bbl/mmscf, and the water ratio is below 5 bbl/mmscf.
3.3.3.12
Hagedorn & Brown
The correlation of Hagedorn & Brown is used for pressure loss and
holdup. There is a choice of either Beggs & Brill, Duns & Ros or Taitel
Dukler flow regime determination. The Hagedorn and Brown
correlation was developed following an experimental study of
pressure gradients occurring during continuous two-phase flow in
small diameter vertical conduits. A 1,500 ft experimental well was
used to study flow through 1-in, 1-in, and 1-in nominal size tubing.
Tests were conducted for widely varying liquid flowrates, gas-liquid
ratios and liquid viscosities. All of the correlations involve only
dimensionless groups, which is a condition usually sought for in
similarity analysis but not always achieved. BJA consider the use of
the original correlation unwise, as it can grossly underestimate liquid
holdup. Users are advised to use the Hagedorn & Brown Revised
correlation.
3.3.3.13
Hagedorn & Brown, Duns & Ros map
As Hagedorn & Bown, but utilizing the Duns & Ros flow map
3.3.3.14
3.3.3.15
Lockhart & Martinelli, Taitel Dukler map
As Lockhard & Martinelli, but utilizing the Taitel Dukler flow map
3.3.3.16
Mukherjee & Brill:
The Mukerjee & Brill correlation is used for Pressure loss, Holdup and
flow map. Note: selection of alternative flow maps and/or holdups will
cause unpredictable results. The Mukherjee & Brill correlation was
developed following a study of pressure drop behaviour in two-phase
PIPESIM 2000
3-23
inclined flow. For bubble and slug flow a no-slip friction factor,
calculated from the Moody diagram, was found adequate for friction
head loss calculations. In downhill stratified flow, the friction pressure
gradient is calculated based on a momentum balance equation for
either phase assuming a smooth gas-liquid interface. For annularmist flow, a friction factor correlation was presented that is a function
of holdup ratio and no-slip Moody friction factor. Results agreed well
with the experimental data and correlations were further verified with
Prudhoe Bay and North Sea data.
3.3.3.17
NOSLIP Correlation
The NOSLIP correlation assumes homogeneous flow with no slip
between the phases. Fluid properties are taken as the average of the
gas and liquid phases and friction factors are calculated using the
single phase MOODY correlation. Note: selection of alternative flow
maps and/or holdups will cause unpredictable results.
3.3.3.18
OLGA-S 2000 Steady State
OLGAS is based in larger part on data from the SINTEF two-phase
flow laboratory near Trondheim, Norway. The test facilities were
designed to operate at conditions that approximated field conditions.
The test loop was 800 m long and 8 inches in diameter. Operating
pressures between 20 and 90 barg were studied. Gas superficial
velocities of up to 13 m/s, and liquid superficial velocities of up to 4
m/s were obtained. In order to simulate the range of viscosities and
surface tensions experienced in field applications, different
hydrocarbon liquids were used (naptha, diesel, and lube oil). Nitrogen
was used as the gas. Pipeline inclination angles between 1 were
studied in addition to flow up or down a hill section ahead of a 50m
high vertical riser. Over 10,000 experiments were run on this test loop
during an eight year period. The facility was run in both steady state
and transient modes. OLGAS considers four flow regimes, stratified,
annular, slug and dispersed bubble flow and uses a unique minimum
slip criteria to predict flow regime transitions. This correlation is
available to all members of the SINTEF syndicate, and to nonmembers on payment of the appropriate royalty fees.
A separate document is available that details OLGA-S 2000. This can
be downloaded from our web site.
PIPESIM 2000
3.3.3.19
Orkiszewski
The Orkiszewski correlation is used for pressure loss, holdup, and
flow regime. The Orkiszewski correlation was developed for the
prediction of two phase pressure drops in vertical pipe . Four flow
regimes were considered, bubble, slug, annular-slug transition, and
annular mist. The method can accurately predict, to within 10%, the
two phase pressure drops in naturally flowing and gas lifted
production wells over a wide range of well conditions. The precision
of the method was verified when its predicted values were compared
against 148 measured pressure drops. Unlike most other methods,
liquid holdup is derived from observed physical phenomena, and is
adjusted for angle of deviation.
3.3.3.20
Shell SIEP Correlations
These correlations are provided by Shell International Exploration &
Production (SIEP) and are for Shell or Shell approved clients only.
Correlations available;
MMSM
GZM
3.3.3.21
Shell SRTCA Correlations
These correlations are provided by Shell International Oil Products
and are for Shell or Shell approved clients only.
Correlations available;
SRTCA two-phase
STRCA two-phase slugging
STRCA two-phase slugging & slug DP
STRCA three-phase
STRCA three-phase & water-oil dispersion
3.3.3.22
GRE Mechanistic Model BP
This correlation is provided by BP and is available for general use.
3.3.4 Horizontal Multiphase Flow Correlations
The following horizontal multiphase flow correlations are available:
PIPESIM 2000
3-25
PIPESIM 2000
3.3.4.10
3-27
3.3.4.11
Lockhart & Martinelli, Taitel Dukler map
As Lockhard & Martinelli, but utilizing the Taitel Dukler flow map
3.3.4.12
Mukherjee & Brill
The Mukherjee & Brill correlation is used for Pressure loss, Holdup
and Flow Map. Note: selection of alternative flow maps and/or
holdups will cause unpredictable results. The Mukherjee & Brill
correlation was developed following a study of pressure drop
behaviour in two-phase inclined flow. For bubble and slug flow, a
no-slip friction factor calculated from the Moody diagram was found
adequate for friction head loss calculations. In downhill stratified flow,
the friction pressure gradient is calculated based on a momentum
balance equation for either phase assuming a smooth gas-liquid
interface. For annular-mist flow, a friction factor correlation was
presented that is a function of holdup ratio and no-slip Moody friction
factor. Results agreed well with the experimental data and
correlations were further verified with Prudhoe Bay and North Sea
data.
3.3.4.13
NOSLIP Correlation
The NOSLIP correlation assumes homogeneous flow with no slip
between the phases. Fluid properties are taken as the average of the
gas and liquid phases and friction factors are calculated using the
single phase MOODY correlation. Note: selection of alternative flow
maps and/or holdups will cause unpredictable results.
3.3.4.14
OLGA-S 2000 Steady-State:
OLGAS is based in larger part on data from the SINTEF two-phase
flow laboratory near Trondheim, Norway. The test facilities were
designed to operate at conditions that approximated field conditions.
The test loop was 800 m long and 8 inches in diameter. Operating
pressures between 20 and 90 barg were studied. Gas superficial
velocities of up to 13 m/s, and liquid superficial velocities of up to 4
m/s were obtained. In order to simulate the range of viscosities and
surface tensions experienced in field applications, different
hydrocarbon liquids were used (naptha, diesel, and lube oil). Nitrogen
was used as the gas. Pipeline inclination angles between 1 were
studied in addition to flow up or down a hill section ahead of a 50m
PIPESIM 2000
high vertical riser. Over 10,000 experiments were run on this test loop
during an eight year period. The facility was run in both steady state
and transient modes. OLGAS considers four flow regimes, stratified,
annular, slug and dispersed bubble flow and uses a unique minimum
slip criteria to predict flow regime transitions. This correlation is
available to all members of the SINTEF syndicate, and to nonmembers on payment of the appropriate royalty fees.
