3/28/2014

Instructor
Dr.RaymondRumpf
(915)7476958
rcrumpf@utep.edu

EE4395/5390 SpecialTopics

ComputationalElectromagnetics
Lecture#5

TransferMatrixMethod
UsingScatteringMatrices
Thesenotesmaycontaincopyrightedmaterialobtainedunderfairuserules.Distributionofthesematerialsisstrictlyprohibited
Lecture5
Slide1

Outline

Alternatematrixdifferentialequation(nomodesorting)
Scatteringmatrixforasinglelayer
Multilayerstructures
Calculatingreflectedandtransmittedpower
NotesImplementation

Advanced scattering
matrices
Alternatives to
scattering matrices

Lecture5

Bonus

Slide2

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AlternateMatrix
DifferentialEquation

Lecture5

Slide3

RecallDerivationfromLastLecture
StartwithMaxwells
equationsfrom
Lecture2.
AssumeLHI.
Ez E y

k0 r H x
y
z
Ex Ez

k0 r H y
z
x
E y Ex

k0 r H z
x
y
H z H y

k0 r E x
y
z
H x H z

k0 r E y
z
x
H y H x

k0 r E z
x
y

Lecture5

Assumedeviceis
infiniteanduniform
inx andy directions.

jk x
x

jk y Ez

jk y
y

dE y
dz

k0 r H x

dE x
jk x E z k0 r H y
dz
jk x E y jk y E x k0 r H z

jk y H z

dH y

k 0 r E x

dz
dH x
jk x H z k0 r E y
dz
jk x H y jk y H x k0 r Ez

Normalizez and
wavevectorskx,ky,
andkz.
z k0 z
k
kx x
k0

ky
ky
k0

Eliminate
longitudinal
componentsEz and
Hz bysubstitution.

k
kz z
k0

dE y
jky Ez
r H x
dz
dEx
jkx Ez r H y
dz
jkx E y jky Ex r H z
dH y
jky H z
r Ex
dz

dH x
jkx H z r E y
dz

jk x H y jky H x r Ez

dEx kx ky
k 2
H x r x H y

dz
r
r

dE y ky2
kx ky
Hy
r H x

dz r
r

dH x kx ky
k 2
Ex r x E y

dz
r
r

dH y ky2
kx ky
E
r Ex

dz r
r y

Slide4

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DerivationofTwo22MatrixEquations
Wecanwriteourtwosetsoftwoequationsinmatrixformas
dEx kx ky
k 2

H x r x H y
dz
r
r

dE y ky2
k k
r H x x y H y

r
dz r

d Ex 1

dz E y r

dH x kx ky
k 2
Ex r x E y

dz
r
r

dH y k y
k x ky
E
r Ex

dz r
r y

d H x 1 kx ky

dz H y r ky2 r r

kx ky
2
ky r r

r r kx2 H x

kx ky H y

r r kx2 Ex

kx ky E y

Note:Theseequationsarevalidregardlessofthesignconvention.
Lecture5

Slide5

CompactPQForm
Wecanwriteourtwomatrixequationsmorecompactlyas
d Ex 1

dz E y r

kx ky
2
ky r r

1 kx ky

r ky2 r r

d H x 1 kx ky

dz H y r ky2 r r

r r kx2 H x

kx ky H y

r r kx2
kx ky

H x
d Ex
P
dz E y
H y

r r kx2 Ex

1 kx ky

r ky2 r r

kx ky E y

r r kx2

kx ky

Ex
d H x
Q
dz H y
Ey

Note:WewillseethissamePQformagainforothermethodslikeMoL,
RCWA,andwaveguideanalysis.TMM,MoL,andRCWAareimplemented
thesameafterPandQarecalculated.
Lecture5

Slide6

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MatrixWaveEquation
Ourtwogoverningequationsare
H
d Ex
P x Eq.(1)

E
dz y
H y

Ex
d H x
Q
dz H y
Ey

Eq.(2)

Wecannowderiveamatrixwaveequation.First,wedifferentiate
Eq.(1)withrespecttoz.
H
d d Ex d

P x

E
dz dz y dz H y

d2
dz 2

Ex
d H x
E P
dz H y
y

Second,wesubstituteEq.(2)intothisresult.
d2
dz 2

Ex
Ex
E P Q E
y
y

E
Ex
0
2 x
E E
y
y 0
2 PQ
d2
dz 2

Lecture5

Slide7

NumericalSolution(1of3)
Thesystemofequationstobesolvedis
d2
dz 2

E
Ex
0
2 x
E E
y
y 0

2 PQ

Thishasthegeneralsolutionof
Ex z
z
z

e a e a
E y z

a proportionality constant of forward wave

a proportionality constant of backward wave

Note:Herewearefinallyassumingasignconventionofejz forforwardpropagationinthe+z direction.

