Chng 11

CN BNG TRONG DUNG DCH LNG

Solutions

Khi nim v h phn tn v dung dch

- H phn tn:
+ Mt cht l ht rt nh c phn b vo trong cht kia.
cht phn tn

mi trng phn tn.

+ Phn loi:
H phn tn th (h l lng): d >100m

huyn ph.
nh tng.

H phn tn cao (h keo): 1m < d < 100m

H phn tn phn t - ion (dung dch thc): d < 1m

Solutions

S TO THNH DUNG DCH

Cht tan
Cht phn tn

Dung mi

Dung dch

Mi trng phn tn

Solutions

DUNG DCH- l h ng th bn nhit ng, gm khng t

hn hai cht trng thi phn tn phn t v thnh phn c
th bin thin lin tc trong gii hn xc nh

Dung dch kh
* Khng kh
Dung dch rn
* Thu tinh (Na2O, CaO tan trong SiO2)

*Vng tan trong bc

Dung dch lng
*Dung dch nc ng(ng(r) +H2O dung dch)
*Dung dch H2SO4(SO3(k) + H2O dung dch)
*Ru Voka (C2H5OH (l) + H2O dung dch)

Solutions

DUNG DCH LNG

C ch to thnh dd lng
Qu trnh vt l qu trnh chuyn pha Hcp ,Scp
Qu trnh ho hc -qu trnh solvat ho
tng tc gia cht tan v dung mi Hsol<0 , Ssol<0
Solvat ho vt l
Solvat ho ho hc
Tng tc gia tiu
phn v cht tan l
yu t hng u
quyt nh s to
thnh dd

Solutions

Tng tc ht gia
cht tan v dung mi
cng mnh th qu
trnh ho tan cng
thun li

V d - ethanol tan tt trong nc

Ethanol = CH3CH2OH
Lc tng tc=lin kt hydro;lng cc-lng cc; khuch tn

Solutions

Glucose
c lin kt hydro nn
tan rt tt trong nc.
Cyclohexane
ch c lc khuch tn
khng tan trong nc.

Solutions

 Vitamin A tan trong dung mi khng cc (cht bo)

Vitamin C tan trong nc.

Solutions

Vitamin no
tan trong
nc v
vitamin no
tan trong
cht bo?

Solutions

QU TRNH HO TAN V CN BNG HO TAN

Cht tan (r) + dung mi

Ho tan

Dung dch

Kt tinh
Q
C
G RT ln
RT ln
K
C bh
Dung dch bo ho G=0

Cn bng

c = c bh = tan

Dd cha bo ha G < 0

c < c bh

G > 0

c > c bh

Dd qu bo ho

Solutions

Khi nim v tan S

tan - nng ca cht tan trong dd bo ha
CC DUNG DCH BO HO 200C v 500C
TAN
CHT TAN

Solutions

Cht tan l cht rn

S- thng biu din s gam cht tan tan ti a
trong100g dung mi
S > 10g - cht d tan
S < 1g - cht kh tan
S < 0,01g- cht gn nh khng tan
TAN CA CC HALOGENUA KIM LOI KIM TRONG H2O
TAN (s gam mui/100g dung mi)

Solutions

Cht tan l cht kh

S- thng biu din bng s ml kh (tan ti a)
tan trong 100g dung mi hoc 100ml dung mi

Cht tan l cht in ly kh tan

S thng biu din bng s mol cht in ly
kh tan (tan ti a) trong 1lit dung dch

Solutions

 tan ca mt s ion thng dng trong nc

TAN

KHNG TAN

Ngai tr

Ngai tr

Ngai tr
Solutions
14.2

CC YU T NH HNG N TAN
Bn cht ca dung mi v cht tan
Nhit , p sut
Mi trng

Solutions

NH HNG CA BN CHT CHT TAN

V DUNG MI
Cht tng t tan trong cht tng t.
Cc hp cht c cc tan tt trong dung
mi c cc hn l dung mi khng cc
NaCl th :
Tan tt trong nc
phn
cc ca
Tan t trong ethyl alcohol
dung mi
Khng tan trong ether v benzene
Solutions

 Cc cht khng cc th tan tt trong

dung mi khng cc hn l cc dung
mi c cc.
phn
cc ca
dung mi

Benzene th
Khng tan trong nc
Tan trong ether.

Solutions

nh hng ca nhit v p sut

Kh + dung mi dung dch Hcp<0 Hs<0
G= 0

K ht

nh lut
Henry

S
P

tan S

Hht < 0

T khng i, p
sut ring phn
ca kh tng S
tng
Solutions

Kh + dung mi dung dch Hht<0

T tng tan cht

kh gim

Solutions
EOS

Cht rn + dung mi dung dch Hht

p sut hu nh khng nh hng n tan ca cht rn
k bnh thng.
Hht < 0
Tth S
Hht>0
Tth S
Khong 95%
hp cht ion c
tan tng theo
nhit .
Solutions

S THAY I TNH CHT NHIT NG

KHI TO THNH DUNG DCH
Ght =Hht -TSht
Kh +dm(l) = dung dch(l)
Hht =Hcp (-)+Hsol(-) <0

Rn + dm(l) = dung dch (l)

Hht =Hcp (+)+Hsol(-) <0 hay>0

Sht= Scp(-)
- + Ssol (-) <0

Sht= Scp(+) + Ssol (-)