A separate document is available that details OLGA-S 2000. This can
be downloaded from our web site.
3.3.4.15
Oliemans
The Oliemans correlation was developed following the study of large
diameter condensate pipelines. The flow regime is predicted using
the Taitel Dukler flow regime map, and a simple model, which obeyed
the correct single phase flow limits was introduced to predict the
pressure drop. The model was based on a limited amount of data
from a 30-in, 100-km pipeline operating at pressures of 100 barg or
higher. The Oliemans pressure loss correlation can be used with the
Eaton, BJA, BRIMIN1 or BRIMIN2 holdup correlations.
3.3.4.16
Xiao
The Xiao comprehensive mechanistic model was developed as part
of the TUFFP research program. It was developed for gas-liquid twophase flow in horizontal and near horizontal pipelines. The model
is able first to detect the existing flow pattern, and then to predict the
flow characteristics, primarily liquid holdup and pressure drop, for the
stratified, intermittent, annular, or dispersed bubble flow patterns. The
model was tested against a pipeline data bank. The data bank
included large diameter field data culled from the AGA multiphase
pipeline data bank, and laboratory data published in literature. Data
included both black oil and compositional fluid systems. A new
correlation was proposed which predicts the internal friction factor
under stratified flow.
3.3.4.17
Shell SIEP Correlations
These correlations are provided by Shell International Exploration &
Production (SIEP) and are for Shell or Shell approved clients only.
Correlations available;
GZM
PIPESIM 2000
3-29
3.3.4.18
Shell SRTCA Correlations
These correlations are provided by Shell International Oil Products
and are for Shell or Shell approved clients only.
Correlations available;
SRTCA two-phase
STRCA two-phase slugging
STRCA two-phase slugging & slug DP
STRCA three-phase
STRCA three-phase & water-oil dispersion
3.3.4.19
GRE Mechanistic Model BP
This correlation is provided by BP and is available for general use.
3.4 References
Multiflash for Windows - User Guide. Infochem.
Aziz, K., Govier, G. W. and Forgasi, M.: Pressure Drop in Wells
Producing Oil and Gas, J. Cdn. Pet. Tech. (July-Sept. 1972) 38-48.
Baker, A., Nielsen, K., and Gabb, A.: Pressure Loss, Liquid-Holdup
Calculations Developed, Technology, Oil & Gas Journal (Mar. 14,
1988).
Beal, C.: The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and its
Associated Gases at Oil Temperatures and Pressures, Trans. AIME
(1946) 94.
Beggs, H. D., and Brill, J. P.: A Study of Two Phase Flow in Inclined
Pipes, J. Pet. Tech. (May 1973) 607-617.
Beggs, H. D. and Robinson, J. R.: Estimating the Viscosity of Crude
Oil Systems, J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1975) 1140-1.
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
3-31
PIPESIM 2000
3-33
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
4-1
4-1
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-8
4-9
4-9
4-10
4-13
4-15
4-15
4.3
4-17
4-18
4-18
4-19
4.5
4-19
Tubing
4.6 Chokes
4.6.1 Ashford-Pierce
4.6.2 Omana
4.6.3 Gilbert, Ros, Baxendall, Achong and Pilehvari
4.6.4 Poettmann-Beck
4.6.5 Mechanistic Correlation,
4.6.6 API 14-B Formulation
4-20
4-20
4-21
4-22
4-23
4-24
4-26
4.7
4-27
Heat transfer
4-27
4-27
4-29
4.9
4-29
References
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
4-1
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
4-3
Where
A is the turbulance coefficient and
B is the laminar coefficient.
The coefficients must satisfy A > 0 and B=> 0.
4.1.2.4 Pseudo-Steady state / Darcy
The Pseudo Steady-state equation is given as
Q = kh(Pws 2 - Pwf2)/(1422Tz(ln(Re/Rw)- 0.75 + s)))
where
s = skin
k = formation permeability
h = formation thickness
= gas viscosity
T = temperature
Z = z factor
Re = Drainage radius
Rw = wellbore radius
Alternatively, the skin (and related turbulence coefficient) values can
be calculated.
4.1.2.5 (Straight line) Well productivity Inde x
The productivity index relationship is
Q = J(Pws2 - Pwf2)
where
J = productivity index.
4.1.2.6 Multi-rate tests
Multi-rate test data (as descried above) can be applied to the
following;
Multi-rate Back pressure / C and n
Multi-rate Forchheimer
Multi-rate Jones
Multi-rate (Straight line) Well Productivity Index
4.2 Horizontal Completions
This section focuses on the reservoir engineering aspects of
horizontal well technology. The pressure drop in horizontal wells and
P I P E S I M 2000
4-5
its effect on well performance will be discussed. The steady state and
pseudo-steady state analytical solutions on the productivity of
horizontal wells will also be reviewed for both oil and gas wells.
The main purpose of drilling horizontal wells is to enhance
production. There are also many circumstances that lead to drilling
horizontal wells (Cooper, 1988):
P I P E S I M 2000
Re
4-7
P I P E S I M 2000
where,
p
f
q
L
d
m
(4.1)
For gas flow, however, the pressure drop calculations are more
complex. This is due to friction, which could change the temperature
of the gas as it travels through the wellbore. Moreover, density and
viscosity are strong functions of gas pressure and temperature. This
would result in a changing pressure drop per foot length of a well
along the entire well length. The Weymouth equation for dry gas is
the simplest equation to estimate pressure drop in a horizontal pipe
( p1 2 p2 2 ) d 16/ 3
qg = 15320
g TZL
where
qg
p1
p2
L
P I P E S I M 2000
(4.2)
4-9
T
= average temperature, oR
Z
= average gas compressibility factor
d
= pipe diameter, in
g
= oil volume formation factor, RB/STB
Also, several multiphase correlations (Brill, 1988) are applicable for a
single-phase flow of either oil or gas.
4.2.3 Multiphase Pressure Drop
There is very little discussion on multiphase pressure drop in
horizontal wells. Folefac (1991) studied the effect of two phase flow
(hydrocarbon liquid and water are treated as one phase with identical
velocity but averaged properties). The pressure drop along the
horizontal wellbore was similar to that for single phase flow.
However, the pressure drop was higher than for single phase flow for
the same volume of fluid intake.
For a horizontal pipe, Brill (1988) has discussed numerous
multiphase flow correlations. Slip velocities between phases make
these equations more complex than single phase flow equations. In
general, Joshi (1991) states that, "different multiphase correlations
may give different values of the pressure drop". The various
correlations should be compared with actual pressure drop data.
However, measuring the pressure at both ends of a horizontal well
and calibrating the data is very difficult. There is a definite need for
further study on multiphase flow in horizontal wells.
4.2.4 Inflow Production Profiles
Horizontal wellbore pressure drops also depend upon the type of fluid
inflow profiles. Figure 4.3 shows some horizontal well fluid inflow
profiles. On the basis of well boundary condition and reservoir
heterogeneity, several profiles are possible. Joshi (1991) examined
the effect of different fluid entry profiles on the wellbore pressure
drop. Depending on the type of profile, Joshi concluded that the total
pressure drop varied from 6 psi to 14.5 psi but it was not large
enough to effect the wellhead pressure.
