Department

Of Mechanical
Engineering
RIET, Jaipur

SYNOPSIS
Major Project
On

SOLENOID ENGINE

GROUP MEMBER
Lokesh Kumar Meena (Leader)

Pavan Kumar Kumawat

Mahendra Kumar Meena
Kamal Kishor
Vivek Kumar Sharma
Himanshu Narela

GROUP LEADER
LOKESH KUMAR MEENA

INTRODUCTION
Solenoid is the generic term for a coil of wire used as an electromagnet. It also refers to any
device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using a solenoid. The device
creates a magnetic field from electric current and uses the magnetic field to create linear
motion. Common applications of solenoids are to power a switch, like the starter in an
automobile, or a valve, such as in a sprinkler system.

A solenoid consists of a coil and a moving metal rod, also known as armature or plunger. The
operation of solenoids is based on conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, and
therefore solenoids are being considered as electromechanical actuators. Normally, the coil is
a copper wire wound with a tiny pitch and placed in a metal (iron-based material) case, also
known as a C-frame. The C-frame is a supporting structure that also contributes to the
magnetic field produced by the coil. Applying an electrical current to a solenoid coil
generates a magnetic field or flux with intensity proportional to the current. The magnetic
field pulls the plunger in. The reason for the plunger attraction is a ferromagnetic material
with high magnetic permeability, whereas air which has very low magnetic permeability.
Pulling the plunger inside closes the air gap and intensifies the field concentration inside the
solenoid 1.

The plunger (armature) of the solenoid can only be attracted by the magnetic field, hence the
solenoids can only generate force in one direction. Normally when the solenoid is in rest the
plunger is kept far from the coil using a spring. However, solenoids have been used as servo
actuator in engine mount application. Arzanpour and Golnaraghi 2)have replaced the plunger
of a solenoid with a permanent magnet and retrofitted it inside an active engine bushing. It
enables them to both attract and repel the actuator and create sinusoidal motion with it. Also
Mansour et. al. 3) have replaced the spring of a solenoid with a stronger one and gave the
solenoid a bias current to use it as a servo actuator

LITERATURE
SURVEY
The growing energy crisis has caused many people to try to convert gasoline engines to run
batteries. I discovered a method to convert a garden tractor engine to operate on a car battery.

Then I had a patent search made. I had not been influenced by other inventions. Several
patents regarding electrifying engines have been granted. My invention differs from all I saw
in several ways. I found no patent using a double length solenoid tube having two separate
coils to produce power on the down stroke and the up stroke. I found no patents using the
flywheel or crankshaft pulley to host devices used in electrical switching systems to have the
magnets pulling on every stroke. I found no patents that claimed to have a working model.
My conversion method does all of the above listed, and the conversion can be made with
parts easily obtainable.

REFERENCE
Search

1.

"Solenoid". Online Etymology Dictionary.

2.

http://nukephysik101.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/finite-length-solenoid-potentialand-field.pdf

3.

D. Howard Dellinger, L. E. Whittmore, and R. S. Ould (1924). "Radio Instruments

and Measurements". NBS Circular (National Bureau of Standards) C74. Retrieved 2009-0907.

Faculty Member
1.Mr. Vinod Singh Yadav (HOD ME)
2. Mr. Sharad Shrivastav(Guide teacher)
3.Mr. Raghav Singh
4.Mr. Mahesh Janghir

Abstract:
An electro-magnetic reciprocating engine and method for converting an internal combustion
engine to an electro-magnetic reciprocating engine wherein the cylinders are replaced with
nonferromagnetic material and the pistons reciprocally disposed therein are replaced with

