ng dng sng in t trong mch chung ca khng dy

Dn nhp.
Hm nay l sng th t, bu tri min bc Boston M cao v trong xanh, nng trn thm c trc sn trng BHCC chi chang,
lung linh. Khi ti bc ra khi trng hc ni ting M ny th cng gn tra. ng lng ngng ch xe, trong u ti ang
min man tm tng vit bi cho trang web nh phuclanshop.com ca tun ny, do ti c nh s theo xe subway n
trm Downtown Crossing, i qua xe mu i thng xung tim Goodwill Store nm trung tm Boston MA kim ti.

Khi n ni, lang thang lng vng lc lo ri cng tm c vi mn in t nh hay hay, ti mua mt b chung ca khng
dy gi 1 , thit b ny dng sng in t ng m chung ca, ti cm thy ti ny ang nng, v lc ny ai cng ni
n iu khin cch khng, iu khin t xa, iu khin my bay khng ngi li, iu khin v tinh ang bay xa nghn dm trong
khng gian tt m... nu mnh a ra mt ng dng c th ca sng in t trng v gii thch r nguyn l hot ng ca loi
ng dng ny chc cng s c nhiu Bn thch c. Qua gii thiu cc thit b wireless khc ang c bn ca hng Phc Lan
ca con gi mnh, chc s c nhiu ngi ham thch ti ny tm mua, nghin cu v ng dng.
... By gi ti ang ngi trong phng lab nh, mang ngh ra "lm tht" v phn tch b chung ca mi mua ny. D nhin
trc ht l kim tra s hot ng ca mch, sau l v ra s nguyn l ca mch in, ri chp vi tm hnh ghi vo cc
ch thch. Lc ny trong u ti ang sp xp b cc ca bi vit v ang chn cch trnh by sao cho bnh dn d hiu v ti bt
u g ln bn phm my tnh ...
1. Cng dng ca loi mch chung ca khng dy.
Trc ht hy ni qua thc th sng in t trng. Trong ci khng gian quanh ta, ngoi cc sng hu hnh lan truyn nhn thy
c nh sng nc, sng c, chng ta cn c mt thc th v hnh l sng in t trng.
Chng ta bit bao quanh cc ht in tch l in trng, in trng cn nm trong lp in mi ca cc t in v khi c dng
in chy qua mt cun dy, th ni pht sinh ra mt t trng. By gi dng mch cng hng gm mt t in C v mt
cun dy L, chng ta s c s trao i nng lng qua li gia in p bin i trn t C v dng in bin i trn ng dy L.

T in C gn vi in trng v cun cm L dnh vi t trng. Khi s bin i qua li gia in trng v t trng tn s
cao, lc chng ta thy xut hin sng in t trng trong mch cng hng v nu dn n ln dy anten, sng in t
trng s bc x nng lng sng vo khng gian, lc ny n s l mt thc th nng lng c lp t tn ti v c th lan
truyn trong ci khng lin vin vi vn tc 300.000 km/s v tc kch vo cc vt th nhng chm trong n.

