Pearson Ads 125 Oscillations 14.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Give three examples of oscillatory motion. (Note that circular motion is not the same as oscillatory motion.) 1. Amoss hanging From a spring: 3. Arennis ba eine Volieyeddoock and forth: Ss Wasnboord road amps! if beating nea 5. AC elecktic current and Voltage. & Apendulum swingin 2, On the axes below, sketch three cycles of the displacement-versus-time graph for a, A particle undergoing symmetric periodic motion that is not SHM. », A particle undergoing asymmetric periodic motion, c. A particle undergoing simple harmonic motion. 141W-2 cartes Ht» Oxillations 3. Consider the particle whose motion is represented by the x-versus-t graph below. an a. Is this periodic motion? \Y@S b.tsthis motion Sot? NYO c. Whatisthe peioa? 4 SOC. 4. What isthe frequency? £2 5% * 0.95 Hz ce. You learned in Chapter 2 to relate velocity graphs to position graphs. Use that knowledge to draw the particle's velocity-versus-time graph on the axes provided. 4, Shown below is the velocity-versus-time graph of a particle. 4 What iste period ofthe motion? (oS. bh. Draw the particle's position-verse-time graph, suring from x=Oal¢= Os. +] 6) 5. The figure shows the position-versus-time graph * of a particle in SHM. 1a, At what times is the particle moving to the right ar maximum speed? Os b. At what mes isthe particle moving to the lft at maximum speed? aus c. At what times is the particle instantaneously at rest? 13,5,15 ings Penson Addison-Wesley, (©2008 ty Psion Edacaton, Ic, poh(© 2008 by Peon Education In publishing Pearson Adizon- Wesley Oscillations -cuapree 414-3 14.2. Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion 6, A particle goes around a circle 5 times at constant speed, taking a total of 2.5 seconds. = 1800" a. Through what angle in degres has the panicle moved? 9* Sled° = 180O' b. Through what angle in radians has the panicle moved? (OAT = BLL ads ¢. What the pails frequency 7? Seycles. 9, Sesles. 2.02 4, Use your answer to part b to determine the particle's angular frequency w. WratF-4Ts 19.604 /s ¢. Docs «(in rad/s) =+2af(in Hz)? NY es. 7. A patticle moves counterclockwise around a circle at constant speed. For each of the phase constants given below: * Show with a dot on the circle the particle's starting position, + Sketch two cycles of the particle's x-versus-t graph, a. ’ b. x ©, y d.U-4 cuapren Hf - Oscillations 8. a On the top set of axes below, sketch two eycles of the x-versus-t graphs for a particle in simple hharmonie motion with phase constants) by = 17/2 rad and it) dbp =~? rad. b, Use the bottom set of axes to sketch velocity-versus-time graphs for the particles. Make sure each velocity graph aligns vertically with the correct points on the 2-versus-f graph, x L gene * ii ‘a, What is the phase constant #9? Explain how you determined it. X= Acos (ust +o) Xy(k20)=-A Cosgyert (er0)=A , Congest bb, What isthe phase of the purticle at each of the three numbered points on the graph? rhascatt: OO” Pracar® [80° Phaeet LO’ (or 209) ¢, Place dots on the circle above to show the position of a circular-motion particle atthe times. corresponding to points 1, 2, and 3. Label each dot with the appropriate number. 3 i é (©2008 by Pearson Edson, Ine, polsing a Pearson Adin: ‘© 208 hy Pearson Eaton, I, Oscillations - CHAPTER I 14-5 14.