back channel responses used by a listener to reassure the speaker that they are

rheme
theme
listening
theand
point
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ofofthe
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the story.
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thee.g.
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uhuh,inwhat
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know.
we want
discourse.
to say e.g. was
the comp
tank
letely emptymarker
transaction
a feature that indicates a shift in topic or conversatio
nal focus e.g. anyway
discourse
the real language of written and/or spoken interaction or commun
ication beyonddiscourse
coherence
transactional
the
forsingle
discourse:
discourse
'sentence'
theinquality
level,the
which
ofinbeing
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purpose
meaningful
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interactional
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discourse discourse
force
the intended
to maintain
cultural,acontext-defined
relationship and culture sensi
tive meaning
speech
act of an
eachutterance
individual move in a conversation OR another term for funct
ion e.g. praising,
locutionary
adjacency
pairs
meaning
a pair
recommending,
ofthespeech
meaning
etc.ofinwords
acts
whichouttheoffirst
context
utterance requires an i
mmediate and possibly standard response. e.g. A: can I come in? B: sure! they co
uld be greeting-greeting, offer-acceptance/refusal, question-expected answer, bl
topic shift
ame-denial
the changes in direction that occur in conversation, often unexp
ectedly but sometimes
conversational
repair clearly
when asignalled
speaker attempts to correct or deal with problems
that arise in the course of a conversation. examples include clarifying what so
meone else has said e.g. 'are you saying..?'; clarifying what we have said e.g '
what I'm saying is ....'; chack someone is following us e.g. 'are you with me?';
showing that we are lost e.g. 'I'm not with you'. these are important strategie
s for students toanother
prominence
learn word for sentence stress, when we stress important words
.speech event
like a written text, but spoken. a speech event can involve any
number of people.changing
reciprocity
reformulation
thee.g.
practice
a political
the language
of exchanging
debate.
you use
athings
speech
an saying
with
etcothers
thingsfor
in 'another
mutual benefit
way'
to enhance andcompetence
communicative
facilitate a conversation
It not only refers to a learner's ability to app
ly and use grammatical rules, but also to form correct utterances, and know how
to use communication
phatic
these utterances appropriately.
communication that
(communicative
is used to approach)
establish a mood of sociab
ility rather than to communicate information or ideas. e.g small talk like 'nice
fluency
day isn't
theit?'
ability to understand and manipulate appropriate language and respon
d to the messagethe
accuracy
complexity
using
being
usestructures
communicated
of language
thatwithout
inare
realmore
timetypical
verbal
or grammatical
of higher level
mistakes
learners
than lower level ones