Nomodesorting! Here,wesolvedasecondorderdifferential
equationwherethemodeswecalculateareoneway.Wesimply
writethemtwiceforforwardandbackwardwaves.Beforewesolved
afirstorderdifferentialequationthatlumpedforwardandbackward
modestogether.
Lecture5

Slide8

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NumericalSolution(2of3)
RecallfromLecture4
f A W f W 1

Wecanusethisrelationtocomputethematrixexponentials.

e z We z W 1
W Eigen-vector matrix of 2
2 Eigen-value matrix of 2

ez We z W 1
e z

12 z

22 z

2 z
e N

Sotheoverallsolutioncannowbewrittenas

Ex z
z
1
1
z

We W a We W a

E
z
y
Lecture5

Slide9

NumericalSolution(3of3)
Sotheoverallsolutioncannowbewrittenas

Ex z
1
1
We z
W
a We z
W
a

E y z
c
c
Thecolumnvectorsa+ anda areproportionalityconstantsthat
havenotyetbeendetermined.
TheeigenvectormatrixW multipliesa+ anda togiveanother
columnvectorofundeterminedconstants.
Tosimplifythemath,wecombinetheseproductsintonew
columnvectorslabeledc+ andc .

Ex z
z
z

We c We c
E y z
Lecture5

Slide10

3/28/2014

AnalyticalExpressionsforW and
Thedispersionrelationwithnormalizedwavevectorsis

r r kx2 ky2 kz2

Usingthisrelation,wecansimplifythematrixequationfor2.
2 PQ

1 kx ky

r r ky2 r r

r r kx2 kx ky
kx ky

k y r r

r r kx2 kz2
kx ky

0
2
kz I
kz2

1 0
I
identity matrix
0 1

Sincethisisadiagonalmatrix,wecanconcludethat
1 0
WI

0 1
2 2

jk
z
0

0
jkz I
jkz

e jkz z
e z
0

e jk z z

Wedontactuallyhavetosolvetheeigenvalueproblemtoobtaintheeigenmodes!
Lecture5

Slide11

SolutionfortheMagneticField(1of2)
Themagneticfieldwillhaveasimilarsolution,butwillhaveitsown
eigenvectormatrixV todescribeitsmodes.

H x z
z
z

Ve c Ve c

H
z
y

Weputtheminussigninthe
solutionheresothatbothtermsin
thedifferentiated equationwillbe
positive.

Sincetheelectricandmagneticfieldsarecoupledandnot
independent,weshouldbeabletocomputeV fromW.First,we
differentiatethesolutionwithrespecttoz.

d H x z
z
z

Ve c Ve c
dz H y z
Lecture5

Slide12

3/28/2014

SolutionfortheMagneticField(2of2)
Wenowhave
d H x z
z
z

Ve c Ve c
dz H y z

Recallthat
Ex z
d H x z

dz H y z
E y z

and

Ex z
z
z

We c We c

E
z
y

Combiningtheseresultsleadsto

Ve zc Ve zc Q We zc We zc

QWe zc QWezc

Comparingthetermsshowsthat
V QW

V QW 1

Lecture5

Slide13

CombinedSolutionforEandH
ElectricFieldSolution
Ex z
z
z

We c We c
E y z

1 0
W

0 1

c amplitude coefficients of forward wave

c amplitude coefficients of backward wave
W eigen-vector matrix

MagneticFieldSolution
H x z
z
z

Ve c Ve c
H y z

V QW 1

CombinedSolution
Ex z

E y z W W e z

z
H x z V V 0

H y z
Lecture5

0 c

e z c

Doesthisequationlookfamiliar?
Thisisthesameequationwehad
attheendofLecture4.

Slide14

3/28/2014

TwoPathstoCombinedSolution
44Matrix
yz
kx ky

jkx yz zy
kx zx
yx yz zx
j ky

zz
zz
zz
zz
zz zz

y
Ex
xz zx
xz
zx

xz k zy

jk
j
k

xx
y
x
y

zz
zz
zz zz
zz
Ey
zz

2
H

z
k k
x


yz zx
x y yx yz zx k x yy yz zy
j
k
k

x
zz zz
zz
zz
H y zz
zz

k 2
k k

y xx xz zx x y xy xz zy
jky xz zx

zz zz
zz
zz
zz zz

SortEigenModes

E
x

Ey
H
yz zy
x
jkx

H y
zz zz

xz zy
j kx
ky

zz
zz

kx2

k
yy yz zy

zz
zz

kx ky
xz zy
xy

zz
zz

W
W E
WH
e z

e z

WE

WH

Ex
Ey
H x
H

z
e

Anisotropic
FieldSolution

MaxwellsEquations

E k0 r H

H k0 r E

Isotropicor
diagonally
anisotropic

Lecture5

W
z E
VH

WE e

VH 0

W W e z
z

V V 0
r r kx2
1 kx ky
2

r k y r r
kx ky
r r kx2
1 kx ky
Q
2

r k y r r
kx ky

0 c

e z c
0 c

e z c

Nosorting!

PQ Method

Slide15

ScatteringMatrix
foraSingleLayer

R.C.Rumpf,ImprovedFormulationofScatteringMatricesforSemiAnalytical
MethodsThatisConsistentwithConvention,PIERSB,Vol.35,pp.241261,2011.