>0

Solutions

DUNG DCH L TNG

L dung dch c Hht=0 ; Vht=0 ; Uht=0
Trong dung dch lc tng tc gia cc tiu phn
cng loi v khc loi ging nhau.S to thnh dd l
do s tng entropy.
Tnh cht ca dd l tng khng ph thuc vo bn
cht cht tan m ph thuc vo nng ca chng.
Dd lng t kh tt k l tng l dd m cc cu t
ca n c cu to phn t v nhng thuc tnh vt l
v ho hc ging nhau hoc rt gn nhau:
Hn hp cc ng phn quang hc.
Dd cc cu t ch khc nhau v thnh phn ng v
V d - H2O + D2O
Dd nhng cht ng ng cnh nhau
V d - Benzen + toluen ; hexan +heptan

Solutions

Dung dch thc

Nu lc tng tc gia cht tan v dung mi mnh hn
lc tng tc gia cc tiu phn cng loi th dd ny
thng c Hht<0 , Vht<0.
Loi dd ny thng xy ra cho h m c hai cu t u c
cc.Tng tc ht gia chng c th dn ti cc qu trnh
ho hc (solvat ho, to lk hydro, to hp cht ho hc )
V d - h nc v axit nitric
Ngc li, nu lc tng tc gia cht tan v dung mi
yu hn lc tng tc gia cc tiu phn cng loi th dd
ny thng c Hht>0 , Vht>0
Loi dd ny thng xy ra cho h m
c hai cu t c tnh phn cc khc
nhau r rt V d- ho tan cht c cc
vo dm khng cc: aceton trong CS2
Solutions

Tng tc
dm-ch tan
yu hn
Thu nhit
Dd l tng
Tng tc
dm-ch tan
mnh hn
To nhit
Solutions
EOS

Dung dch thc

Ethanol v nc c lc
tng tc gia chng
mnh hn gia cc
ethanol vi nhau v gia
cc pt nc vi nhau.
Nn khi trn 50 mL H2O
+ 50 mL C2H5OH th th
tch nh hn 100 mL
Solutions
EOS

Nng dung dch

mi
C%
100%
mi

a. Nng phn trm:

b. Nng mol:

n ct
CM
1000ml dd

c. Nng molan: C m
d. Nng phn mol:

n ct
1000g dm
ni
Ni
ni

e. Nng ng lng:

CN - s ng lng gam cht tan / 1lit dd

Solutions

P SUT HI BO HO CA CHT LNG

NGUYN CHT
Bay hi H > 0

Lng
T, G = 0

Ngng t H < 0

Kp = (P)cb = P0

Hi
Pcb =P0(T)

Cn bng pha

p sut hi bo ho ca cht lng l hng s

nhit xc nh v tng theo nhit
Solutions

Phng trnh Clapeyron Clausius

dP
H

dT T.V

LH;RH; R
L

Gin trng thi

Solutions

Nhit si ca bt c pha lng no (nguyn cht

hay dung dch) cng u bt u si nhit m
ti p sut hi bo ho ca n bng p sut
ngoi.
i vi cht lng nguyn cht, khi p sut ngai
khng i,nhit si khng thay i trong sut qu
trnh si cho n khi ton b cht lng chuyn ht
thnh hi.

Solutions

Nhit ng c ca bt c pha lng no

(nguyn cht hay dung dch) cng u bt u ng
c nhit m ti p sut hi bo ho trn pha
lng bng vi p sut hi bo ho trn pha rn.
i vi cht lng nguyn cht, khi p sut ngai khng
i nhit ng c khng thay i trong sut qu
trnh ng c.

Solutions

p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch lng

p sut hi bo ho ca dd l hi cn bng vi dung
dch lng.
p sut hi bo ho ca dd bng tng p sut hi
bo ho ca tt c cc cu t c trong h. Pdd = Pi
p sut hi bo ho ca dd lng, long cha cht tan
khng in ly, khng bay hi chnh l p sut hi bo
ho ca dung mi trong dung dch.

Solutions

P SUT HI BO HO
ca dung dch lng long phn t cha
cht tan khng in ly khng bay hi
Bay hi Hbh > 0

Lng

Hi
Ngng t Hnt < 0

N1= Ndm =1

K= P0

N1= Ndm <1 (dung dch) K= P1 / N1

p1 = p0(1 N2) = p0 p0N2
N1 = 1 N2

nh lut

RAOULT I
P0
P1

N2

p1 p 0 N1
p0 p1
p0

p
p0
Solutions

P1 p sut hi bo ho ca dd lng, long cha

cht tan khng in ly , khng bay hi cng chnh
l p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi trong dung dch
Dung mi
ng cht

P1

N1

N2

p sut hi bo ha ca dung mi trong dung

dch lun nh hn p sut hi bo ho ca dung
Solutions
mi nguyn cht cng nhit . P1 <P0

Lng
Rn

Dung mi
nguyn cht

T ca dd
T ca dm

Kh Tsca dd
Ts ca dm

nh lut Raoult II

TS

T T dm T ddphtu k C m

Ts Ts ddphtu Tsdm k s C m

Solutions

Dung mi
Water, H2O
Benzen, C6H6
Ethanol,
C2H6O
Carbon tetrachloride,

CCl4
Chloroform,
CHCl3

Tsi (C)

Ks (0C/m)

T ( 0C)

