POWER SYSTEM

FAULT ANALYSIS

Engr. Jerny D. Catibayan

EE- Faculty Member

FAULT ANALYSIS
Analysis types
power flow - evaluate normal operating conditions
fault analysis - evaluate abnormal operating conditions
Fault types:
balanced faults

Three-phase

unbalanced faults

single-line to ground and double-line to ground

line-to-line faults

Results used for:

specifying ratings for circuit breakers and fuses
protective relay settings
specifying the impedance of transformers and generators

Magnitude of fault currents depend on:

the impedance of the network
the internal impedances of the generators
the resistance of the fault (arc resistance)
Network impedances are governed by
transmission line impedances
transformer connections and impedances
grounding connections and resistances
Generator behavior is divided into three periods
sub-transient period, lasting for the first few cycles
transient period, covering a relatively longer time
steady state period

FAULT STUDIES
Sub-transient period, XG = Xd"
determine the interrupting capacity of HV
circuit breakers
determine the operation timing of the protective
relay system for high-voltage networks
Transient period, XG = Xd
determine the interrupting capacity of MV
circuit breakers
determine the operation timing of the protective
relay system for medium-voltage networks
transient stability studies

FAULT REPRESENTATION
A fault represents a structural network
change
equivalent to the addition of an impedance
at the place of the fault
if the fault impedance is zero, the fault is
referred to as a bolted fault or solid fault

FIRST ORDER METHOD

the faulted network can be solved

conveniently by Thvenins method
network resistances are neglected
generators are modelled as an emf behind
the sub-transient or transient reactance
shunt capacitances are neglected
system is considered as having no-load

SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY (SCC)

Measures the electrical strength of the bus

Stated in MVA
Determines the dimension of bus bars and
the interrupting capacity of circuit
breakers

THVENINS METHOD

The fault is simulated by switching a fault

impedance at the faulted bus
The change in the network voltages is
equivalent to adding the pre-fault bus
voltage with all other sources short
circuited

EXAMPLES

Determine the minimum rupturing capacity of the

circuit breaker as shown, if a three- phase
symmetrical fault occurs at point P.