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
qh =
ln [
a+
(4.3)
( L / 2 )2
h
] + ( h / L )ln [
]
L /2
2 rw
and
a = (L / 2 )[0.5 + 0. 25 + (2 reh / L )4 ]0 .5
where
qh
p
L
h
rw
reh
o
Bo
kh
(4.4)
= flowrate, STB/day
= pressure drop, psi
= horizontal well length, ft
= reservoir height, ft
= wellbore radius, ft
= drainage radius of horizontal well, ft
= oil viscosity, cp
= oil volume formation factor, RB/STB
= horizontal permeability, md
0. 007078 k h h p /( o B o )
r
ln [ eh ]
(L / 4 )
(4.5)
k eff = k v k h
kh
kv
(4.7)
P I P E S I M 2000
qh =
ln [
a+
2
(L / 2 )2
( h / 2 ) + 2 2
] + ( h / L ) ln [
L /2
2 rw
(4.8)
where
=
kh
(4.9)
kv
and is the horizontal well eccentricity (offset of the well from the
center of the pay zone) in feet.
Productivity comparisons of a horizontal well to that of a vertical well
can easily be made by using equation (4.8). In converting the
productivity of a horizontal well into that of an equivalent vertical well,
an effective wellbore radius can be calculated, r w,eff
rw , eff = rw exp (-s)
(4.10)
reh ( L / 2 )
a [1 +
1 ( L / 2 a )2 ] + [(h / rw )](h / L )
P I P E S I M 2000
(4.11)
where
sm
s
CA
Dqv
khp / 141.2o Bo
ln [2.2458 A / ( CA Rw 2 ) ] + s + sm + Dqv
(4.11)
kh p / 141 . 2 o B o
r
ln [( e ) - 0. 75 ]
rw
(4.13)
C A , ref
/CA
(4.14)
well penetration.
0.007078b
ln [
where
b
sR
CH
kx
kz
A1
rw
A1
rw
k x k z p /( o B o )
]+ lnC H - 0. 75 + s R
P I P E S I M 2000
(4.15)
= [1 - V(
p wf
pR
) - (1 - V )(
p wf
pR
)2 ]n
(4.16)
zpz dp
p
0
(4.17)
P I P E S I M 2000
0. 007027 k h h ( p
ln [
re
r w ,eff
2
e
- p wf )
(4.18)
] ZT
where
qh = gas flowrate, mmscf/day
pe = pressure at external radius, psia
pwf = wellbore flowing pressure, psia
kh
= horizontal permeability, md
h
= reservoir height, ft
re
= drainage radius, ft
rw,eff = effective wellbore radius, ft
= average viscosity, cp
Z
= average compressibility factor
T
= reservoir temperature, oR
The pseudo-steady state gas flow equation can be written as follows
(Joshi, 1991)
2
qh =
D =
[ln [
0. 007027 kh (p r - p wf )
re
rw
] - 0. 75 + s + s m + s ca - c + Dq h ]ZT
-15
2. 222 x 10
pwf
( g k a h )
rw h
= 2. 73x10 10 k
-1.1045
-1.201
(4.19)
(4.20)
(4.21)
or
where
qh
pr
pwf
2. 33 x10
10
P I P E S I M 2000
(4.22)
s
sm
sca
c
k
h
re
rw
Z
T
pwf
g
hp
ka
Equation (21) and (22) are from Golan (1986) and Brown (1984),
respectively. The above equations are based upon circular drainage
area. The turbulence term, Dq, accounts for the extra pressure drop
in the near wellbore region due to the high gas velocity. This term
was neglected when dealing with oil flow. In addition, the term makes
the solution of equation (19) iterative.
4.3 Multiple Layers / Completions
Multiple layers can be modelled with PIPESIM 2000. Each layer can
have the following, different, properties;
Static Pressure
Temperature
Depth
IPR specification
Fluid description
The IRR for each individual layer can be specified using any of the
standard completion options (described above).
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
4.6 Chokes
The pressure drop through a restriction is based on the following;
Fluid properties computed from upstream pressure
Heat capacities of the two phases computed from the upstream
conditions
The sonic velocity if the fluid is then computed from the heat capacity
ratio, Cp/Cv.
If the actual throat velocity is greater than the sonic velocity then the
flow is critical. If it is less then it is sub-critical.
The correlations used in each regime can be selected.
Note: The downstream pressure can not be determined in the case of
critical flow. If critical flow is determined in the case where the outlet
pressure has been specified then the choke downstream pressure is
computed from the flowrate and the outlet presure.
4.6.1 Ashford-Pierce
The correlation of Ashford and Pierce [1975] is valid for critical and
sub-critical flows.
qo = 351
. Cd e2
= ( Bo + Fwo )
1
2
n 1
n
n 1
1
T1 z1
n
198.6 + p ( R Rs )e 0 + 0.000217 g R + Fwo w
where
qo
C
de
P I P E S I M 2000
Fwo
Bo
n
p1
p2
R
Rs
T1
z1
e
g
o
w
Assumptions:
polytropic expansion of gas-liquid mixture
equal gas and liquid velocities at the throat
incompressible liquid phase
liquid dispersed in a continuous gas phase
negligible friction losses
Recommended values for discharge coefficient (C) are:
Choke size (64th in.)
32
24
20
12
8
C
0.95
0.95
0.976
1.2
1.2
4.6.2 Omana
The correlation of Omana [1969] is valid for critical flow.
The original equation is:
N qL = 0.263 N
3.49
N Pl
3.19
Qd
0 .657
ND
1.8
where
P I P E S I M 2000
N qL
1. 25
= 184
. q L
L
o
L
N = G
N pl = 174
. 10 2 P1
Qd =
1
L L
1
1 + R1
N D = 120.872 Dc
L
L
NqL
ND
Npl
Qd
R1
Dc
P1
1.245
( L )
1.545
(1 + R )
1 0.657
( Dc ) ( G )
1 .8
3.49
( P1 )
3.19
subscripts
G
- gas
L
- liquid
P I P E S I M 2000
(1)
Correlation
Gilbert
Ros
Baxendall
Achong
Pilehvari
A
0.1
0.05747
0.10460
0.26178
0.021427
B
0.546
0.5
0.546
0.650
0.313
c
1.89
2.00
1.93
1.88
2.11
88992 Ac
9273.6 P1 0.4513( R11 + 0.766)
.
.
0
V1 (1 + 0.5m1 )
R11 + 0.5663
5.61oL + 0.0765 G (GOR)
where
R =
1
1
0.00504T1 z1 ( GOR ) ( R s )1
0
P1 Bo
P I P E S I M 2000
m1 =
V1 =
1 + R11
1 G
1 L
m1
L
q
Ac
P
GOR
Rs
B
T
z
subscripts
L
G
1
o
- liquid
- gas
- at upstream conditions
- oil
Superscripts
o
- at standard conditions
2 g c 144 C L Ac
L qG
p G =
2 g c 144 YC G Ac
P I P E S I M 2000
d2
p p1
Y = 10
. 0.41 + 0.35 (1 / K ) 2
d1
p1
C=
Cd
d
1 1
d2
pTP
= p L 1 + G dL
YCdG
where
d 4
qm
p L = L 1 1
2
d 2 8083 d1 CdL
G
- no-slip fraction of free gas in the stream approaching the
choke
L
- no-slip fraction of liquid in the stream approaching the
choke
qL
- liquid flow rate (ft3/sec)
qG
- gas flow rate (ft3/sec)
Ac
- choke cross-sectional area (ft2)
p1
- pressure upstream of choke (psi)
p2
- pressure downstream of choke (psi)
TP
1
2
- two-phase
- at upstream conditions
- at downstream conditions
C
= p L 1 + G dL
YCdG
where
d1 4
qm
p L = N 1
2
d 2 8083 d1 CdL
CG = 0.9
CL = 0.85
Using the above equations we get:
.