K (0C/m)

100.0
80.1

0.52
2.53

0.00
5.5

1.86
5.12

78.4

1.22

-114.0

1.99

76.8

5.02

-22

29.8

61.2

3.63

-63.5

4.68
Solutions

Nhit si ca dung dch lng phn t cao

hn nhit si ca dung mi nguyn cht

Ts (ddlpt ) Ts (dm)
Nhit ng c ca dung dch lng phn
t thp hn nhit ng c ca dung mi
nguyn cht
T (H2O) >T (dd)

T (ddlpt ) T (dm)
Tinh th dung mi
nguyn cht
Solutions

Nhn xt
i vi dung dch cha bo ho, nhit si l
nhit bt u si,nhit ng c l nhit
bt u ng c.Trong qu trnh si hay ng c
do nng dd tng lin tc nn nhit si tng
lin tc, nhit ng c gim lin tc.
Khi dung dch bo ho, nhit si v nhit
ng c mi l hng s.

Solutions

p sut thm thu

S thm thu v p sut thm thu
Ndm=1
Ndm<1

nh lut Vant Hoff

Mng bn thm

C M RT
Solutions

Nhn xt
nh lut Raoult v Vant hoff ch ng
cho dd lng l tng v cc dd thc c
nng cht tan rt nh (dd long)
i vi dd thc (khng l tng) p sut hi ring
phn c th c gi tr ln hn (sai lch dng) hoc
b hn (sai lch m)so vi gi tr tnh theo l Raoult.

Solutions

S khc bit ca dd in ly
so vi dd lng phn t
Dung dch in ly
khng tun theo
nh lut Raoult
nh lut Vant Hoff
Dung dch in ly
dn in

Solutions

p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi
nguyn cht ln hn p sut hi bo
ho ca dm trong dd l do cc phn t
dm t do trn b mt cht lng nhiu
hn.
N(dm ngcht)= 1 > N1

H2O(l) H2O(k)

Solutions

S tiu phn cht tan khng bay hi cng tng s

lm gim s phn t dung mi t do trn b mt nn
p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch cng gim nhiu.

H2O(l) H2O(k)

Solutions

DUNG DCH IN LY
Dung dch in ly khng tun theo cc l Raoult v Vant Hoff
i l h s ng trng hay h s Vant Hoff

i=

s tiu phn ch tan (s ion ,s ph t ch tan khng in ly)

s phn t cht tan ho tan

m- s ion trong 1 phn t (nguyn dng 2)

Dung dich in ly 1< i m ; Dung dch lng phn t i=1
1 mol cht (dd in ly) =N1 +N2 S tiu phn cht tan = i.N2
Trong 1000g dmi s tiu phn cht tan =i.cm
Trong 1lit dung dch s tiu phn cht tan= i.C(mol/l)
Solutions

Lng
Nguyn cht N2=0 ,

Hi

N1=1

P0

Dd lng phn t, N2 s tp cht tan =N2

p' p 0 p1( dly )
iN 2

p0
p0

Dd in ly , N2 i.N2
Cm i.cm

T ' i.k C m

CM (mol/l)i.cM

N2

p p o p1( pt )

p0
p0

T 's ik s C m

' i.C M RT

Trong cng iu kin Po> P 1(pt) > P 1(ly)

Ts(dm ngcht) < Ts(dd pt) < Ts(dd ly)
T(dm ngcht) >T(dd pht) > T(dd ly)
(dd pht ) < (dd ly)

Solutions

ng dng ng lut Raoult lm thay i

nhit ng c ca nc
Propylene glycol

Dng lm ph gia
pha trong nc
(lm ngui ng c
t) nhm khc
phc nc ng
c vo ma ng.

Ethylene
glycol c
hi vi gia
sc
Solutions

 chng hin tng ng bng

tuyt vo ma ng trn cc
con ng giao thng, theo bn
ta nn chn cc gii php no
sau y :
a) Ct, SiO2
b) Mui m, NaCl
c) CaCl2

Solutions

Dung dch in ly dn in
dn in ring - 1cm3 dd (s=1cm2;d=1cm)

1
om 1cm 1

Khi pha long gim

dn in ng lng - V cm3 (1lgam ctan)

1000
.V

CN

Khi pha long tng

Khi pha long v cng = const
Solutions

THUYT IN LY CA ARRHENIUS
Phn t cht in ly (ax,baz,mui)
ION T DO

CATION (+) v ANION(-)

HCl

H+ + Cl-

Gii thch c tnh dn in v do c s gia tng s

tiu phn cht tan nn dd in ly khng tun theo cc
l Raoult VantHoff
CuSO4(mu trng) ddCuSO4 (mu xanh) Vsao ?
Solutions

Qu trnh ho tan NaCl trong nc

hydrat
s khuch
CcCc
Khi
phnion
lc
tb
ht
nc
gia
c cc
cc
ion
tn
ti,t
raNa
khi
tinh
+
- th v
s ht
yu
cc
ion
cc
ion
vs
Cl
tch
ra
tan
trong
dung
trong
vb
mng
baotinh
quanh
thdch.
cc lng
mui,lm
cc nc
yu lc ht gia
cc ion .