Khi ngi ta pht hin ra dng nng lng ca sng in t trng, c th c to ra t cc mch cng hng LC, h ngh ra
rt nhiu ng dng thc t hu dng ca n, nh dng sng in t trng mang m thanh n cc my thu thanh, chng ta
c k ngh radio, hay mang hnh nh n cc my thu hnh, chng ta c TVs, v hn na dng n mang cc lnh n tc ng
vo cc thit b iu khin xa, chng ta c b mn vin khin...
Nguyn l c bn ca ngnh vin khin, hay iu khin t xa, hay iu khin cch khng ni chung rt n gin. l:
(1) Trc ht hy dng mt mch dao ng RF to ra tn hiu v cho nh tn theo mch cng hng LC, to ra mt nng
lng dng sng in t trng c tn s RF n nh, c bin sng cng n nh. Chng ta s dng n lm sng c nng
lng to kt ni gia thit b pht v cc thit b thu, y chng ta quen gi l sng RF hay l sng mang.
(2) K , chng ta to ra cc tn hiu dng lm cc m lnh. M lnh thng l cc tn hiu c tn s thp hn, n c hnh thc
dng mang cc ni dung khc nhau v nh vy n c th to ra cc tc ng khc nhau cc my thu. Th d: Khi iu khin
cch khng mt tu thy ang chy trn mt nc, chng ta c th pht lnh chy ti, lnh tng tc, lnh quo tri hay lnh
quo phi hay lnh li, lnh cp bn...
(3) Sau cng chng ta thit k cc thit b hot ng c lp t xa v n c b phn nhn sng in t v chu chp hnh theo
cc lnh c trong sng in t. Th d: Nh cc lnh iu khin my bay khng ngi li, iu khin bay cao, bay thp, quay tri
quay phi, p xung, bay ln...
Tr li ci chung ca khng dy ca chng ta gi ch 1 mua ca hng hin tng, quen gi l ca hng Goodwill, n tuy
nh b n gin, nhng trong n hi cc thnh phn ca mt thit b iu khin t xa dng nng lng ca sng in t
trng. Trc ht chng ta cng c mch to ra sng in t trng c tn s cao, sng RF v dng n lm sng mang, dn tn
hiu RF ln dy anten v cho pht ra sng in t (mt dng nng lng). Chng ta cng to ra m lnh c tn s nhn dng l
32768Hz dng thch anh ng h, chng ta t tn hiu c tn s nhn dng ny ln sng RF v cho pht vo khng gian n
kch thch thit b thu sng v tc ng vo cc thit b ny. cc thit b thu c by sng, dng nhn vo tn hiu RF c tn s
ph hp v ri dng mch tch sng ly ra tn hiu nhn dng dng lm m lnh, chnh tn hiu m lnh ny s tc ng vo
mt IC chung v IC ny s pht ra tn hiu chung ca.
Khi thit k mch vin khin cho cc thit b "cao siu" khc, n cng ch gm c cc b phn c bn ny m thi.

Hai hnh v di y cho thy, chng ta c th dng thit b chung ca khng dy :

(1) Lm tn hiu gi y t trong cc vin ngi gi hay ngi bnh. Khi ngi bnh nhn nt, chung s bo v c y t trc ban s
bit c ngi gi v n sn sc ngi gi kp thi.

(2) Nu gn nt nhn ngoi ca hay ngoi cng nh, chng ta s c mt chung ca khng dy. Khi c khch n nhn vo nt
trn hp pht, trong nh s c ting chung bo. Nh vy do khng c dy ni nn b pht gn nh c th t bt k u hay
mang theo trong ngi, khi v n nh nhn nt gi ca, rt tin li.

2. V ra s mch in.
Trnh by phng cch v mch:

Khi Bn phn tch mt thit b in t, thng trn tay Bn l cc board mch in vi cc linh kin in t gn trn , bn lp
di l cc ng ng v cc chn hn linh kin. Nhn vo board mch ny chng ta rt kh hiu c s vn hnh ca mch,
ngha l khng bit c dng in t ngun pin s chy vo chn no v s chy ra chn no, trn chn no s c tn hiu,
chn no khng. Nh vy chng ta s phi tm cch v cho ra c s nguyn l ca board mch. Nhn vo s nguyn l,
chng ta s bit tt c, sau khi hiu mch ri th tr li thao tc trn board mch tht s d dng hn nhiu. Do k nng v
mnh nhanh v ng l rt quan trng i vi dn th in t chng ta.