1121
p tp = p L 1 + G 2 1
Y
where
d
qm
1 1
2
d 2 6870.55d1
4
p L = N
P I P E S I M 2000
G
- no-slip fraction of free gas in the stream approaching the
choke
qm
- total mixture flow rate (ft3/sec)
PL - liquid phase pressure change (psi)
PG - gaseous phase pressure change (psi)
N
- no-slip mixture density (lbm /ft3)
CdG - discharge coefficient for the gas phase
CdL - discharge coefficient for the liquid phase
Y
- compressibility factor
d1
- upstream tubing diameter (same units as d2)
d2
- orifice diameter (same units as d1)
Subscripts
L
G
TP
1
2
- liquid
- gas
- two-phase
- at upstream conditions
- at downstream conditions
P I P E S I M 2000
Production =
(sc)
Un-produced Gas
(sc)
or
Gp = G
G
E
Ei
where:
Gp is the cumulative production expressed at standard
conditions
G is the gas initially in place at standard conditions
E is the gas expansion factor after cumulative production Gp
Ei is the gas expansion factor at initially undepleted reservoir
conditions
For fields units at standard conditions of p=14.17psia, T=520R and
Z=1
E = 35.37
p
ZT
Z Zi
G
The initial conditions pi, Zi and G are input from the user
The cumulative production, Gp, can be computed from the flow rate
that the network module calculates, and the flowing time (time-step)
specified.
In the case of multiple wells in the tank Gp is simply the sum of the
flow rates from wells in that reservoir over flowing time.
The p/Z term can now be evaluated and correlations at reservoir
pressure for the specified fluid composition can now be used to
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
5 FIELD EQUIPMENT
5-1
5.1
Compressor
5-1
5.2
Expander
5-2
5.3
5-3
5-3
5-8
5-9
5-11
5-12
5-13
5-15
5-16
5.5
Separator
5-17
5.6
Re-injection point
5-17
5.7
Heat Transfer
5-17
5.8
References
5-17
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipme nt
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
5-1
5 Field Equipment
5.1 Compressor
The basic compressor model uses centrifugal compressor equations
to determine the relationship between inlet pressure and temperature,
outlet pressure and temperature, flowrate, shaft power, and
efficiency.
It is also possible to use built in, or user developed compressor
curves to describe the relationship between differential pressure,
flowrate, and efficiency for a range of compressor speeds.
If compressor curves are used, therefore, the compressor speed and
number of stages become a additional factors.
At least one parameter must be supplied. This could be:
outlet pressure
differential pressure
pressure ratio (Pout/Pin)
power (shaft power)
speed and number of stages (if using curves)
The remaining quantities will then be calculated using centrifugal
compressor equations. If more than one value is supplied, then the
parameter which leads to the smallest compressor differential
pressure will be used, and all other supplied parameters will be
discarded.
The main compressor equations used are as follows:
Adiabatic Route
Head = (Zavg RTin/(M(k-1)/k))((P out/Pin)((k - 1)/k) - 1)
where k = Cp/Cv
Polytropic Route
Head = (Zavg RTin/(M(n-1)/n))((Pout/Pin)((n - 1)/n) - 1)
where n = 1/(1 - ((Cp/Cv - 1)/(eCp/Cv)))
Mollier Route (compositional cases only)
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
5-3
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
5-5
Traditional Approach
The incoming fluid is separated in its
constituent gas and liquid phases.
The separated liquids are pumped up
to the required pressure and exported
via the liquid export line.
Separated gas is compressed up to the
required pressure and exported via the
gas export line.
Alternative Approach
The incoming fluid is separated in its
constituent gas and liquid phases.
The separated liquids are pumped up
to the required pressure and separated
gas is compressed up to the required
pressure, before the two phases are
recombined and exported via a
multiphase export line.
Multiphase Boosting
The incoming fluid is directly boosted
up to the required pressure without
separation of the gas and liquid
phases, and exported via a multiphase
export line.
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
5-7
60.0
Outflow curve
50.0
40.0
30.0
THP curve
20.0
10.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Production rate (kg/s)
20.0
25.0
Figure 3.3 Production system analysis: THP curve and outflow curve
From Figure 3.3, it can be seen that the system operating point
involves a tubing head pressure of 39 [bara] and production rate of 5
[kg/s]. We can however also see from the THP curve that the flowing
potential of the well is far greater than the production rate of 5 [kg/s],
should the back pressure on the well be lower than the 39 [bara].
Assuming we could install a booster that allows us to provide a
boost of 20 [bar] to the well fluids directly downstream of the
wellhead, the outflow curve shown in Figure 3.3 will change to that
shown in Figure 3.4. The new system operating point involves a
tubing head pressure of 24 [bara] and production rate of 10 [kg/s], i.e.
through the boosting of the well stream production has increased by
100%.
P I P E S I M 2000
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
Outflow curve - Boosting 20 bar
20.0
10.0
THP curve
5.0
10.0
15.0
Production rate (kg/s)
20.0
25.0
Field Equipment
5-9
P I P E S I M 2000
600
1500
400
1000
200
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Shaft power
[kW]
Flow rate
[m3/h]
Flow rate
Shaft power
70
600
1500
400
1000
200
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Shaft power
[kW]
Flow rate
[m3/h]
Flow rate
Shaft power
70
Field Equipment
5-11
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
5-13
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
5-15
lin
ed
spe
ed
um
spe
um
pe
xim
%s
ed
nim
pe
Mi
%s
Ma
90
80
ax
.D
Field Equipment
ed
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
5-17
5.5 Separator
Placing a separator in the model removes up to 100% of the gas,
water or liquid (oil plus water) phase.
The % efficiency (or efficiency fraction) refers to the amount of that
material removed. For example, a 90% efficient water separator
removes 90% of the water. From that point onward, flow of the
remaining fluids will be modelled.
5.6 Re-injection point
Works in conjunction with a separator in a network model only. All the
fluid removed from the separated will be re-injected.
The following must be defined;
The incoming, outgoing and separated branches.
Separated stream inlet temperature if different from the
separator temperature
An estimate of the flowrate for the separated stream.