Solutions
14.3

THUYT IN LY CA KABLUKOB
Cht tan

Qu trnh solvat ho

(c cc mnh) (Qu trnh hydrat ho H2O)

Dung mi
(c cc)

ion solvat ho (ion hydrat ho)

Trong dung dch khng c ion t do
Hp cht ion qu trnh phn ly cc ion
NaCl(r) + (n+m) H2O Na+ .nH2O + Cl- .mH2O
Hp cht cng ho tr c cc qu trnh ion ho.
HCl (k) + (n+m)H2O H3O+ .(n-1)H2O + Cl- .mH2O
Solutions

Nu cht tan c nhiu kiu lin kt ho hc khc

nhau th qu trnh phn ly theo trt t sau:
Lin kt ion
Cng ho tr phn cc mnh

NaHSO4 (dd)

HSO4- (dd)+ H2O

Na+ (dd) + HSO4-(dd)

H3O+ (dd) + SO42- (dd)

S phn ly khng xy ra cho nhng lk cng ho

tr c cc yu hoc khng phn cc

Solutions

 in ly
=

s phn t phn ly thnh ion

Tng s phn t ho tan trong dung dch

0 1 =0 dd lng phn t
=1 in ly hon ton
Cng thc xc nh in ly
n- s mol cht tan ho tan
n- s mol cht tan in ly
nm - s mol ion
i

i 1

m 1

(n - n) s mol cht
tan khng in ly

nm n n
1 m 1
n

Solutions

Cc yu t nh hng n in ly
Bn cht cht tan v dung mi
Dung mi c cc yu nh
Dung mi c cc mnh ln

Nng dung dch

C gim th tng
C 0 th 1

Nhit tng thng tng

Solutions

Quy c nh gi in ly
Trong dd nc 0,1N 250C.
> 30% cht in ly mnh
3%< < 30% cht in ly trung bnh
< 30% cht in ly yu

Solutions

CN BNG TRONG DD CHT IN LY YU

AmBn(dd)

Qt ion ho

mAn+(dd) + nBm-(dd)

Qt phn t ho

A . B
K
n m

Hng s in ly

m n

A m Bn

Biu thc ca
l tc dng
khi lng

Hng s in ly l hs cn bng ca qt in ly nn l lg c
trng cho mi cht in ly v dung mi, ph thuc vo nhit .

Axit hsly k hiu Ka

c trng cho cng

Axit - base
Baz hsly k hiu Kb
Trong dd nc: Ka,Kb < 10-4 axit yu, base yu
Solutions

QUAN H GIA K v
AB (dd)

A+ (dd) + B-(dd)

Ban u

C0

in ly

C0

C 0

C0

Cn bng

C0(1 - )

C 0

C0

Hng s in ly:

C A .C B

Khi << 1 : (1 - ) 1

C AB

C 0 Biu thc ton

hc ca l pha

1 long Ostwald

C0

Solutions

AXIT - BASE YU A BC
Hng s in ly cc bc gim dn theo trt t sau:
K1>K2 >K3 >K4
Hng s in ly chung :
K=K1.K2.K3.K4
Trong thc t thng ch ch n s phn ly bc th nht

Mui
a s mui thuc loi in ly mnh: KCl, NaF
Cc mui in ly km : mui axit (H+),mui baz(OH-),mui phc.
Solutions

HNG S IN LY CA CC AXIT A BC

Solutions

Na2HPO4 (dd) = 2Na+ (dd) +

HPO4- (dd)
H+ (dd) +

HPO4-(dd)
PO4- (dd)

K3[Fe(CN)6](dd) = 3K+ (dd) + [Fe(CN)6]3-(dd)

[Fe(CN)6]3-(dd)

Fe3+ (dd)

Hng s khng bn ca phc

Fe3+ (dd)

+ 6CN- (dd)

Hng s bn ca phc

+ 6CN- (dd)

Fe CN

Fe(CN)

K kb

3
6

[Fe(CN)6]3- (dd)

Fe(CN ) 36
1
Kb

K kb Fe3 CN 6

Solutions

CN BNG TRONG DD CHT IN LY MNH

Lp lun: thc nghim cho thy trong dd khng c phn t
trung ha in Cht in ly mnh: in ly hon ton = 1

Lp lun

Thc t

in ly
=1
<1
H s ng trng i L s nguyn Khng nguyn
dn in khi pha Khng i
long dung dch

Tng ln

Solutions

Thc t: khng tun theo L tc dng khi lng.

V d: NaCl
CN 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1
0.2

0.977

0.953

0.936 0.882 0.852 0.818

0.042

0.097

0.137 0.380 0.491 0.735

Nng molan
Gi tr gii
hn ca i

Hp cht
H s ng trng i

Solutions

L thuyt cht in ly mnh

Trong dung dch xut hin lc ht tng h gia cc
ion bu kh quyn ion. Khi pha long, lc ht tng
h gim, dn in tng.
Trong dd cht in ly mnh c lin hip ion, khi pha
long cc lin hip ion phn ly thnh cc ion n gin.
in ly trn thc t : in ly biu kin.
dng hot a thay cho nng : a = fC
Solutions

HOT (a) l nng hot ng mang tnh tng

qut hn hn nng v p dng l tc dng khi
lng cho mi dd cht tan cc nng khc nhau
a = fc

f- h s hot

0<f 1

Dd long f =1 a = c
Dd c nng cao f<1 a = c
f ph thuc vo : bn cht dung mi, nhit ,
in tch v nng cc ion.