Ti trnh by qui trnh v mt board mch, th d v mch in nguyn l ca board pht. Bn chia ra lm 5 giai on.
Bc 1: Quan st cc linh kin trn board. Xc nh c tnh ca cc linh kin ny. Vi transistor chng ta c 3 chn, vy chn no
l chn B, chn E v chn C. Vi transistor NPN, th chn E thng cho ni vo ng masse, ngun m, chn C s c ti ni vo
ng ngun v chn B c cc in tr phn cc v t ly tn hiu. Vi IC th xem n c my chn, chn no ni masse ly
dng (dng s chy vo IC qua chn nay) v chn no ni v ng ngun dng (dng s chy ra trn chn ny). S mch
chc nng trong IC ny l g? Th d: vi IC 4069, chng ta c 6 cng o. Vi t ha ln 2 chn th chn m ca t thng ni
trn ng masse v chn dng l ng ngun nui mch.
Bc 2: Quan st cc ng ng, trn mi ng ng lun m c s chn hn, t bit c s linh kin dnh trn mt
chn. Th d: trn chn B ca transistor, chng ta m c 4 chu hn, cc chu hn ny thng l in tr cp phn cc, chn
cc t lin lc hay t hi tip.
Bc 3 v 4: Chng ta v mch ra giy. Vi IC, trc ht chng ta s k mt ng thng ngang, trn ghi ra cc chn 1, 2, 3,
... l cc chn ca IC. Sau xc nh cc chn cp ngun ca IC, ri truy qua cc chn ca linh kin hn trn cc chn cn
li. Th d: vi IC 4069, chng ta thy chn 7 ni masse v chn 14 ni vo ng ngun 9V. Cc chn khc l: chn 2 ni vi
chn 3, chn 4 ni vi chn 5, cc chn 6, 9, 11, 13 ni chung vi nhau, cc chn 8, 10, 12 ni chung vi nhau. By gi xem cc
linh kin hn trn cc chn ny, chng ta thy thch anh ng h hn trn chn 1 v 4, in tr 1M hn trn chn 1 v 2.... C
truy v v tip, vi transistor NPN, chn hn vo ng masse phi l chn E, chn c in tr vi chc K cp phn cc l chn B,
chn c mch ly tn hiu ra l chn C. Sau khi chng ta v xong tt c cc linh kin hn trn cc chn ca IC, hn trn cc chn
ca cc transistor. Xem nh chng ta v xong mch.
Bc 5: Sau khi v xong mch dng truy mch, chng ta s v li mch dng chun tc quen dng. T chng ta s c s
mch in chun nh hnh sau (Hnh cho thy phn trn l v theo kiu truy mch v phn di l v li theo dng quen
thy):

Nhn cc Bn thch chi mn in t: Theo kinh nghim hnh ngh ca ti, v kinh nghim dy ngh nhiu nm ca ti, vic hc
v s nguyn l ca cc thit b hon ton khng qu kh, v k nng v ra c s nguyn l l rt cn thit i vi ngi
hnh ngh in t. Nu cha v c mch, Bn s rt kh tc nghip. Khi c dp ti s vit mt chuyn y hn v ti
ny. Mong Bn n c.
3. Kho st mch in hay trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca mch in.
Hnh chp di y cho thy cc board mch nm trong hp pht sng iu khin v hp chung ca.

A. B phn pht sng.

Mch pht sng dng IC 4069 v mt transistor cao tn C9018. Mch lm vic vi ngun nui 9V, trn mch c dng mt Led ch
th mu .

Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mch trong hp pht sng:

Trong mch ngi ta dng tng o 1 (U1A) v 2 (U1B) rp thnh mch dao ng, to ra xung c tn s l 32768Hz. Tn s tn
hiu ca mch dao ng ly theo tn s ca thch anh ng h X1. Tn hiu ny s c khuch i vi tng o 3 (U1C), tng
o 3 dng lm tng thc kch thch 3 tng khuch i o cho mc song vi U1D, U1E, U1F.
Chng ta bit, khi tn hiu ng ra trn 3 tng o ny ln mc p cao, th chn B ca transistor cao tn Q1 c cp p phn
cc qua mch lc gm R1 v t lc C1, Q1 s dao ng vi mch cng hng gm t tinh chnh CT v cun cm L2 trn chn C,
cun cm L1 dng ly tn hiu qua t hi tip C2 to dao ng ca mch RF.
Tm li, lc ny, mch cao tn s pht ra nng lng dng sng in t trng c tn s RF nh tn theo mch cng hng,
chng ta c th iu chnh tn s tn hiu RF bng cch chnh t CT. V khi tn hiu ra trn 3 tng o mc p thp th
transistor cao tn Q1 vo trng thi tt.
Nh vy c th thy, khi Bn nhn nt SW1, mch pht c cp ngun lc ny Led ch th sng v t mch cng hng s pht
ra tng chp tn hiu RF theo nhp ca tn hiu 32768Hz, tn hiu ny lc ln cao lc xung thp.