5.7 Heat Transfer
5.8 References
[1] How multiphase pumping can make you money
K.C.Oxley, J.M. Ward, W.G. Derks
Paper presented at Facilities 2000 Conference, New Orleans
1999
[2]
[3]
[4]
P I P E S I M 2000
[5]
[6]
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
5-19
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
6 OPERATIONS
6-1
6.1
Check model
6-1
6.2
No operation
6-1
6.3
Run model
6-1
6.4
System Analysis
6-2
6.5
6-2
6.6
6-2
6.7
Wax Prediction
6-3
6.8
Nodal Analysis
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-7
6-7
6-10
6-10
6-11
6.14 Optimization
6-11
6-12
6-12
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-17
6-17
6-17
6-18
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
P I P E S I M 2000
6-18
6-18
Operations
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
6-1
6 Operations
The operations of PIPESIM 2000 available for each module are
Pipeline & facilities module
Check model
No operation
Run model
System analysis
Pressure Temperature profile
Flow correlation matching
Wax prediction
Well Performance module
Check model
No operation
Run model
System analysis
Pressure Temperature profile
Flow correlation matching
Nodal analysis
Reservoir tables
Artificial lift analysis
Network module
Check model
Run model
Restart model
Abort run
6.1 Check model
Allows the model to be check for missing input data input before a
simulation is performed.
6.2 No operation
Allows a model to be built and saved with no associated operation.
This is mainly for use with Baker Jardine's Production data
management software ProdMan.
6.3 Run model
Run the selected operation.
P I P E S I M 2000
6-2 Operations
Outlet Pressure
Watercut=30%
Watercut=60%
Watercut=90%
Flow Rate
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
6-3
P I P E S I M 2000
6-4 Operations
Pressure
Inflow
Outflow
NA Point
Flowrate
Figure 6.2 Nodal Analysis Inflow/Outflow Curves
Main features of the Nodal Analysis operation
NA point can be at any point (between components) in the system
Inflow sensitivity can be on any inflow variable
Outflow sensitivity can be on any outflow variable
Future IPR (Vogel & Fetkovitch IPR's only)
User set limit to define the range of the result NA graph
Liquid Loading line
6.9 Artificial Lift Performance
This option allows the user to analyze the effects of artificially
(injecting gas or ESP) lifting a production well.
This also allows the necessary well performance curves to be created
for the optimization model, so that the complete field can be
optimized.
PIPESIM 2000 generates artificial lift (gas or ESP) performance
curves of either gas lift injection rate or ESP Power versus gross
liquid flowrate from the standard system model data with the
additional with artificial lift device in place. The performance curves
are created by sensitivity analysis on various parameters, such as
wellhead pressure, watercut, tubing ID and flowline ID.
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
6-5
Flowline
Wellhead
Well
P I P E S I M 2000
6-6 Operations
As GOAL uses gas lift performance curves the individual well models
can be developed to model a well to either:
1. the wellhead, upstream of a well head choke or
2. the manifold that the well is connected to (including a
wellhead choke and associated flowline between the well and
the manifold).
It is normally recommended that the well performance curves are
modelled to the manifold, i.e. the choke is included in the well model.
However, if any of the following situations are to be studied in GOAL
then the well must be modelled to the choke.
A maximum liquid constraints into individual wells
Choke optimization
Pressure calibration
Method 1: GOAL model with wells modelled to the manifold
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
6-7
6-8 Operations
rv
2 rv
C1 = F 1. 1 + F 3.
. Fc
v
v
rv
rv
C 2 = F 1. 1 +
v F c
where
F1 =
B f . g. q 2 go . J
(C
Ap Y
rv =
.V a . q fo
ch
+ C D Ap Y
(
Pto
Pco
(q
(
fo
)
)
+ q go . At Pto
.
q fo
f g .g
r (2 rv )
. ch
ch
r (2 rv )
C D A p Y v 2 . ch
ch
CD A p Y
Fc =
F3 =
v =
(zT ) t
(zT )c
rch =
Pco
Pm
ch =
(zT )c
(zT )m
Nomenclature
At
Cross sectional area of tubing
(in2)
Bf
Volume factor for reservoir fluids at injection point
CD Gas Valves Discharge coefficient. Default = 0.8
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
J
Va
g
Pco
Pto
qfo
qgo
Pm
Y
T
r
z
t
g
6-9
Productivity index
(stbd/psi)
Volume of tubing-casing annulus
(ft3)
Acceleration of gravity (ft/s 2)
Steady state casing pressure
(psia)
Steady state tubing pressure
(psia)
Steady state reservoir fluids flow rate
(stbd)
Steady state injected gas flow rate
(mmscf)
Gas injection manifold pressure
(psia)
Gas expansion factor
Temperature
(F)
ratio of pressures
gas compressibility factor
reservoir fluids density (lb/in3)
injected gas density
(lb/in3)
ratio of the products zT
SUBSCRIPTS
v
gas lift vale
ch gas injection choke
t
tubing
c
casing
m
manifold
In order to utilize this feature from the well model must be developed
with the following included;
Well IPR is modelled by the PI method
Casing inside diameter is set
Port diameter. The inside diameter of the Gas Lift injection
valve that is currently being used.
Surface injection pressure
From this additional data the well model will automatically calculate
the steady state casing and tubing pressures.
The (GOAL) Gas Lift performance curves should then be developed
as normal and the Alhanati factors will be automatically be generated.
The factors can be viewed graphically for any well by select the
Alhanati Criterion for the y axis from the series option within the
P I P E S I M 2000
6-10 Operations
1.
1.
Al
ha
na
ti
C r
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Operations
6-11
6-12 Operations
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
6-13
PROS:
An industry standard simulator simulates the reservoir.
Phase flowrates are dependent on current flowrates from all wells
and reservoir history.
Full account can be taken of the reservoir geometry and aquifer
behavior etc.
CONS:
Simulation time is significantly longer.
Need to set-up the communication link from the Eclipse simulator
based on a UNIX workstation to FPT based on a PC.
Need to purchase OpenEclipse from Geoquest and install it
properly.
It is much harder to converge on a solution between the network
and Eclipse.
Capabilities:
Can model deliverability systems that have pressure specified
sinks.
Can model blackoil Eclipse reservoir models in both Engineering
and SI units.
Can flowrate constrain all source wells.
Limitations:
Cannot model surface networks which have flowrate specified
sinks.
Cannot model compositional Eclipse models.
P I P E S I M 2000
6-14 Operations
0
5
10
15
PROS:
Cumulative liquid production [mmstb]
Very fast reservoir modelling
Pressure [psia]
GOR [scf/stb]
Watercut [%]
as no iteration is required
unless conditional logic in the field planning demands that a
timestep be run again.
Tables can be generated in other packages such as Excel, by
Eclipse, by MBAL etc. and then read into FPT.
This is the easiest form of reservoir modelling to set-up and use.
Everything is included in the FPT package, no third party software
is required.
CONS:
Phasic flowrate behavior is NOT dependent on total flowrate.
P I P E S I M 2000
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Operations
6-15
All wells linked to a decline curve have the same pressure, and
also the same watercut and GLR if that is defined in the table.
Capabilities:
Full FPT capabilities are available through look-up table reservoir
modelling.
A number of look-up tables can be defined.
Limitations:
No way to change watercut and/or GLR in a compositionally
defined Network model.
Running from look-up tables generally produces results of lower
fidelity than from a dynamically linked Eclipse simulation but generally
will significantly reduces simulation time and will be particularly useful
where:
i.
an Eclipse model is NOT available, or
ii.
to perform a preliminary screening of field plans before
performing a time-consuming high-fidelity simulation using a
true reservoir simulation package such as Eclipse.