Lecture5

Slide16

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MotivationforScatteringMatrices
Scatteringmatricesofferseveralimportantfeaturesand
benefits:
Unconditionallystablemethod.
Parametershavephysicalmeaning.
Parameterscorrespondtothosemeasuredinthelab.
Canbeusedtoextractdispersion.
Verymemoryefficient.
Canbeusedtoexploitlongitudinalperiodicity.
Matureandprovenapproach.
Muchgreaterwealthofliteratureavailable.

ExcellentalternativestoSmatricesdoexist!
Lecture5

Slide17

GeometryofaSingleLayer
Indicatesapointthatliesonaninterface,butassociatedwithaparticularside.

Layer i

Medium 1
1

i 0

i 0

zi

zi

c1 ci

Medium 2
i k0 Li

i k0 Li

c2
c2

c1 ci

Li
i z field within i th layer
Lecture5

ci mode coefficients inside i th layer

ci mode coefficients outside i th layer
Slide18

3/28/2014

FieldRelations
Fieldinsidetheith layer:
Ex ,i zi

E y ,i zi Wi
i zi

H x ,i zi Vi

H y ,i zi

Wi e i zi

Vi 0

0 ci

e i zi ci

Boundaryconditionsatthefirstinterface:
1 i 0
W1
V
1

W1 c1 Wi

V1 c1 Vi

Wi ci

Vi ci

Boundaryconditionsatthesecondinterface:
i k0 Li 2
Wi
V
i

Wi e i k0 Li

Vi 0

0 ci W2

e i k0 Li ci V2

W2 c2

V2 c2

Note:k0 hasbeen
incorporatedtonormalizeLi.

Lecture5

Slide19

DefinitionofAScatteringMatrix
c1 S11 S12 c1


c2 S 21 S 22 c2
S 21

1
S11

c1
Lecture5

S11 reflection
S 21 transmission

transmission

reflection

c2

S 22

S12
Thisisconsistentwithexperimentalconvention.

c2
Slide20

10

3/28/2014

DerivationoftheScatteringMatrix
Solvebothboundaryconditionequationsfortheintermediatemode
ci
ci
coefficientsand.
1

ci Wi

ci Vi

Wi W1
Vi V1

ci e i k0 Li

c i 0

W1 c1

V1 c1

0
e

i k0 Li

Wi

Vi

Wi W2
Vi V2

W2 c2

V2 c2

Bothoftheseequationshave
Wi

Vi

Wi W j

Vi V j

W j 1 A ij

V j 2 Bij

A ij Wi1W j Vi1V j

Bij
A ij

Bij Wi1W j Vi1V j

Wesetsubstitutethisresultintothefirsttwoequationsandsetthem
equal.
1 Ai1
2 Bi1

Bi1 c1 1 e i k0 Li

Ai1 c1 2 0

0
e

i k0 Li

Bi 2 c2

Ai 2 c2

Ai 2

Bi 2

Wewritethisastwomatrixequationsandrearrangetermsuntilthey
havetheformofascatteringmatrix.
c1 ? ? c1


c2 ? ? c2
Lecture5

Slide21

TheScatteringMatrix
ThescatteringmatrixSi oftheith
layerisdefinedas:

c1
i c1
S
c2
c2

i
S11
S i

S 21

S12

S 22i
i

Aftersomealgebra,thecomponentsof
thescatteringmatrixarecomputedas

S A
S A
S A

i
A i1 Xi Bi 2 A i21Xi Bi1
S11
i
12

i1

Xi Bi 2 A i21Xi Bi1

i
21

i2

Xi Bi1A i11Xi Bi 2

i
22

Lecture5

1
i 2 Xi B i1 A i1 X i B i 2

X B A X A
X A B A
X A B A
X B A X A
1

i2

1
i2

i1

Si

Bi1

i2

i2

1
i2

i1

i1

1
i1

i1

1
i1

Bij Wi1W j Vi1V j

Bi 2

Bi1

i 2 Bi 2

A ij Wi1W j Vi1V j

X i e i k0 Li

i isthelayernumber.
j iseither1or2dependingonwhichexternalmediumisbeingreferenced.

Slide22

11

3/28/2014

ScatteringMatricesintheLiterature
Forsomereason,thecomputationalelectromagneticscommunityhas:
(1)deviatedfromconvention,and(2)formulatedscatteringmatrices
inefficiently.
S 22 transmission

c S11 S12 c


c S 21 S 22 c

i 1

i 1

S12 reflection

S 21

S11

ci1

ci

ci1

ci

Lecture5

Heres11 isnotreflection.
Instead.itisbackwardtransmission!
Heres21 isnottransmission.
Instead,itisareflectionparameter!
Scatteringmatricescannotbeinterchanged.
Scatteringmatricesarenotsymmetricsotheytaketwice
thememorytostoreandaremoretimeconsumingto
calculate.

Slide23

LimitationofConventionalSMatrixFormulation
Notethattheelementsofascatteringmatrixareafunctionof
materialsoutsideofthelayer.