Solutions

Phng trnh ca Debye v Huckel

lg f i

lg f Am Bn

1
2

Az i2 I
1 I

A z An z B m

1 I
2
C
z
ii

i vi dung dch nc v 250C:

A = 0,5
Khi I 0,01 phng trnh trn c dng n gin nh sau:

lg f i 0,5 z

2
i

lg f Am Bn 0,5 z An z B m

Solutions

Cn bng trong dung dch cht in ly kh tan v

tch s tan.

dd

AgCl r Ag Cl
n
dd

Am Bn r mA

K C Ag .C Cl T AgCl

dd

nB

m
dd

T Am Bn C

m
An

G RT ln TAm Bn H TS
0

n
Bm

Tch s tan ca mt cht ph thuc:

Bn cht ca dung mi v cht tan
Nhit
Solutions

Tch s tan v tan ca cht in ly kh

tan.
n
m

Am Bn r mA dd nB dd
S[mol/l]

mS

T Am Bn C

m
An

nS

n
Bm

mS nS
m

m n S
m

tan
trong nc

m n

mn

T Am Bn
mmnn

Solutions

nh hng ca cc ion trong dung dch n

tan ca cht in ly kh tan.
n
dd

Am Bn r mA

Thm ion cng loi:

nB

m
dd

Thm ion khc loi: S

TA m Bn a
m

m
A n
n

(mS) (nS) f

n
B m

(mn )
A m Bn

S ( mn)

m
m
A n A n

n (mn ) (mn )
A m Bn

m n S
m

n
n
B m B m

T Am Bn
m

m n f

( mn)
Am Bn

Solutions

iu kin ho tan v kt ta ca cht ly kh tan.

n
dd

Am Bn r mA
G RT ln

Dung dch bo ha
Cht in ly s kt ta khi
Cht in ly s tan ht khi

nB

Q
TA m B n

TA m Bn C
C

m
dd

m
An

m
A n

n
B m

n
Bm

T Am Bn

n
B m

TA m Bn

m
A n

Solutions

S ion ha v tch s ion ca nc

dn in ca H2O = 5,54.10-18-1.cm-1
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH

K n [H 3O ][OH ] 10
pH=-lg[H+]

pOH=-lg[OH-]

14

pK=-lgK

pKn = pH+ POH = 14

Solutions

Ch s pH v mi trng dd
Trong

nc nguyn cht v mi trng trung tnh

[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7

Trong

pH = 7

dung dch axit c mi trng axit

[H+] > [OH-]

pH < 7

Trong dung dch baz c mi trng baz

[H+] < [OH-]

pH > 7
Solutions

Solutions

Khi nim v axit, baz.

a. Thuyt c in ca Arrhenius
b. Thuyt proton Bronsted
c. Thuyt electron ca Lewis

Solutions

Thuyt c in ca Arrhenius
Axit: cht in ly cho ion H3O+ trong nc
HCl(aq) +H2O(l)

H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

HNO3(aq)+H2O(l)

H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Baz: cht in ly cho ion OH- trong nc

NH3(aq) + H2O (l)

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Solutions

Thuyt proton Bronsted

Axit :cho proton HA H+ + ABaz: nhn proton:
B + H+ BH+
Cc cp axit baz lin hp: HA/A- , BH+ /B

HA + B

A-

+ BH+

Phn ng gia axit v baz l p trao i proton(H+)

gia axit ca 1cp axit- baz lin hp ny vi 1baz
ca 1 cp axit-baz lin hp khc.
Solutions

Phn ng gia cc cp axit baz lin hp

Cplinhp
Acid+BaseBase+Acid
Cplinhp
Reaction1HF+H2OF+H3O+
Reaction2HCOOH+CNHCOO+HCN
Reaction3NH4++CO32NH3+HCO3
Reaction4H2PO4+OHHPO42+H2O
2+
Reaction5H2SO4+N2H5+HSO4+N
2H6
Solutions
2

D on axit, baz Bronsted

Axit l cht phi cha H+
Phn t trung ho : HCl, HNO3, HF.
Cation c cha H+ : NH4+
Anion c cha H : HSO4- , H2PO4- .
Cation kim loi trong nc : Fe2+(aq) ; Al3+(aq)..
Cation cu hnh kh tr c q2/ r cng ln tnh axit cng mnh
Cation c in tch v bn knh tng ng, cu hnh: 18e
(18e +2e) (18e> >8e ) tnh axit mnh hn cu hnh 8e
Solutions

3+

Al(H2O)6
Al(H2O)63++H2O (l)

Al3+(aq) b thu phn

2+

Al(OH)(H2O)5 + H+
2+

Al(OH)(H2O)5 + H3O+

Solutions

Baz Bronsted - cht c d mt in tch m

Anion: Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-.
Phn t cng ho tr phn cc : NH3 ..
Cht lng tnh- cht va c kh nng cho H+ va
c kh nng nhn H+.
Cc hp cht c cha H thng l cht lng tnh
HCl + H2PO4- Cl- + H3PO4
H2PO4- + HCO3- HPO42- + H2CO3

pK a 2 (H 3PO 4 ) 7,21

pK a 2 (H 2 CO 3 ) 10,33

Solutions

Dung mi proton ho
L hp cht cng ho tr phn cc c cha H nn c
kh nng trao i proton (cht lng tnh)
Thng to lk H2 nn Tsv Tnc cao.
C tnh phn cc mnh nn c kh nng ho tan
nhiu cht (c cc).
C th t ion ho mt phn khi trng thi lng.
Hng s cn bng gi l hng s t proton ho K d