Trong mch: IC 4069 vi 6 tng o dng rp thnh mch dao ng vi in tr R1(1M) trn chn 1, 2 v X1 trn chn 1, 4.
in tr hn dng R4 (1K) v Led dng lm mch ch th. Transistor Q1 rp thnh mch dao ng RF vi R2 (100) v C1 (102)
lm mch lc cp p phn cc cho tng dao ng. Cun cm L2 to ra bng ng mch ng t trn bn mch in kt hp vi
t tinh chnh CT xc nh tn s ca tn hiu RF. in tr R3 (47K) l in tr cp dng phn cc cho chn B. Cun cm L1
(4.7uH) dng ly tn hiu hi tip, tn hiu hi tip qua t C2 (4pF) v chn B to dao ng. Phn tch cho thy hot ng ca
mch pht qu n gin phi khng?
B. B phn thu sng
b thu sng chng ta dng mch cng hng gm t in CT v cun dy L l by sng, khi nhng by sng trongg vng nng
lng ca sng in t trng, n s b kch thch bi sng in t v lm pht sinh in p bin i trn t CT v dng in bin
i trong cun dy L. Khi tn s ca ngun sng kch thch bng vi tn s ring ca mch lc cng hng, th mch by sng s
tch t tn hiu ny vi mc nng lng rt ln, chng ta ni lc ny by sng bt nht tn hiu RF ca bn pht.
Sau y l cc hnh chp board mch ca mch thu, cho thy cc loi linh kin dng trong mch, bn di l bn mch in. Cc
linh kin dng cng rt bnh thng d tm.

By gi chng ta hy tm hiu v phn tch board mch ny.

Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mch trong hp thu sng. S ton phn mch thu sng RF:
Trong mch dng transistor cao tn Q1 to tn hiu RF cho phch vi tn hiu bt c by sng L1, CT v tch ra c tn
hiu nhn dng 32768Hz c trong sng mang do bn hp pht gi n. Tn hiu ny a vo cc tng khuch i Q2, Q3 tng
li, nh c 2 tng khuch i ny m kh nng hot ng ca mch c th xa khong trn 20 met. Tip theo dng b lc X1,
X1 l thch anh ng h, khi b kch thch ng tn s ring ca n, n s to ra tn hiu c bin rt ln, tn hiu ny s c
khuch i vi Q4, ri n Q5, chn C ca Q5 ni vo chn s 2 ca IC pht ra ting chung ca, khi chn ny nhn c kch
thch, IC s pht ra tn hiu nghe nh ting chung ca, tn hiu ny cho ra trn chn s 3, v qua tng khuch i thc Q6, n
kch thch cun cm L3 v dng hin tng cm ng ca ng dy to ra tn hiu bin cao dng kch thch mt loa gm. Loa
gm cho gn trn mt hp nha, n cng chng l hp cng hng, nh vy m s rung khng mnh ca loa gm cng to ra
c ting chung ln cho ngi nghe.
Sau y chng ta s tch mch ra 3 phn gii thch k hn.

10

(1) S mch thu sng RF v cch dng k thut phch tch ly tn hiu m lnh.