Thismakesitdifficulttointerchangescatteringmatricesarbitrarily.
Forexample,thereareonlythreeuniquelayersinthemultilayer
structurebelow,yet20separatecomputationsofscattering
matricesareneeded.
Threeuniquelayers

20layerstack
Lecture5

Slide24

12

3/28/2014

Solution
Togetaroundthis,wewillsurroundeachlayerwithanexternalregions
ofzerothickness.Thisletsusconnectthescatteringmatricesinany
orderbecausetheyallcalculatefieldsthatexistoutsideofthelayersin
thesamemedium.Thiswillhavenoeffectelectromagneticallyaslong
aswemaketheexternalregionshavezerothickness.
Gap Medium

Layer i

Gap Medium

Li

Lecture5

Slide25

VisualizationoftheTechnique
Wecalculatethescatteringmatricesforjusttheuniquelayers.
Threeuniquelayers

Thenwejustmanipulatethesesamethreescatteringmatricesto
buildtheglobalscatteringmatrix.

Gapsbetweenthelayersaremadetohavezerothicknessso
theyhavenoeffectelectromagnetically.

Faster! Simpler! Less memory needed!

Lecture5

Slide26

13

3/28/2014

RevisedGeometryofaSingleLayer
Gap Medium

Gap Medium

Layer i
1

i 0

i zi

i k0 Li 2

r ,h

r ,h

r ,h

i zi

k0 Li

c1 ci

r ,h

c2
c2

c1 ci

Li
Lecture5

Slide27

CalculatingRevisedScatteringMatrices
ThescatteringmatrixSi oftheith
layerisstilldefinedas:

c1
i c1

S


c2
c2

S i
S i 11i
S 21

i
S12

S 22i

Buttheelementsarecalculatedas

S A
i
12

i
S21i S12
i

S 22 S11

Lecture5

Xi Bi A i1

Si

X B A X A B
X B X A B A B

i
S11
A i Xi Bi A i1Xi Bi

1
i

1
i

Layersaresymmetricsothescatteringmatrix
elementshaveredundancy.
Scatteringmatrixequationsaresimplified.
Fewercalculations.
Lessmemorystorage.

A i Wi1Wh Vi1Vh
Bi Wi1Wh Vi1Vh

X i e i k0 Li

Slide28

14

3/28/2014

ScatteringMatricesofLosslessMedia
Ifascatteringmatrixiscomposedofmaterialsthathavenolossand
nogain,thescatteringmatrixmustconserveenergy.Thatis,all
incidentenergymusteitherreflectortransmit.
Thisimpliesthatthescatteringmatrixisunitary.
Ifthescatteringmatrixisunitary,itmustobeythefollowingrules:

S H S 1
S H S SS H S 1S SS 1 I

Lecture5

Slide29

HintsAboutStabilityinTheseFormulations
DiagonalelementsS11 andS22 tendtobethe
largestnumbers.Dividebytheseinsteadofany
offdiagonalelementsforbestnumericalstability.

S12
S
S 11

S 21 S 22
X describespropagationthroughanentirelayer.
DontdividebyX oryourcodecanbecome
unstable.
Lecture5

Slide30

15

3/28/2014

MultilayerStructures

Lecture5

Slide31

SolutionUsingScatteringMatrices
Thescatteringmatrixmethodconsistsofworkingthroughthedevice
onelayeratatimeandcalculatinganoverallscatteringmatrix.
S 1

S 2

S 3

S 4

S 5

S device S1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5
Redheffer starproduct.
NOTmatrixmultiplication!
Lecture5

Slide32

16

3/28/2014

Redheffer StarProduct
Twoscatteringmatricesmaybecombinedintoasinglescattering
matrixusingRedheffers starproduct.
S A
S A 11A
S21

S AB S A S B

A
S12

S22A

S B
S B 11B
S21

B
S12

S22B

Thecombinedscatteringmatrixisthen

S11

AB

AB

AB
S11
AB
S21

AB
S12

S22AB

S11
S12
I S11 S 22 S11 S 21
A

AB
A
B A
B
S12
S12
I S11 S 22 S12
1

S21 S21 I S22 S11
S 21
AB

B
A B
S22AB S22B S21B I S 22A S11
S 22 S12
R. Redheffer, Difference equations and functional equations in transmission-line theory,
Modern Mathematics for the Engineer, Vol. 12, pp. 282-337, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.
Lecture5

Slide33

DerivationoftheRedheffer StarProduct
Westartwiththeequationsforthetwoadjacentscatteringmatrices.
A
c1 S11

A
c2 S 21

A
S12
c1

A
S22 c2

B
c2 S11

B
c3 S 21

B
S12
c2

B
S 22 c3

Weexpandtheseintofourmatrixequations.
A
A
B
B
Eq. 1
Eq. 3
c1 S11
c1 S12
c2
c2 S11
c2 S12
c3
A
A
B
B

Eq. 2
Eq. 4
c2 S 21 c1 S 22 c2
c3 S 21 c2 S 22 c3
c2
WesubstituteEq.(2)intoEq.(3)togetanequationwithonly.
c2
WesubstituteEq.(3)intoEq.(2)togetanequationwithonly.