Solutions

H2O + H2O H3O + OH- kn= [OH-][H3O+]

NH3 + NH3 NH2- + NH4+ kd= [NH2-][NH4+]

HD + HD D- + H2D+

Kd = [D-][H2D+]
Solutions

S in ly ca axit v baz l kt qu ca p trao

i proton gia axit v baz vi dung mi.
NH3(aq) + H2O (l)

baz

axit

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

axit

baz
Solutions

S in ly ca axit v baz trong nc

Axit:

HA + H2O A- + H3O+

Ka

H O A

+ H2O

Kb

BH OH

Baz:

HA

Ka cng ln th tnh
axit cng mnh

BH+ + OHKb cng ln th tnh

baz cng mnh
Solutions

 i vi cp axit baz lin hp:

HA + H2O A + H3O
-

K a ( HA)

K b ( A )

A-+ H2O HA + OHK a ( HA) K b ( A )

[ H 3 O ][ A ]

[ HA]

[ HA][OH ]

[ A ]

[ H 3 O ][ A ] [ HA][OH ]

[
H
O
][
OH
] Kn
3

[ HA]
[A ]

Ka.Kb = Kn

Ka.Kb = Kd

pKa + pKb = pKn = 14

pKa + pKb = pKd

Axit cng mnh (Ka) th baz lin hp l baz yu(Kb)

Axit cng yu (Ka) th baz lin hp l baz mnh (Kb)

Solutions

HNG S IN LY CA CC BASE YU

Solutions

HNG S IN LY CA CC AXIT YU V BASE LIN HP

250C

Solutions

Hiu ng san bng dung mi

HA + H2O A- + H3O+

H3O+ l ax mnh nht trong dd

HA + H2O A- + H3O+

H3O+ l ax mnh nht trong dd

Trong dung mi H2O : H3O+ l axit mnh nht,

OH- l baz mnh hnt
Trong dung mi NH3 : NH4+ l axit mnh nht
NH2- l baz mnh nht

Trong dung mi HD : H2D+ l axit mnh nht

D- l baz mnh nht
Solutions

nh hng ca dung mi n
cng axit baz
Hng s t proton ho (Kd )
HD + HD D- + H2D+

Kd = [D-][H2D+]

Kd cng ln th tnh axit ca dung mi cng mnh.

i lc proton (AP)

HD + H+ =H2D+

H = -AP

AP cng ln th dung mi c tnh baz cng mnh

Solutions

Dung mi c AP th tnh axit ca cht tan tng

tnh baz ca cht tan gim
Trong nc, CH3COOH l axit yu
Trong NH3 , CH3COOH l axit mnh

Dung mi c AP th tnh axit ca cht tan gim

tnh baz ca cht tan tng
Trong dung mi HF,HClO4 khng cht no th hin tnh axit
HNO3 + HF (dm) H2NO3+ + FNH4OH l baz yu trong dung mi nc
NH4OH l baz mnh trong dung mi axit acetic

Solutions

Thuyt electron ca Lewis

Thuyt Lewis dng gii thch qu trnh to phc v tnh bn
ca phc.
Axit Lewis: l tiu phn c d mt in tch dng v
orbital ho tr trng nhn cp electron lin kt t baz.

D on axit Lewis:
Hu ht cc cation kim loi (Ag+, Co3+, Cr3+, Mg2+..)
Cc halogenua ca B, Al, Si, Sn
Cc hydrua ca B,Al
Cc hp cht c lk i trong nhng k thch hp cng
Solutions
th hin tnh axit

Base Lewis: cht cho cp electron.

D on baz Lewis:
Cc anion : Cl-, Br-, OH Phn t trung ho hay ion c cha nguyn t (N,O )
cn cp e ho tr t do nh : NH3, amin , ru, xeton..
+

F
F B +
F
acid

2NH3

N H

H
base

[Ag(NH3)2]+
F

Ag+

F B
F

H
N H
H
Solutions

base

acid

acid

+
OH
base

acid

N H

H+ +

H
base

H O H

+
H N H
H
Solutions

HCl, axit mnh

[H ] = [HCl]
+

HF, axit yu

[H+] < [HF]

Solutions

pH ca dd long axit v baz mnh

Axit mnh

HA H+ + ACa

Ca

pH lg C H lg C a
Baz mnh

Ca >10-7 ion.g/lit

MOH M+ + OHCb

Cb

pOH lg C OH lg C b
pH 14 pOH 14 lg C b

Cb >10-7 ion.g/lit

Solutions

Axit mnh v base mnh

HCl

CH3CO2H

Thymol Blue ch th
pH < 1.2 < pH < 2.8 < pH
Solutions

pH ca dd axit yu v base yu.