6.15.3
Well
2
Aquifer
influx
User supplied
composition, initial
volumetric
inventory, and
6-16 Operations
Operations
6-17
P I P E S I M 2000
6-18 Operations
6.17.2
Tabular data
Tabular data is in the form of text (ASCII) output files. These can be
viewed from with PIPESIM 2000 or via a standard text editor. They
can also be printed.
6.17.3
Onscreen data
The input and output data from any object can be obtained via the
screen schematic.
In addition results from the network module can be obtained via the
output report tool.
6.18 References
Alhanati et al. (1993)
B Wilkens, M Apte, G Broze (1999) User's Guide for the wax
Deposition Option in PIPESIM. Project R13-0511.000.
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
6-19
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7 CASE STUDIES
7-1
7-16
7-17
7-22
7-22
7-24
Production Optimization
7-37
7.5
Field Planning
7-37
7.6
Multi-lateral
7-37
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
PIPESIM
2000
Case Studies
7-1
7 Case Studies
The PIPESIM 2000 software comes preloaded with a number of case
studies that demonstrates some of its capabilities, some of which are
fully documented here.
The full list of case studies is;
Condensate pipeline
Compositional
Phase envelope creation
Hydrate envelope
Pipeline sizing
Pipeline insulation
Slugging
Slug catcher sizing
Oil well design
Black Oil fluid calibration
Well IPR
Tubing sizing
Looped Gas gathering network
Compositional
Network model
Boundary conditions
Establish field deliverability
PIPESIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000
Case Studies
7-3
button and enter the number of moles for C7+ under the "Component
Selection" tab.
Generate the hydrocarbon phase envelope by pressing the "Phase
Envelope" button. The following plot should be obtained:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-5
Note that hydrates tend to form in the region on or to the left of the
hydrate line. In this study, hydrate formation will be avoided by operating
the pipeline at temperatures above 75 F at all times.
7.1.3 Task 3. Select a Pipeline Size
Find the smallest pipeline I.D. that will allow the design flowrate of 10,000
STB/d of condensate to be transported from the satellite platform whilst
maintaining an arrival pressure of not lower than 1,000 psia at the
processing platform. The pipeline sizes available are 8", 10", or 12" I.D.
as described in the data section at the end of the case study. This can be
determined as follows:
- Use the pressure temperature profiles operation to calculate the
pressure drop for each of the three pipeline size options.
First it is necessary to add a source to the model. This is done by
pointing and clicking on the source button at the top of the screen and
then pointing and clicking in the work area. A source appears as shown
below. Alternatively the wizard feature can be used.
source button
source
To enter data relevant to the source double click on the object. Enter the
inlet pressure of 1,500 psia and the inlet temperature of 176 F.
PIPESIM 2000
Now add a boundary node to represent the arrival point at the processing
platform.
boundary node button
boundary node
node
Connect the model together by pointing, clicking and dragging using the
riser and flowline buttons:
riser button
flowline button
Completed Model
Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that
component. Double click on "Riser_1" to enter the riser details i.e.
horizontal distance and elevation difference (length is automatically
computed), I.D., roughness, overall heat transfer coefficient and ambient
temperature. Repeat this for "Flowl_1" and "Riser_2".
Select the <operations/pressure-temperature profiles> menu and set
up the operation so that the calculated variable is outlet pressure. Set the
Inlet pressure 1,500 psia and the Liquid Rate to 10,000 STB/d. The
sensitivity variable is Pipeline ID with values of 8", 10", and 12", this
select the component as "Flowline_1" , the variable as "ID" and enter the
sizes. Press the Run Model button when all the data has been added.
The following plot should be obtained (the axis may have to be changed
to show Total Distance v's Pressure):
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-7
It can be seen that a 10" is the smallest pipeline size that will satisfy the
arrival pressure condition of at least 1,000 psia.
Note: Don't forget to now set the flowline ID to 10" for all subsequent
simulations.
7.1.4 Task 4. Determine the Pipeline Insulation Requirement
Find the smallest thickness of thermal insulation that can be used to
insulate the pipeline and maintain an arrival temperature of not less than
75 F. This minimum arrival temperature is required to prevent the
formation of hydrates. The insulation has a thermal conductivity of 0.15
Btu/hr/ft/F and a thickness of 0.75" or 1". This can be determined as
follows:
- Use the pressure temperature profiles operation to calculate the
temperature profile for the design and turndown flowrate cases with
0.75" thermal insulation thickness.
- Re-run the model with 1.0" thermal insulation thickness and compare
the temperature profiles.
Double click on "Flowl_1". Select the "Heat Transfer" tab, and then select
the "Calculate U" sub-tab. Enter the heat transfer data given at the end of
the case study, and add a layer of insulation with a thermal conductivity
of 0.15 Btu/hr/ft/F and a thickness of 0.75". Press the "OK" button.
Select the <operations/pressure-temperature profiles> menu and set up
the operation so that the calculated variable is outlet pressure, and the
PIPESIM 2000
Case Studies
7-9
Note: Don't forget to now set the insulation thickness to 1" for all
subsequent simulations.
7.1.5 Task 5. Screen the Pipeline for Severe Riser Slugging
Severe riser slugging is likely in a pipeline system followed by a riser
under certain conditions. The elements leading to severe riser slugging
are:
1. The presence a long slightly downward inclined pipeline prior to the
riser.
2. Fluid flowing in the "stratified" or "segregated" flow regime (as
opposed to the usual "slug" or "intermittent" flow regime).
3. A slug number (PI-SS) of lower than 1.0.
The PI-SS number can also be used to estimate the severe riser slug
length from the equation:
slug length = riser height/PI-SS number.
Severe riser slugging is to be avoided in this case. The necessary
information can be extracted from the model as follows:- Configure the model output such that slug information, and flow
regime maps are printed for the fluid at the riser base.
Select the <setup/define output...> menu and check the "slug output
pages" box. Set "number of cases to print" to 2. Add a report tool to the
model in place of node "N2". This can be done by first selecting a report
tool and placing it in the work area.
report tool button
report tool
Then reconnect "Flowl_1" to the report tool by first clicking on the middle
of "Flowl_1". You will see that highlight boxes appear at either end of the
flowline. Move the mouse over the right hand highlight box, and the
mouse pointer changes to an "up arrow" shape ( ). The line can then be
dragged from "N2" and dropped onto the report tool as shown below.
PIPESIM 2000
l
Modified model
Double click on the report tool and check the option "flow map".
Select the <operations/pressure-temperature profiles> menu and re-run
the model.
Select the <reports/view output> menu and check the PI-SS number at
the riser base for both flowrate cases. It can be seen that the PI-SS
number is higher than 1.0 at the riser base in both cases. In the turndown
flowrate case the PI-SS number is 1.18 as shown below:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-11
Check the riser base flow regime maps in the output file to see if the flow
is in the "stratified" or segregated region. It can be seen that flow is in the
intermittent (normal slugging) flow regime. The turndown case flow map
is shown below:
PIPESIM 2000
It can be seen that the segregated region has been avoided and the
likelihood of severe riser slugging is reduced.
Note: Don't forget to save the final model!