I S S c
I S S c
B
11

A
22

B A
B
S11
S 21 c1 S12
c3

Eq. 5

A
22

B
11

B
S 21A c1 S 22A S12
c3

Eq. 6

c
c
WeeliminateandbysubstitutingtheseequationsintoEq.(1)
and(4).Wethenrearrangetermsintotheformofascatteringmatrix.

c1 ? ? c1


c3 ? ? c3
Lecture5

Overall,thisisjustalgebra.Westartwith4equationsand6
unknownsandreduceitto2equationswith4unknowns.
Slide34

17

3/28/2014

PuttingitAllTogether
Wehaveoneremainingproblem.Intherevisedframework,theglobalscattering
matrixplacesthedeviceinfreespace.Inmanyapplications,wemaywant
somethingotherthanfreespaceoutsidethedevice.
Weconnecttheglobalscatteringmatrixtotheexternalmaterialsbysurroundingit
byconnectionscatteringmatricesthathavezerothickness

Deviceexistswithingapmedium

global

ref

S S S S

trn

Device in gap medium

S device

Lecture5

Slide35

Reflection/TransmissionSideScatteringMatrices
Thereflectionsidescatteringmatrixis
ref

1
ref

ref

1
ref

S11 A B ref
S12 2 A

s ref

A ref Wh1Wref Vh1Vref

S 21ref 0.5 A ref B ref A ref1 B ref

1
h

r ,I

r ,h

r ,I

r ,h

1
h

B ref W Wref V Vref

S 22ref B ref A ref1

lim
L0

Thetransmissionsidescatteringmatrixis
trn

S11 B trn A
trn

1
trn
1
trn

S12 0.5 A trn B trn A B trn

S21 2A trn1
trn

S22trn A trn1 B trn

s trn

A trn Wh1Wtrn Vh1Vtrn

1
h

r ,h

r ,II

r ,h

r ,II

1
h

B trn W Wtrn V Vtrn

lim
L0

Lecture5

Slide36

18

3/28/2014

CalculatingTransmitted
andReflectedPower

Lecture5

Slide37

RecallHowtoCalculateSourceParameters
IncidentWaveVector

SurfaceNormal

sin cos

kinc k0 ninc sin sin

cos
Righthanded
coordinatesystem

0
n 0
1

kinc

aTM
aTE

UnitVectorsAlongPolarizations

a y

aTE kinc n

k n
inc

aTE kinc
aTM

aTE kinc

0
0

CompositePolarizationVector

P pTE aTE pTM aTM

InCEM,wemake

P 1

Lecture5

Slide38

19

3/28/2014

SolutionUsingScatteringMatrices
Theexternalfields(i.e.incidentwave,reflectedwave,transmitted
wave)arerelatedthroughtheglobaltransfermatrix.
c ref
global cinc
c S
0

trn

E
1 x ,inc
cinc Wref
E
y ,inc

WegetEx,inc andEy,inc fromthe

polarizationvectorP. E P
x ,inc

E P
y ,inc y

Thismatrixequationcanbesolvedtocalculatethemodecoefficients
ofthereflectedandtransmittedfields.
global
c ref S11
c global
trn S 21

global
S12
cinc

global 0
S 22

global
c ref S11
cinc

c trn S21globalcinc
cinc

right
cinc
not typically used

Lecture5

Slide39

CalculationofTransmittedandReflectedFields
Theproceduredescribedthusfarcalculatedcref andctrn.
Thetransmittedandreflectedfieldsarethen
inc
Exref
global
global 1 Ex
ref Wref c ref Wref S11 cinc Wref S11 Wref inc
E y
E y
inc
Extrn
global
global 1 Ex
trn Wtrn c trn Wtrn S 21 cinc Wtrn S 21 Wref inc
E y
E y

Lecture5

Slide40

20

3/28/2014

CalculationoftheLongitudinalComponents
WearestillmissingthelongitudinalfieldcomponentEz oneither
sizeofthelayerstack.
ThesearecalculatedusingMaxwellsdivergenceequation.

E 0

E0, x e
x

jk r

y E

0, y e

jk r

z E

0, z e

jk r

Note:

E 0 reduces to

E 0 when is homogeneous.

jk x E0, x e jk r jk y E0, y e jk r jk z E0, z e jk r 0

k x E0, x k y E0, y k z E0, z 0
k z E0, z k x E0, x k y E0, y
E0, z

k x E0, x k y E0, y
kz

Ezref

kx E xref ky E yref
k ref
z

Eztrn

kx Extrn ky E ytrn

k trn
z

Lecture5

Slide41

CalculationofPowerFlow
Reflectanceisdefinedasthefractionofpowerreflectedfromadevice.
2
Eref
2
2
2
2
R 2
E Ex E y Ez

Einc

Transmittanceisdefinedasthefractionofpowertransmitted
throughadevice.
2

Etrn

k
T 2 Re r ,ref z ,trn
r ,trn k z ,inc
Einc

Note:Wewillderivethese
formulasinLecture7.