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 10, IL ‘The figure shows the potentil-energy diagram of 8 Exew 0) particle oscillating on a spring a. What isthe spring's equilibrium length? is 20cm b. The particle's turing points are at 14-em and 26cm. Draw the total energy line and label it TE. cc. What is the particle's maximum kinetic energy’ “LST d. Draw a graph of the particle's kinetic energy as a function of position. e. What will be the turning points if the particle's total energy is doubled? fom) ~ Wem —2asen A block oscillating on a spring has an amplitude of 20 em, What will be the block's amplitude if its, total energy is tripled? Explain Emox =x? The enes Varies asthe amplitude, €,_ $k 3s x? ‘saces ro aripe the energy Cequires ee SS 2 a fZincrease in he amplitude. BRM ‘i a. %t Age Bem 113+ BA -leem A block oscillating on a spring has a maximum speed of 20 cm/s. What will be the block's maximum, speed if its total energy is tripled? Explain E> de E, Va \> 2-@) Ve 22) Va VB Vye WINS = 34S1-6 Hartree M. Oscillations 13, The figure shows the potential energy diagram of a particle. Eneay 0) a, Is the particle's motion periodic? How can you tell? 3 Yes thereare hacning paints ot ve ler ouncot Tem ond ockicle, aT TE oscilloces between these Hno points. b. Is the particle's motion simple harmonic motion? How / an can you tell? avr ata No The PE curve is not Ko quadratic. af 2 ¢. What is the amplitude ofthe motion? 3em, ot poem or ar) d. Draw a graph of the particle's kinetic energy as a function of position. Equation 14:25 in the textbook states that $ka? = Jmvg.,. What does this mean? Write a couple of sentences explaining how to interpret this equation. Goes istronsfetred back and forth 37 aN pots vio ener ay oF He efreores ES are ol Ki eR sey ALLTOP Doin (Ss) (5 on! Tresquation dacs ns Poy in Prod tne particle ever has amplitude A. Png speed Vinox, The equation relotes “ expeessions For fo foetne erergy or two 1 PeasonAédion-Wesk. {© 2008 by PeasonEdueto, ne.pulsing ns Pearson Ado (© 208 by Peanon Ede Oscillations cuuneran MH 14-7 14.4 The Dynamics of Simple Harmonic Motion 14.5 Vertical Oscillations 15, A block oscillating on a spring has period T= 4s. ‘a. What is the period ifthe block’s mass is halved? Explain. Note: You do not know values for ether m or k. Do not assume any particular values for them. The required analysis involves thinking about ratios. T= OT) So if tre enass ishalved,Hne. Pperisdwill decrease by IA Se Tis ane = 3 (adie) eT Tie 238s ', Wha is the period ifthe value of the spring constant is quadrupled? Stn ata segs Teams UME) - T's 3s. «. What i the petiod ifthe oscillation amplitude is doubled while m and k are unchanged? The periadis Unchanged. Tine ooaplitude does not ct He, peciced: T'a4s For graphs a and b, determine: + The angular frequency «, + The oscillation amplitude A + The phase constant @. Note: Graphs a and b are independent. Graph b is not the velocity graph of a a. st b vea . A \ a cod, o- BNO > (lay om = 3-[ Bem Wn A) do= 730°14-8 cuapren 1 - Oxillaions 17. The graph on the right is the position-versus-time graph for a simple harmonic oscillator. af a. Draw the v-versus-f and a-versus-t graphs. ». When x is greater than zero, is a ever greater than zero? "| 7 If so, at which points inthe eycle? 7 No ’ cc, When » is less than zero, is a ever less than zer0? If so, at which points in the cycle’? No - dd, Can you make a general conclusion about the rela- tionship between the sign of x and the sign of a? on The s ans OF Kardon ore o : + oppsite ¢. When xis greater than zero, is v ever greater than zero?“ Ifs0, how is the oscillator moving at those times? Yes. TF x50 and V>O the abject is Slowing devin OS Htappreaches & poink. 18. Forthe osilaion shown on heletbelow,, 4 ° 4 What is the phase constant op? COSHy* Sp Po? - LO b. Draw the corespondng v-versus graph on the axes below the -versus raph 6. On the axes on the rat, sketch vo cele ofthe x versus and the versus graphs ifthe valu of $4 found in part ais replaed by ts negative, “4 a a 4. Describe physically what is the same and what i different about the initial conditions for two osillators having "equal but opposite” phase constants 4g and ~¢. “Me initial starting point ig the Some, For $e and -G,. Inthe First case. Jngweveds fre oretion is wading towards waxitmurn displacement, while ints Second COSC IF 1S moni Fowiords ne, waililocivann Bee For ¢ Hoe inirial Velocity is