7.1.6 Task 6. Size a Slug Catcher
Having established that normal slug flow is expected, it is now necessary
to size a slug catcher. The size will be determined by the largest of three
design criteria:
1. The requirement to handle the largest slugs envisaged (chosen to be
statistically the 1/1000 population slug size).
2. The requirement to handle liquid swept in front of a pig.
3. Transient effects, i.e. the requirement to handle the liquid slug
generated when the production flow is ramped up from 5,000 to
10,000 STB/d.
This can be achieved as follows:
- Review the simulation output to establish the slug catcher volume
required for each of the three design criteria and select the largest
volume.
Review the output file and it can be seen that the turndown case
generates larger slugs.
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-13
.
As shown above, the 1/1000 slug length is 1,781.2 ft, which gives a slug
3
volume of 971.5 ft .
Now select the <reports/view summary> menu and check the liquid
swept in front of a pig ("liquid by sphere").
PIPESIM 2000
It can be seen that the turndown case gives the larger volume of 279.1
3
bbl or 1,567 ft .
Now calculate the liquid generated when the flow is ramped up from
5,000 STB/d to 10,000 STB/d. This is the difference in total holdup
3
between the two cases, i.e. 692 - 623 = 69 bbl or 522 ft .
3
P I P E S I M 2000
Molecular
Weight
115
1,500 psia
176 F
10,000 STB/d
5,000 STB/d
1,000 psia
75 F.
Moles
75
6
3
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
Specific
Gravity
0.683
Moles
12
Case Studies
Aqueous Component:
Component
Water
7-15
Roughness (")
0.001
0.001
0.001
Pipeline Data:
Height of undulations
Horizontal distance
Elevation difference
Wall thickness
Roughness
Ambient temperature
Overall heat transfer coefficient
10/1000
5 miles
0
0.5"
0.001"
50 F
2
0.2 Btu/hr/ft /F
50 Btu/hr/ft/F
0.15 Btu/hr/ft/F
0.75" or 1.0"
water
1.64 ft/sec
0 (half buried)
1.5 Btu/hr/ft/F
0
-400 ft
+400 ft
10"
0.5"
0.001"
50 F
2
0.2 Btu/hr/ft /F
PIPESIM 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-17
PIPESIM 2000
The partially calibrated curve for a temperature of 210 F shows that the
predicted OFVF is higher than the measured value both above and
below the bubble point pressure. At 4,269 psia the predicted value is
1.52 compared to the measured value of 1.49 and at 2,000 psia the
predicted value is 1.41 compared to the measured value of 1.38.
Therefore further calibration is required.
Apply OFVF calibration above the bubble point pressure. The measured
value is 1.49 @ 4,269 psia and 210 F. The following plot should be
obtained:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-19
Apply OFVF calibration below the bubble point pressure. The measured
value is 1.38 @ 2,000 psia and 210 F. The following plot should be
obtained:
Calibration of the oil viscosity requires two dead oil data points. The
uncalibrated default approach is to use the Beggs and Robinson
correlation which gives values of 1.561 cP @ 200 F and 23.27 cP @ 70
F. The Beggs and Robinson correlation uses the oil API gravity to
PIPESIM 2000
predict two dead oil data points based upon data obtained from around
2,000 data points from 600 oil systems. Plot the un-calibrated oil
viscosity. The following plot should be obtained:
In this case it can be seen that the predicted oil viscosity value at a
temperature of 70 F and 14.7 psia is 23.27 cP as specified by the Beggs
& Robinson correlation. This is significantly different from the measured
dead oil data and would lead to errors in the prediction of pressure loss.
Open the <setup/blackoil/viscosity data> menu and select the correlation
option "user data. Enter the two measured values of 0.31 cP @ 200 F
and 0.8 cP @ 70 F. The following plot should be obtained:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-21
Proceed to calibrate the gas viscosity and the gas compressibility using
the calibration data given earlier.
7.2.2 Task 2. Develop a Well Inflow Performance Model
A straight line productivity index (PI) method is considered adequate in
this case because the fluid flows into the completion at a pressure
considerably above the bubble point and no gas comes out of solution at
this stage. This applies throughout field life and the productivity index is
not expected to change. The PI will not be affected by changes to the
reservoir pressure because the reservoir pressure is to be maintained by
water injection. The PI will not be affected by changes to the watercut
through field life because the oil and water have similar mobilities in this
reservoir structure. The following step is to be carried out:
- Use the drill string test data to obtain a representative productivity
index.
First it is necessary to add a vertical completion to the model. This is
done by pointing and clicking on the vertical completion button at the top
of the screen and then pointing and clicking in the work area. A vertical
completion appears as shown below.
vertical completion
Double click on the vertical completion in the work area to enter data
relevant to that item. Enter the static reservoir pressure of 4,269 psia and
the reservoir temperature of 210 F. Press the "calculate/graph button
and enter the drill string test data given below. Press the "plot IPR
button and this will calculate a productivity index to be used throughout
the analysis work.
7.2.3 Task 3. Select a Tubing Size for the Production String
Find the smallest tubing size that will allow this production plan to be met
on the basis that the production string will not be replaced during field
life. The tubing sizes available are 3, 4
or 5 for which the I.D.'s
are 2.992", 3.958" and 4.892".
This can be determined as follows:
- Use the systems analysis operation to generate a plot of oil flowrate
against watercut for each of the three tubing sizes.
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-23
- Overlay the production plan data and identify the smallest size that
allows this plan to be met.
First it is necessary to extend the model to include a tubing string. Add a
boundary node to the model by pointing and clicking on the boundary
node button at the top of the screen and then pointing and clicking in the
work area:
boundary node button
boundary node
Then use the tubing button to connect the well to the boundary node:
tubing button
Completed Model
Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that
component. Double click on the tubing to enter the well depth and the
tubing thickness, roughness, overall heat transfer coefficient and ambient
thermal gradient.
Select the <operations/systems analysis> menu and set up the operation
so that the calculated variable is liquid rate. The x axis variable is
watercut with values of 0, 12, 20, 35, 40, 47, 54 and 60%, representing
the various stages of field life. The sensitivity variable is tubing I.D. with
values of 2.992", 3.958" and 4.892".
Configure the output to give the water cut against the stock-tank oil rate
at the outlet (this is achieved via the series option of PSPLOT):
PIPESIM 2000
It can be seen that 4 tubing is the smallest size that will satisfy all of
the production plan conditions.
Note: Don't forget to now set the tubing ID to 3.958 to reflect the 4
tubing for all subsequent simulations.
7.2.4 Data Available
Reservoir Conditions:
Reservoir pressure 4,269 psia, Reservoir temperature 210 F
Stock Tank Oil Properties:
Watercut 0%, GOR 892 scf/STB, Gas SG 0.83, Water SG 1.02, API
36.83
Bubble Point Properties:
Pressure 2,647 psia, Temperature 210 F, Solution Gas 892 scf/STB
Blackoil Calibration Data:
OFVF (above bubble point
pressure)
OFVF (below bubble point
pressure)
Dead oil viscosities
Live oil viscosity
Gas viscosity
Gas compressibility (Z)
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-25
Deviation Survey:
The well is vertical from the well head on the sea bed. Mid perforations
are at a depth of 9,500 ft from the well head. The ambient temperature
varies linearly between 210 F at mid perforations and 60 F at the
wellhead. The minimum casing inner diameter is 10. The generally
2
accepted overall heat transfer coefficient of 2 BTU/hr/ft /F for wellbores
can be used throughout.