Itisalwaysgoodpracticetocheckforconservationofenergy.
1 materials have loss
R T 1 materials have no loss and no gain
1 materials have gain
Lecture5

Slide42

21

3/28/2014

ReflectanceandTransmittanceonaDecibelScale
DecibelScale

PdB 20 log10 A
PdB 10 log10 P

Howtocalculatedecibelsfromanamplitudequantity.
Howtocalculatedecibelsfromapowerquantity.
P A2
PdB 10 log10 A2 20 log10 A

ReflectanceandTransmittance
Reflectanceandtransmittancearepowerquantities,so

RdB 10 log10 R
TdB 10 log10 T

Lecture5

Slide43

Noteson
Implementation

Lecture5

Slide44

22

3/28/2014

StoringtheProblem
HowisathedevicedescribedandstoredforTMM?
Wedontuseagridforthismethod!
Storethepermittivityforeachlayerina1Darray.
Storethepermeabilityforeachlayerina1Darray.
Storethethicknessofeachlayerina1Darray.
ER = [ 2.50 , 3.50 , 2.00 ];
UR = [ 1.00 , 1.00 , 1.00 ];
L = [ 0.25 , 0.75 , 0.89 ];

Inputarraysfor
threelayers

Wewillalsoneedtheexternalmaterials,andsourceparameters.
er1,er2,ur1,ur2,theta,phi,pte,ptm,andlam0
Lecture5

Slide45

StoringScatteringMatrices
WeoftentalkaboutthescatteringmatrixS asasinglematrix.
S12
S
S 11

S 21 S 22

However,weneveractuallyusethescatteringmatrixS thisway.
WeonlyeverusetheindividualtermsS11,S12,S21,andS22.
So,scatteringmatricesareactuallystoredasthefourseparate
componentsofthescatteringmatrix.
S12
S
S 11

S 21 S 22

Lecture5

S11 , S12 , S 21 , and S 22

Slide46

23

3/28/2014

CalculatingXi = exp(-ik0Li)
Recallthecorrectanswer:

Xi e

e jkz k0 Li

i k0 Li

e jk z k0 Li
0

Itisincorrecttousethefunctionexp() becausethiscalculatesa
pointbypointexponential,notamatrixexponential.
X =
0.0135 + 0.9999i
1.0000

X = exp(-OMEGA*k0*L);

1.0000
0.0135 + 0.9999i

Approach#2:diag()

Approach#1:expm()
X = expm(-OMEGA*k0*L);

X = diag(exp(-diag(OMEGA)*k0*L));

X =
0.0135 + 0.9999i
0

X =
0.0135 + 0.9999i
0

0
0.0135 + 0.9999i

0
0.0135 + 0.9999i

Lecture5

Slide47

EfficientStarProduct
AfterobservingtheequationstoimplementtheRedheffer star
product,weseetherearesomecommonterms.Calculatingthese
multipletimesisinefficientsowecalculatethemonlyonceusing
intermediateparameters.

S
AB

AB

S11

S11
S12
I S11 S 22 S11 S 21

S12

S12
I S11 S 22 S12

AB

AB

AB

S 21 S 21

A B 1 A B

S 22 S 22 S 21 I S 22 S11 S 22 S12
Lecture5

B
F S21B I S22A S11

B
A
I S22A S11

S 21
B

A
B A
D S12
I S11 S 22

AB
A
B A
S11
S11
DS11
S 21
AB
B
S12
DS12

S21AB FS21A
B
S22AB S22B FS22A S12
Slide48

24

3/28/2014

UsingtheStarProductasanUpdate
Veryoftenweupdateourglobalscatteringmatrixusingastar
product.
Whenweusethisequationasanupdate,weMUSTpayclose
attentiontotheorderthatweimplementtheequationssothatwe
dontaccidentallyoverwriteavaluethatweneed.

S global Si S global
global

F S21

global

global

reverseorder

S22

global

S 21

S22

global

S22
i

global
I S22i S11

global
i global
D S12
I S11 S 22
1

FS22S1 2
i

global

FS 21

global
global
S12
DS12
global
i
i
S11
S11
DS1 global
S 21
1

global i
i

F S21 I S22 S11

standardorder

D S12
I S11

S global S global S i
1

global
global
i global
S11
DS11
S11
S 21
global
i
DS12
S12

S21global FS21global
i
S22global S22i FS22global S12

Lecture5

Slide49

SimplificationsforTMMinLHIMedia
InLHImedia,
1 0
Wi I

0 1

and

i jkz ,i I

1 0
I
identity matrix
0 1

Nowwedonotactuallyhavetocalculate because
i i

Givenallofthis,theeigenvectorsforthemagneticfieldscanbecalculatedas
Vi Qi Wi i1 Qi i1

Whencalculatingscatteringmatrices,theintermediatematricesAi andBi are

A i Wi1Wh Vi1Vh I Vi1Vh

Bi Wi1Wh Vi1Vh I Vi1Vh
Thefieldsandmodecoefficientsarenowrelatedthrough
P
Px
1 x
cinc Wref
P P
y y
Lecture5

Exref
ref Wref S11cinc S11cinc
E y

Extrn
trn Wtrn S 21cinc S 21cinc
E y
Slide50

25

3/28/2014

InitializingtheGlobalScatteringMatrix
Beforeweiteratethroughallthelayers,wemustinitializetheglobal
scatteringmatrixasthescatteringmatrixofnothing.
Whataretheidealpropertiesofnothing?
1.

Transmits100%ofpowerwithnophasechange.
global
S12
S21global I

2.

Doesnotreflect.
global
S11
S 22global 0

Wethereforeinitializeourglobalscatteringmatrixas

0 I
S global

I 0

ThisisNOTanidentitymatrix!
Lookatthepositionofthe0sandIs.