positive. For ~Bs iris nee We (62008 by Pearson Eéocaton, In, publishing a Pearson Adon: Wes2 § i (©2008 by Pesson Education fc, publishing 3 19. The top graph shows the position versus time for a mass oscillating on a spring. On the axes below, sketch the position-versus-time graph for this block forthe following, situations: Note: The changes described in each part refer back to the original oscillation, not tothe oscillation ofthe previous part of the question, Assume that all other parameters remain constant Use the same horizontal and vertical scales as the original oscillation graph. 4. The amplitude and the frequency are doubled. b, The amplitude is halved and the mass is quadrupled. cc. The phase constant is increased by 77/2 rad. 4d. The maximum speed is doubled while the amplitude remains constant. Oscillations -cuapveR M 14-9.W-10 cuapreR 14» Oxillations 14.6 The Pendulum 20. A pendulum on planet X, where the value of g is unknown, oscillates with a period of 2 seconds. What is the period of this pendulum if a, Ts mass is tripled? Note: fou do not know the values of m, L, or g, so do not assume any specific values, is independent of themnass, [T= 35} b. Its length is tripled’? (Be Te BTR ¢. Its oscillation amplitude i tripled? The pericct is independent of the omplitude For-small onmles T=3s 21. The graph shows the displacement s versus time for an oscillating pendulum. a, Draw the pendulum’s velocity-versus-time graph. ', What isthe value of the phase constant $49? Cos$, =-0-107 $, 2 395° «In the space atthe right, draw a picture of the pendulum that shows (and labels!) + The extremes of its motion * Its position at #= 0s, + Tis direction of motion (using an arow) at = 0s Sma (© 2008 by Pearson Edin In publishing os Parson Addison Wesley(© 2008 by Peano Eécaton, Inc. poblishng as Pearson Addison-Wesley Oscillations cuavrer M W=11 14.7 Damped Oscillations 22. AF the damping constant b of an oscillators increased, «a. Is the medium more resistive or less resistive? _ WOR b. Do the oscillations damp out more quickly of less quickly? WOCE ce. Isthe time constant 7 increased or decreasea” Aeewreosed 23. A block on a spring oscillates horizontally on a table with friction. Draw and label foree vectors on the block to show all horizontal forces on the block. 4. The mass is to the right ofthe equilibrium point and moving away from it — 2 i ete : Fe bb. The mass isto the right of the equilibrium point and approaching it. 24, A mass oscillating on a spring has a frequency of 0.5 Hz and a damping time constant 7 = 5 s. Use the ‘rid below to draw a reasonably accurate position-versus-time graph lasting 40 s. ~106n | ~ oe 1s on ae wsW-12 cHaPreR HM - Oscillations 25. The figure below shows the envelope of the oscillations of a damped oscillator, On the same axes, draw the envelope of oscillations if a, The time constant is doubled. ». The time constant is halved. Ample A 14.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance 26, What is the difference between the driving frequency and the natural frequency of an oscillator? Tine driving frequency is the Frequency ofan external Forcetnat applied to the system: The not isthe frequents of osciliarions dueto-ne Maken ey festering Force Wien displaced from equstokiam The Saving brequency ond nahin) Frequency One independent. 27. Acar drives along a bumpy roud on which the bumps are equally spaced. Ata speed of 20-mph, the frequsney of iting bumps is equa othe natural frequency of the er bouncing ont springs a. Drawa graph of the ea’ vera bouncing amplitude Angie asa function ofits speed if the cat has new shorkab- mast sorbers arge damping coeficien. b. Draw a graph ofthe car's vertical bouncing ampliude as. funetion ofits speed if the ear has worn out shock Aboorbers small damping coefiien). Draw both graphs onthe same aes, an label them as to whichis which i j é 2 i (© 2008 by Pearson Een (eh)