Minimum Pressure Allowed at the Wellhead:
300 psia
Multiphase flow correlation
Beggs & Brill revised
Production Strings Available:
I.D. (")
Wall thickness (")
2.992
0.5
3.958
0.5
4.892
0.5
Drill String Test:
Oil Flowrate (Q), sbbl/d
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Roughness (")
0.001
0.001
0.001
PIPESIM 2000
Case Studies
7-27
production well
and pressure are defined below. Double click on the tubing, and define a
vertical tubing with a wellhead TVD of 0 and mid perforations TVD and
MD of 4500 ft. The ambient temperatures are 130 F at mid perforations
and 60 F at the wellhead. The tubing has an I.D. of 2.4". Note that the
essential data fields are shown in red outline (if the fields are not
outlined, then data entry in these fields is optional).
Close the view of Well 1 to return to the network view. Select "Well 1"
and using the commands <edit/copy> <edit/paste> copy "Well 1" to "Well
2" and "Well 3". Position the new wells as shown below:
You will see that Wells 2 and 3 have adopted the data of Well 1.
Double click on Well 3 and modify the completion and tubing data.
Double click on the vertical completion to enter the inflow performance
2
data. Enter a gas PI of 0.0005 mmscf/d/psi . Double click on the tubing,
and define a vertical tubing with a wellhead TVD of 0 and mid
perforations TVD and MD of 4900 ft.. The ambient temperatures are 140
F at mid perforations and 60 F at the wellhead. The tubing has an I.D.
of 2.4".
Close the view of Well 3 to return to the network view.
The next step is to define the compositions at the production wells. Wells
1 & 2 are producing from the same reservoir and have the same
composition. Well 3 has a different composition as shown in the data
section at the end of the case study. The most efficient way define the
compositions is to set the more prevalent composition (i.e. that for Wells
1 and 2) as the global composition and then to specify the composition of
Well 3 as a local variant. The composition of Wells 1 and 2 is the same
as that for the pipeline and facilities case study 2 and can be imported.
First save the current network model. Open the pipeline and facilities
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-29
Using the branch button connect J1 to J2. To do this, click on the branch
button, then hold down the left mouse button over J1 and drag the
mouse pointer to J2 before releasing the left mouse button.
branch button
branch connected
Double click on the arrow in the centre of "B1" to enter data for that
branch. Now double click on the flowline to enter data.
Close the "B1" window to return to the network view. As the looped
gathering lines are all identical, the data for branch "B1" can be
P I P E S I M 2000
In order to reconnect a pasted branch, first pick the arrow in the middle of
the new branch. You will see that highlight boxes appear at either end of
the branch. Move the mouse pointer over the right hand highlight box,
and you will see that the mouse pointer changes to an "up arrow" shape
(). This end of the branch can then be dragged and dropped onto a
junction node. Now connect the wells to the adjacent junction node and
connect "J4" to the sink as shown below:
Now enter the components and data for branch "B5". Branch "B5"
comprises a liquid separator with an efficiency of 100%, a compressor
with a pressure differential of +400 psi and an efficiency of 70%, an aftercooler with an outlet temperature of 120 F and a delta P of 15 psi, and
flowline sections.
The equipment is located at "B5" as shown below:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
7-31
P I P E S I M 2000
Pressure
2,900 psia
2,900 psia
3,100 psia
800 psia
Temperature
130 F
130 F
140 F
(calculated)
Case Studies
7-33
When the network has solved you should get the message "pn01 Finshed OK". Press the "OK" button.
Press the report tool button
simulation.
P I P E S I M 2000
Wells 1 & 2
0.0004
2
mmscf/d/psi
0
4500 ft
4500 ft
2.4"
60 F
130 F
Well 3
0.0005
2
mmscf/d/psi
0
4900 ft
4900 ft
2.4"
60 F
140 F
0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/F
0.2
Btu/hr/ft2/F
Specific
Gravity
Moles
Case Studies
C7+
Point (F)
214
Weight
115
Gravity
0.683
7-35
12
Moles
73
7
4
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
Specific
Gravity
0.683
Moles
10.5
Data for Looped Gathering Lines (B1, B2, B3, and B4):
Rate of undulations
10/1000
Horizontal distance
30,000 ft
Elevation difference
0 ft
Inner diameter
6"
Wall thickness
0.5"
Roughness
0.001"
Ambient temperature
60 F
2
Overall heat transfer coefficient
0.2 Btu/hr/ft /F
Data for Deliver Line (B5):
Separator type
Separator efficiency
Compressor differential pressure
Liquid
100%
400 psi
P I P E S I M 2000
Compressor efficiency
Aftercooler outlet temperature
Aftercooler delta P
Flowline Rate of undulations
Flowline Horizontal distance
Flowline Elevation difference
Flowline Inner diameter
Flowline Wall thickness
Flowline Roughness
Flowline Ambient temperature
Flowline Overall heat transfer
coefficient
Boundary Conditions:
Node
Well_1
Well_2
Well_3
Sink_1
P I P E S I M 2000
Pressure
2,900 psia
2,900 psia
3,100 psia
800 psia
70%
120 F
15 psi
10/1000
10,000 ft
0 ft
8"
0.5"
0.001"
60 F
2
0.2 Btu/hr/ft /F
Temperature
130 F
130 F
140 F
(calculated)
Case Studies
7-37
7.4 Optimization
See the GOAL User Guide for optimization case studies.
7.5 Field Planning
See the FPT User Guide for Field Planning case studies.
7.6 Multi-lateral
See the HoSim User Guide for Multi-lateral case studies.
P I P E S I M 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
Index
8-1
Index
A
PIPESIM
2000
8-2 Index
produce a pressure /
temperarture plot......... 2-13
Set boundary conditions. 2-18
Size equipment ............... 2-13
O
Oil/Water Mixture Viscosity ..3-8
Optimization module
performance curves ..........6-5
J
Jones gas, IPR ..................... 4-3
Jones liquid, IPR .................. 4-1
L
Limitations of Model &
Component ....................... 2-9
M
Model components overview2-5
Multiphase Boosting ............. 5-3
Contra-Rotating Axial ..... 5-15
Dynamic Type ................. 5-12
Helico-Axial..................... 5-13
Positive Displacement Type
....................................... 5-8
Progressing Cavity ......... 5-11
Twin Screw ....................... 5-9
Multiple Layers / Completions 417
Multi-rate tests
gas IPR ............................. 4-4
liquid IPR........................... 4-2
N
Nodal Analysis...................... 6-3
Future IPR......................... 6-4
Liquid Loading line ........... 6-4
P I P E S I M 2000
S
Security Device ...................1-12
Separator.............................5-17
Single Phase Pump ..............5-3
Steam, fluid type ...................2-5
Straight line PI liquid, IPR.....4-2
Stream Re-injection ............5-17
Support Services.................1-14
U
Units System .........................2-1
V
Viscosity
Gas ....................................3-9
Liquid .................................3-5
Live Oil...............................3-6
Viscosity
Dead Oil.............................3-5
Vogel, IPR .............................4-2
W
Well PI, IPR ...........................4-2
Index
8-3
P I P E S I M 2000