Lecture5

Slide51

CalculatingtheParametersoftheHomogeneous
Gaps
Ouranalyticalsolutionforahomogeneouslayeris
1 kx ky
Qh

r ,h ky2 r ,h r ,h

r ,h r ,h kx2

kx ky

kz2,h r ,h r ,h kx2 ky2

Wh I
h jkz ,h I

Wearefreetochooseanyr and
Vh Q h Wh h1
r thatwewish.Wealsowishto
avoidthecaseofkz,h = 0.Forconvenience,wechoose
r ,h 1.0

and

r ,h 1 kx2 ky2

Wethenhave
kx ky
Qh
2
1 kx

Lecture5

1 ky2

kx ky

Wh I
Vh jQ h
Slide52

26

3/28/2014

BlockDiagramofTMMUsingSMatrices
InitializeGlobal
ScatteringMatrix

Wh I

0 I
S global

I 0

CalculateParameters
forLayeri

Vh jQ h

CalculateScatteringMatrix
forLayeri

kz ,i i i kx2 ky2

Ai I Vi1Vh

i i kx2
1 kx ky
Qi 2

i ky i i
kx ky
i jkz ,i I
Vi Qi i1

CalculateTransverse
WaveVectors
kx ninc sin cos

CalculateGapMediumParameters

UpdateGlobal
ScatteringMatrix
global
S11
global
S 21

B i I Vi1Vh

Xi e i k0 Li

i
S11
S 22i A i Xi B i A i1Xi Bi
i
S12
S 21i A i Xi B i A i1Xi Bi

1
i

1
i

global global
S12
S11

S 22global S 21global

global i
S12
S11

S22global S 21i

i
S12

S22i

Start

global
global
global
i global
i global
S11
S11
S12
I S11 S 22 S11 S 21

X B A X A B
X A B A B
1

ky ninc sin sin

global
global
i global
i
S12
S12
I S11 S 22 S12

i
global
S 21global S 21i I S22globalS11
S 21
1

i
global i
S 22global S 22i S 21i I S 22global S11
S 22 S12

no
yes

Loopthroughalllayers

Done?

Connectto
External
Regions
S global S ref S global
S global S global S trn

Finish
Calculate
Source

P pTE aTE pTM aTM

P 1
Px
cinc
Py

CalculateTransmitted
andReflectedFields

CalculateLongitudinal
FieldComponents

E xref
ref S11cinc
E y

E zref

E xtrn
trn S 21cinc
E y

E ztrn

kx Exref ky E yref
k ref
z

kx E xtrn ky E ytrn
k trn
z

CalculateTransmittance
andReflectance

R Eref

2
k trn
T Etrn Re ref zref

trn k z

Lecture5

Slide53

HowtoHandleZeroLayers
Followtheblockdiagram!!
Setupyourloopthisway
NLAY = length(L);
for nlay = 1 : NLAY
...
end

Forzerolayers:
ER = [];
UR = [];
L = [];

IfNLAY = 0,thentheloopwillnotexecutetheglobalscattering
matrixwillremainasitwasinitialized.
0 I
S global

I 0
Lecture5

Slide54

27

3/28/2014

CanTMMFail?
Yes!
TheTMMcanfailtogiveananswerandbehavenumericallystrange
anytimekz = 0.Thishappensatacriticalanglewhenthe
transmittedwaveisverynearitscutoff.
Wefixedthisprobleminthegapmedium,butthiscanalsohappenin
anyofthelayersorinthetransmissionregion.

Thishappensinanymediumwhere

r r kx2 ky2

Lecture5

Slide55

Advanced
ScatteringMatrices

Lecture5

Slide56

28

3/28/2014

LongitudinallyPeriodicDevices
Supposewejustcalculatedthescatteringmatrixfortheunitcellofa
longitudinallyperiodicdevice.
UnitCell

ABC
UnitCell1

UnitCell2

UnitCell3

UnitCell4

UnitCell4

S S S
A

UnitCell6

UnitCell7

UnitCell8

Thereexistsaveryefficientwayofcalculatingtheglobalscattering
matrixofalongitudinallyperiodicdevicewithoutcalculatingand
combiningalltheindividualscatteringmatrices.
S

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

Bothareinefficient!!!

Lecture5

Slide57

CascadingandDoubling
Wecanquicklybuildanoverallscatteringmatrixthatdescribes
hundredsandthousandsofunitcells.
Westartbycalculatingthescatteringmatrixforasingleunitcell.
S 1 S A S B S C

A BC

Next,wekeepconnectingthescatteringmatrixtoitselftokeep
doublingthenumberofunitcellsitdescribes.
S 2 S 1 S 1
S 4 S 2 S 2
S 8 S 4 S 4

Lecture5

Slide58

29

3/28/2014

AlgorithmforArbitraryNumberofUnitCells
Step1 Calculatethescatteringmatrixfortheunitcell.
S 1 S A S B S C

A BC

Step2 Determinethebinarydigitsforthetotalnumberof
repetitions.
Chainof10unitcells 1010