Axit yu

HA + H2O H3O+ + A-

Cn bng Ca(1- )
C H O Ca Ca
3

pH lg C H O
3

Ca

<<1, KaCa>> Kn

Ca

Ka
K a Ca
Ca

1
1
lg K a lg Ca pK a lg Ca
2
2

Baz yu
MOH
Cn bng Cb(1- )

M+ +
Cb

OHCb

<<1, KbCb>> Kn

1
1
pOH pK b lg Cb pH 14 pK b lg C b
2
2

Solutions

i vi axit , base yu a bc
Khi tnh pH dung dch ta ch da vo bc phn ly
th nht
7
K

4
,
3
.
10
V d : tnh pH dung dch H2CO3 0,01M . a1

1
1
pH pK a1 lg C a lg 4,3.10 7 lg 10 2 4,19
2
2

Solutions

Hng s in ly ca cc axit v base yu

250C

Solutions

o pH ca gim

o pH ca dd NH3

Solutions

CcphngphpopHchoccddnc

(a)GiyopH(nhtnh)(b)MyopH(nhlng)
Solutions

pH ca dung dch m.
nh nghi: Dung dch m l dd c pH const khi thm
lng nh axit mnh hoc baz mnh hoc pha long dd.
Cu to (HA / A- )
m axit: axit yu + mui ca n CH3COOH+CH3COONa
m baz: base yu + mui ca n NH3.H2O+ NH4Cl
m trung tnh : hn hp cc mui axit yu
C ch tc dng ca dung dch m
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
(1)
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
Thm axit mnh: cb (1)
Thm base mnh: H+ + OH- H2O: lng H+ cb (1)
Pha long dd, in ly CH3COOH

Solutions

pH ca dung dch m axit ( HA + MA)

CH3COONa

Cm
CH3COOH + H2O
Ca(1-)

CH3COO-

CH3COO+
(Ca + Cm Cm)

H O CH COO H O C

Ka

CH 3COOH

Ca

Na+
Cm
H3O+
Ca

Ca
[ H 3O ] K a
Cm

Ca
Cm
pH lg[H 3O ] lg K a lg
pK a lg
Cm
Ca

PH ca dd m base ( MOH + MA )

pH 14 pK b

C
lg m
Cb

Solutions

pH ca dung dch mui

Phn ng thu phn l p trao i ion gia mui v nc, c kh
nng lm thay i pH mi trng.
Hthu phn >0
MA (dd) + H2O

HA (dd) + MOH(dd)
Htrung ho <0

Phn ng thy phn l phn ng l phn ng nghch ca p

trung ho.
Hng s cn bng ca qu trnh thu phn Kt
s phn t mui thu phn
thu phn h =
S phn t mui ho tan

1
Solutions

Do mui c lk ion nn khi ho tan trong nc s phn

ly han ton thnh cc ion b hydrat ho
M+ (aq) + A- (aq) +H2O MOH (aq) + HA (aq) ; H >0
Theo thuyt axit - base Bronsted :
M+.nH2O / M(OH).(n-1)(H2O) l cp axit- base lin hp
HA / A- l cp axit - baz lin hp

Cation ca mui (M+) l axit bronsted

Anion ca mui ( A-) l base bronsted
Vy p thu phn thc cht l p trao i proton
gia cc ion ca mui vi cc pt nc.
Hay p thu phn l p axit base Bronsted.

Solutions

Mui no s b thu phn ?

Nu cation ca mui (M+) l axit mnh hn nc
(MOH l base yu), n s nhng H+ cho nc
cation mui b thu phn lm cho pHmtr <7
Ag+ nH2O + H2O Ag(OH)(n-1)H2O + H3O+
NH4+ (aq) + H2O NH3 (aq) + H3O+
Nu anion ca mui (A-) l baz mnh hn nc
(HA l axit yu), n s nhn H+ ca nc lm tng OH anion mui b thu phn lm cho pHmtr >7
CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OHTt c cc mui (MA) u b thu phn tr mui c
to thnh t axit mnh (HA) v base mnh (MOH)

Solutions

Cation cu hnh kh tr c q2/ r cng ln tnh axit cng

mnh nn thu phn cng mnh.
V d : Ka[Mg2+(aq)] > Ka[Ba2+(aq)] Mg2+(aq) thu phn
mnh hn Ba2+(aq).
Cation c in tch v bn knh tng ng, cu hnh: 18e
(18e +2e) (18e> >8e ) tnh axit mnh hn cu hnh 8e
nn thu phn s mnh hn
V d : Mg2+ (aq) thu phn yu hn Hg2+(aq)

Solutions

Hng s Ka ca cc ion kim loi trong nc 250C

IonkimloiKa

Tnhaxittngdn
Thuphnmnhdn

Fe3+(aq)6x103
Sn2+(aq)4x104
Cr3+(aq)1x104
Al3+(aq)1x105
Be2+(aq)4x106
Cu2+(aq)3x108
Pb2+(aq)3x108
Zn2+(aq)1x109
Co2+(aq)2x1010
Ni2+(aq)1x1010
Solutions

CNG CA CP AXIT BASE LIN HP

HA
A-

Cc anion (A-) c tnh base cng mnh s thu phn

cng mnh trong nuc.