11

Trong mch Q1 l transistor cao tn, rp thnh mch dao ng RF vi kiu chn B chung, chng ta thy, chn B c phn cc
vi in tr R1 (47K) v t lc C3 (103) khi rp theo kiu khuch i ly chn B lm chn chung (trn chn B chng ta s cho mc
t lc). Tn s RF ly theo tn s ring ca mch cng hng L1 // CT t trn chn C. in tr R2 (10K) v t C1 (103) dng ly
ra tn hiu 32768Hz. Trn chn E c cun cm L2 (4,7uH) dng ly tn hiu hi tip cng pha trn chn C qua t C5 (10pF) kch
pht mch dao ng, tn hiu ny cho phch vi tn hiu RF bt c by sng tch ra tn hiu 32768Hz. Trn chn E c
mch phn cc DC vi in tr R3 (560) v t lc C4 (102). Trn ng ngun t mch lc R4 (100) v t lc C2 (100uF).
Phn tch trn cho thy sau cng chng ta c tn hiu 32768Hz ly ra trn in tr R2, tn hiu ny cho qua in tr gim bin R5
(1.5K) v t lin lc C6 (102) v t lc nhiu tn cao C7 (202), Tn hiu ny s dng m mch bo chung.
(2) Mch khuch i trung gian dng tng nhy v dng thch anh ng h 32768Hz lm b lc tch tn hiu m lnh.

12

Trong mch ny ngi ta dng Q2, Q3 lm tng khuch i tng bin, mch khuch i rp theo kiu chn E chung, chn E cho
ni masse. Trn chn C l in tr ly tn hiu 47K, chn B cho phn cc vi in tr ly p trn chn C. R7 (47K), R9 (47K) l cc
in tr ly tn hiu ra trn chn C, cc in tr R6 (1M), R8 (2.2M) l cc in tr phn cc cho chn B.
Cc tn hiu a vo chn B qua cc t lin lc C6 (102) v C8 (102). tng u ngi ta dng in tr R5 (1.5K) lm gim
tc ng nng ti do ng vo ca tng Q2 ln ng ra ca tng Q1. tng Q3 ngi ta dng t hi tip nghch C9 trnh hin
tng mch t dao ng (hin tng dao ng t kch).
Sau cng tn hiu ly ra trn chn C ca Q3 s cho kch thch thch anh ng h X1 c tn s ring l 32768Hz. Khi tn hiu nhn
c t bn pht l nhm xung ri rc 32768Hz dng kch thch thch anh X1, chng ta s to li c di tn hiu c tn s
32768Hz v c bin cng rt ln.
Q4 cng l tng khuch i cng ly chn E lm chn chung, chn E cho ni masse, chn C c in tr ly tn hiu R11 (47K),
chn B c in tr cp p phn cc R10 (2.2M) v t hi tip nghch C10 (10pF) dng dp hin tng dao ng t kch. Tn
hiu ly ra trn chn C qua t lin lc C11 (102) i tip vo tng sau.
Tm li cng dng ca phn mch ny l xc nhn s "c mt" ca tn hiu 32768Hz, ngha l xc nhn l nt nhn gn trn b
pht c ai nhn vo.
(3) Mch ng m tn hiu chung pht ra t IC chung, sau khi qua tng thc s lm rung loa gm gn trn hp cng hng
to tn hiu chung ca ln ting.

13

Trong mch Q5 dng lm transistor ng m mch chung, n cng l tng khuch i rp theo kiu chn E chung, chn E cho
ni masse. Trn chn C c in tr ly tn hiu R13 (47K). in tr R12 (2.2M) l in tr phn cc v in tr R13 (300K) l in
tr lm tng n nh nhit. T C12 (102) dng cp tn hiu hi tip nghch trnh dao ng t kch. Tn hiu 32768Hz cho
vo trn chn B v ly ra trn chn C, tn hiu ny dng kch thch chn s 2 ca IC chung ca.
Tn hiu bo chung cho ra trn chn s 3, n kch thch transistor Q6, trn chn C ca Q6 l cun choke L3, ngi ta dng tnh t
cm ng ca cc cun dy to ra tn hiu c bin cao v dng tn hiu ny kch thch mt loa gm. in tr R14
(4.7K) l in tr phn cc.
Chng ta bit khi mch dng loa gm, n vn c ni tr ln nn loa gm ch ph hp vi dng tn hiu bin cao dng nh, khi
dng loa in ng c ni tr nh, chng ta phi to ra tn hiu dng volt thp dng ln. im khc nhau na l, vi loa in
ng chng ta khng cn tc dng cng hng ca hp vn c th c ting mnh v nghe trung thc, nhng vi loa gm, chng
ta cn phi dng hp ng lm bu cng hng c ting ra ln.