Step3 Performcascadingadoublingwhileupdatingtheglobal
scatteringmatrixonlywiththescatteringmatricescorrespondingto
binarydigitsof1.
1.InitializeAlgorithm

S N

0 I

I 0

S bin S1

2.Performmodifiedcascadinganddoubling
a.Ifbinarydigitis1 S N S N S bin

Loop#
binary
digits

b. S bin S bin S bin

c. repeat through all binary digits

Lecture5

Slide59

BlockDiagramforModifiedCascadingand
DoublingAlgorithm
Example

Inputs
S

S-matrix of one unit cell

N Number of times to repeat unit cell

ConvertN tobinary
10110

N = 22 10110

InitializeAlgorithm

1: S(N) now 2 unit cells

S(bin) now 4 unit cells

0 I
S N

I 0

Loopthroughallbinarydigits
startingwiththeleastsignificantdigit.

Lecture5

0: No update to S(N)
S(bin) now 2 unit cells

S bin S 1

1: S(N) now 6 unit cells

S(bin) now 8 unit cells

Output

Done?

S N

no

digit=1?

yes

0: No update to S(N)
S(bin) now 16 unit cells
1: S(N) now 22 unit cells
S(bin) now 32 unit cells

UpdateS(N)
S N S N S bin

no

UpdateDoubling
S bin S bin S bin

Slide60

30

3/28/2014

DispersionAnalysis(1of2)
Anoverallscatteringmatrixiscalculatedthatdescribestheunitcell.
uc
c0 S11
uc
c N 1 S11

uc
S11
c0

uc c
S11
N 1

S uc same as S1 on previous slide

Thetermsarerearrangedinalmosttheformofatransfermatrix.
uc
uc
0 S12
c N 1 S11
uc

uc

I S 22 c N 1 S 21

I c0

0 c0

Ifthedeviceisinfinitelyperiodicinthez direction,thenthe
followingperiodicboundaryconditionmusthold.

cN 1
jk z z
e
c N 1

c0

c0

Herekz istheeffectivepropagation
constantofthemode.

Lecture5

Slide61

DispersionAnalysis(1of2)
Wesubstitutetheperiodicboundaryconditionintoourrearranged
equationtoget
uc
S11
uc
S 21

I c0
jk
e z z
0 c0

uc
0 S12
c 0

uc
I S 22 c0

Thisisageneralizedeigenvalueproblem.

Ax Bx

uc
S11
A uc

S 21

c0
x
c 0

uc
0 S12
B

uc
I S 22

e jk
z

[V,D] = eig(A,B);
Eigen vectors
Lecture5

Eigen values
Slide62

31

3/28/2014

Alternativesto
ScatteringMatrices

Lecture5

Slide63

TransmittanceMatrices(TMatrices)
TheTmatrixmethodisthetransfermatrixmethodwhereforward
andbackwardwavesaredistinguished.

left

c trn T11 T12 cinc

c right T T
22 c ref
inc 21

Benefits
Muchfaster(5to10times)
Unconditionallystable

Drawbacks
Lessmemoryefficient
Cannotexploitlongitudinal
periodicity
Lesspopularintheliterature
M. G. Moharam, Drew A. Pommet, Eric B. Grann, Stable implementation of the rigorous coupled-wave analysis for surfacerelief gratings: enhanced transmittance matrix approach, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 1077-1086, 1995.
Lecture5

Slide64

32

3/28/2014

HybridMatrices(HMatrices)
Thehmatrixmethodisborrowedfromelectricaltwoportnetworks.

V1 h11
I h
2 21

h12 I1
h22 V2

h11

V1
I2

I
h21 2
I1

V2 0

V1
V2

I1 0

V2 0

I
h22 2
V2

I1 0

h12

Intheframeworkoffields,thehmatrixisdefinedas

Ex ,i 1
E i
y ,i 1 H11
H x ,i H i
21
H y ,i

H x ,i 1

i
H12
H y ,i 1

H 22i Ex ,i

E y ,i

ClaimedBenefits
Improvednumericalstability
Moreconciseformulation
Simplertoimplement
Improvednumericalefficiency
(30%betterthanETM)
Unconditionallystable

Eng L. Tan, Hybrid-matrix algorithm for rigorous coupled-wave analysis of

multilayered diffraction gratings, J. Mod. Opt., Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 417-428, 2006.
Lecture5

Slide65

RMatrices
TheRmatrixmethodisessentiallytheimpedancematrixframework
borrowedfromelectricaltwoportnetworks.

V1 z11
V z
2 21

z12 I1
z22 I 2

z11
z21

V1
I1
V2
I1

V1
I2

z12
I2 0

z22
I2 0

V2
I2

I1 0

I1 0

Intheframeworkoffields,thehmatrixisdefinedas

Ex ,i 1
E i
y ,i 1 R11
E x ,i R i

21
E
y ,i

H x ,i 1

i
R12
H y ,i 1

R 22i H x ,i

H y ,i

ClaimedBenefits
Unconditionallystable
Improvednumericalefficiency

Lifeng Li, Bremmer series, R-matrix propagation algorithm, and numerical modeling of
diffraction gratings, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 11, No. 11, pp. 2829-2836, 1994.
Lecture5

Slide66

33