Solutions

pH ca dung dch mui

HA
MOH
Mui to thnh t axit mnh v base yu (M+ +H2O pH < 7)
Mui to thnh t axit yu v base mnh (A- +H2O pH >7)
Mui to thnh t axit yu v base yu ( M+ +A- + H2O )
Mui to thnh t axit mnh v base mnh
MA khng b thu phn pH 7
Solutions

Mui

pH

CH3COONH4

Cation tp Anion tp
(Axit)
(Base)
NH4+ KK CH3COO-

AlCl3

Al3+

7
<7

FeCl2

Fe2+

<7

KClO4

khng tp

Khng

Na2S
NaF
NaBr
NH4CN
NH4F

Khng
NH

+
4

K<K
K>K

S2-

>7

F-

>7
7
>7

CN-

NH4+
F- <7
pK(NH3)=4,76; pK(CH3COOH)=4,75;pK(HCN)=9,2;pK(HF)=3,18
Solutions

Solutions

Mui to thnh t axit yu (Ka) v baz mnh PH >7

S in ly: MA

M+ (axy) + A- (base mnh hn H2O)

S thy phn:

A- + H2O

Cm(1-h)
Hng s thy phn:
Kt

thy phn:

Cmh

HA OH
HA

HA OH
Cmh
Cm h 2
Kt

A C m 1 h 1 h

Tnh pH:

OH C

HA + OH-

m h Cm

Cmh

Cmh 2

Kn
H OH

H A
Ka

Kt
Kn
h

Cm
K a Cm

Kn
K n Cm

K a Cm
Ka

K
H OH

1
1
pH pK n pK a lg C m 7 pK a lg C m
2
2

KnKa
Cm

>7
Solutions

Mui to thnh t axit mnh v baz yu (Kb) pH<7

S in ly: MA M+ (axit mnh hn nc) + A- (basey)
S thy phn:

MOH + H+

M+ + H2O
Cm(1-h)

Hng s thy phn:

Kt

C mh

Cmh

MOH H
MOH

M OH

H OH

Kn
Kb

thy phn:
2

MOH H
Cm h
Cm h 2
Kt
Kn
2
Kt

Cm h h

M
C m 1 h 1 h
Cm
K bCm

Tnh pH:

H C

h Cm

Kn
K nCm

K bCm
Kb

1
1
pH pK n pK b lg C m 7 pK b lg C m
2
2

<7

Solutions

Mui to thnh t axit yu (Ka) v base yu (Kb)

S in ly: MA M+(axit mnh hn nc) + A-(base mnh hn nc)
S thy phn: M+
Cm(1-h)
Hng s thy phn:
Kt

HA MOH
HA

M A

thy phn:
h Kt

Tnh pH:

Kn
KaKb

HA

H K A

+ A- + H 2 O
Cm(1-h)

HA
Cmh

MOH

MOH
Cm h

Kn

H OH

H A
M OH
KaKb

HA MOH
Cm h
h2
Kt
2

M A Cm 1 h 1 h 2

h2

Cmh
h
Kn
KnKa
Ka
Kah Ka

a
C m (1 h )
1 h
KaKb
Kb

1
1
pH pK n pK a pK b 7 pK a pK b
2
2

Solutions

NHN XT
Hng s thu phn Kt ph thuc vo :
Bn cht ca mui v nhit
thu phn h ph thuc vo:
Ka v Kb ca axit v baz lin hp vi cc ion ca
mui, c to thnh trong qt thu phn,chng c gi
tr cng nh th thu phn cng tng.
Cm cng nh th thu phn tng (tr mui to
thnh t axit yu v baz yu )
Nhit tng th thu phn tng.

Solutions

Cch tnh pH ca cc dung dch.

dch

a. pH ca dd axit mnh v base mnh.

pH lg C a

pH 14 lg C b

b. pH ca dd axit yu v base yu.

1
1
pH 14 pK b lg C b
pH pK a lg C a
2
2
c. pH ca dung dch m.
Cm

Cm

pH 14 pK b lg
pH pK a lg
Cb
Ca

d. pH ca dung dch mui

1
1
pH 7 pK b lg C m
pH 7 pK a lg C m
2
2
1
pH 7 pK a pK b
2

Solutions

Pha
Pha long
long dung
dung dch
dch
Bnh
nh
mc

ddA
1M

pipet

Pha long nng

dung dch A t 1M
xung 0,02M
Dng pipet ht 10,00 ml dd A 1M
cho vo bnh nh mc 500ml
+nc vo cho n vch chun
ca bnh lc u ddA 0,02M

Solutions

Phn
Phn ng
ng trung
trung ho
ho
HCl (dd) +NaOH(dd) = NaCl (dd) + H 2O
H3O+ + OH- = 2H2O ; H0298 = -13,36 kcal = - 55,84 kJ
Hiu ng nhit tiu chun l hng s, khng ph thuc vo loi
axit mnh v base mnh tham gia phn ng.
Phn ng n cng, khng c phn ng thu phn xy ra
im tng ng : VNaOH.CNaOH(N) = VHCl.CHCl(N)
Ti im tng ng pH =7

Solutions

Cho dd NaOH 0,10N

vo buret ti vch
chun (mc 0)

Dng php chun axit base

xc nh nng axit
VNaOH.CNaOH(N) = VHCl.CHCl(N)

0
Cho 10,00 ml dd axit HCl cha bit
nng + 100ml nc ct + 3 git
phenolphatalein vo bnh tam
gic (erlen)

Solutions

Chun dd HCl bng dd NaOH

ddNaOH
0,10N

24,6

Dd HCl
CHCl ?

Nh t t dd NaOH t burt xung bnh tam gic v lc

u dd trong bnh cho n khi dung dch trong bnh bt
u chuyn sang mu hng nht (bn trong 30 giy)
c th tch ddNaOH dng trn buret V=24,6 ml
tnh nng dd HCl theo l ng lng. CHCl = 0,25N

Solutions