4. Cc hnh tham kho.

Trong phn tng kt ny chng ta s kim tra board mch vi my o volt v my o tn s ca tn hiu.

14

Chng ta bit tn hiu nhn dng 32768Hz c t vo sng mang ca bn pht chnh l tn hiu quan yu nht ca thit b iu
khin ny. Khi sng RF vo by sng bn hp thu, ngi ta dng k thut phch tch ra tn hiu 32768Hz v tn hiu ny tr
thnh tn hiu kch thch, khi n ra trn chn C ca Q3 v kch rung thch anh X1, chng ta s c li tn hiu ny v sau khi qua
tng khuch i vi Q4, nh vy trn chn ca Q4 s phi o thy c tn hiu ny.
Khi kim tra tn hiu 32768Hz trn chn C ca Q4, Bn phi dng ngn tay nt nhn bn hp pht v cng lc ny Bn cho o
tn trn chn C ca Q4, Bn s thy trn my o tn hin ra tn s ca tn hiu ny (Bn xem hnh), khi Bn b ngn tay ra th s
mt tn hiu ny.

Sau y l cc mc p DC, dng phn cc mch trng thi tnh, o c trn cc chn ca cc transistor:

15

 Q1, transistor c phn cc cho lm vic trong vng khuch i. Mc volt DC trn chn B cao hn chn E khong 0,6V nn
mi ni BE cho phn cc thun, lc ny s c dng chy vo chn E ca transistor v mc volt chn C l 0,94V cao hn chn B,
nn mi ni CB cho phn cc nghch lc ny dng chy vo chn E s b ht mnh v chy gn ht ra trn chn C. Vi mc p
phn cc nh ghi trong hnh v, chng ta bit transistor Q1 ang trong vng khuch i.
Q2, mc volt trn chn B l 0.56V v mc p trn chn C l 0.78V cao hn chn B, vy transistor ny cng c phn cc
cho lm vic trong vng khuch i.
Q3, mc volt trn chn B l 0.54V v mc p trn chn C l 0.99V cao hn chn B, vy transistor ny cng c phn cc
cho lm vic trong vng khuch i.
Q4, mc volt trn chn B l 0.55V v mc p trn chn C l 0.97V cao hn chn B, vy transistor ny cng c phn cc
cho lm vic trong vng khuch i.
Q5, mc volt trn chn B l 0.36V, di mc ro p 0.5V ca mi ni PN loi silicon, nn mi ni BE vn cn trang thi
cha dn in, d nhin s khng c dng chy vo transistor qua chn E nn mc p trn chn C l 3V, cao gn bng mc volt
ca ngun nui. Vy transistor ny c cho phn cc lm vic trong vng ngng dn. Chng ta thy mc volt trn chn C ca
Q5 cho tc kch vo chn s 2 ca IC pht ting chung ca.
Q6, mc volt trn chn B l 0V (mi ni PN ca chn BE khng cp phn cc) v mc p trn chn C o c l 3V, cao gn
bng mc volt ca ngun nui, vy transistor ny cng c cho phn cc lm vic trong vng ngng dn.
Tm kt
n y th c th tm xem nh ti vit xong bi v chung ca khng dy. Rt vui khi ti ang ngi g bn phm my tnh
vit bi ny th cng lc c nhiu Bn sinh vin trong nc cng ang xem v chat vi ngi son v cc chi tit trong bi vit.
iu ny ni ln l trang web nh phuclanshop.com cng thng c nhiu Bn tr quan tm v vo xem nng. Hn gp li
Bn trong bi vit tip theo ca tun sau.

16