permanent magnet pistons. An electro-magnet is disposed at the outer end of each cylinder. A
switching and timing apparatus is operably connected between a DC electrical power source
and the electro-magnets whereby the creation of a magnetic field about said electro-magnet
will interact with the magnetic field about the permanent magnet pistons to effect reciprocal
motion of said pistons within the cylinders. Oil rings are provided around said pistons
whereby lubrication can be effected in the same manner as provided in an internal
combustion engine.
A method of converting piston driven engines to operate on electricity. The head is removed
from the engine. A solenoid tube, approximately twice as long as the stroke of the engine
piston, for identification purposes, called a Double Length Solenoid Tube or DLST is fitted
with flanges approximately on each end and in the middle, and is wound with suitable wire in
layers from end flanges to middle making two separate magnetic coils on the DLST a bar,
which can be temporarily magnetized, for identification purposes is called the power magnet,
PM is attached to a rod, which cannot be magnetized, for identification purposes, called the
Power Rod, PR is fastened to the top of the engine piston . When the engine piston
approaches Top Dead Center, TDC, the PM is in the top half of the DLST approximately at
this position the bottom magnetic coil is energized pulling the PM and the PR down;
pushing the engine piston down; turning the crankshaft from 0 degree to 180 degrees. When
the engine piston is at Bottom Dead Center, BDC, the PM is as close to the center of the
crankshaft as it can be. The top coil is energized, magnetically pulling the PM the PR and
the engine piston up; turning the crankshaft from 180 degrees to 360 degrees, completing the
cycle. Therefore, by using a double length solenoid tube with two coils, a solenoid magnet
bar pushes down on the downstroke and pulls up on the upstroke to the engine piston
delivering power to the crankshaft on every stroke. Included in specifications is an electrical
switching system, two cooling systems and a lubrication system. This method can be applied
to any piston driven engine.

Group Member:
Lokesh Kumar Meena
Pavan Kumar Kumawat

Mahendra Kumar Meena

Kamal Kishor
Vivek Kumar Sharma
Himashu Narela

Group Leader:
Lokesh Kumar Meena

Project Guide:
Mr. Sharad Shirivastav

CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

A solenoid is a coil of wire in a corkscrew shape wrapped around a piston, often made of
iron. As in all electromagnets, a magnetic field is created when an electric current passes

through the wire. Electromagnets have an advantage over permanent magnets in that they can
be switched on and off by the application or removal of the electric current, which is what
makes them useful as switches and valves and allows them to be entirely automated.

Fig: Solenoid Engine

Like all magnets, the magnetic field of an activated solenoid has positive and negative poles
that will attract or repel material sensitive to magnets. In a solenoid, the electromagnetic field
causes the piston to either move backward or forward, which is how motion is created by a
solenoid coil.
In a direct-acting valve, electric current activates the solenoid, which in turn pulls a piston or
plunger that would otherwise block air or fluid from flowing. In some solenoid valves, the
electromagnetic field does not act directly to open the conduit. In pilot-operated valves, a
solenoid moves the plunger, which creates a small opening, and pressure through the opening
is what operates the valve seal. In both types, solenoid valves require a constant flow of
electrical current to remain open because once the current is stopped, the electromagnetic
field disperses and the valve returns to its original closed position.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of converting piston driven engines to operate on electricity. This method can be
used on alternating current, AC, or direct current, DC, on engines with any number of pistons.
The means of providing this conversion is by making a solenoid tube approximately twice the

length of the stroke of the engine piston. The double length solenoid tube is wound with
suitable wire; two separate magnetic coils are wound from approximately opposite ends to
the middle. A bar, which can be temporally magnetized and is approximately the length of the
stroke of the engine piston, is connected at one end to a rod, which cannot be magnetized; the
other end of the rod, is connected to the top of the engine piston. The length of the rod is
approximately the length of the stroke of the engine piston. The double length solenoid tube
is fastened over a cylinder; if a plurality of cylinders are used, each should have its own
approximately double length solenoid tube. When the bar is in the top part of the tube, the
bottom coil is energized pulling the bar into the bottom part of the double length solenoid
tube, pushing the engine piston down, turning the crankshaft 180 degrees, when the bar and
its piston connections are in the bottom part of the double length solenoid tube, the top coil is
energized, pulling the bar and its piston connections up, turning the crankshaft completely the
360 degree cycle. The engine piston or pistons and the crankshaf.