BACK TITRATION

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Alternative technique to
direct titration

In a simple acid-base
titration,a base (reagent) is
added in a known quantity
greater than the amount
required for acid
neutralization.

The remaining base is

titrated with a standard
acid.

Acid and base reacts

completely.

The system has gone from

being ACID, past the
equivalent point to the
BASIC (excess base), and
back to the equivalent point
again. The final titration to
the equivalent point is called
BACK TITRATION.

Back titration

reaction
reaction is
is slow.
slow.

add
add NaOH
NaOH in
in excess
excess

allow
allow the
the reaction
reaction to
to reach
reach
completion
completion

titrate
titrate the
the excess
excess NaOH
NaOH
with
a
standard
solution
with a standard solution of
of
HCl.
HCl.

The
The system
system has
has gone
gone from
from
being
ACID
,
past
the
being ACID , past the
equivalence
equivalence point
point to
to the
the
BASIC
side
(excess
base),
BASIC side (excess base),
and
and then
then back
back to
to the
the
equivalence
point.
equivalence point.

The
The final
final titration
titration to
to the
the
equivalence
point
is
called
equivalence point is called
aa BACK
BACK TITRATION.
TITRATION.

EXAMPLE OF BACK TITRATION

The titration of insoluble acid organic acid with NaOH

SET UP EXPERIMENT

React with the excess volume of reactant which has

been left over after completing reaction with the
analyte from the normal titration
The substance or solution of unknown concentration
of excess intermediate reactant is made to react with
known volume and concentration of intermediate
reactant solution in back titration

Properties of back-titration

Throughout back titration, the reaction can reach the

completion quickly as the excess reactant that react with
the NaOH (as example) heated, and is much easier to
measure

Back titration also an indirect titration procedure

the proportion consumed in the reaction of back titration

being obtained by difference

PURPOSE OF BACK TITRATION

Back titration is
designed to
resolve some of 1: The analyte may be in solid form
2: The analyte may contain
the problems
impurities which may interfere
encountered
with direct titration. Consider the
with forward or
case of contaminated chalk. We can
direct titration.
filter out the impurities before the
Possible reasons excess reactant is titrated and thus
for devising
avoid this situation.
back titration
technique are :

Back titration is
designed to
resolve some of
the problems
encountered with
forward or direct
titration. Possible
reasons for
devising back
titration technique
are :

3: The analyte reacts slowly with titrant

in direct or forward titration. The
reaction with the intermediate reactant
can be speeded up and reaction can be
completed say by heating.
4: Weak acid weak base reactions can
be subjected to back titration for
analysis of solution of unknown
concentration. Recall that weak acidweak weak titration does not yield a
well defined change in pH, which can be
detected using an indicator.

useful if the
endpoint of the useful when trying
reverse titration is to work out the
easier to identify amount of an acid
than the endpoint or base in a nonof the normal
soluble solid.
titration

ADVANTAGES OF BACK
TITRATION

Needs skill and

practise for
effective results

Instruments have
to be properly
calibrated since
it will give
affected the final
result.

Reactivity of the
elements to be
titrated should
be well
researched since
this may affect
the end point.

Time consuming
if done manually

DISADVANTAGES OF BACK
TITRATION

Example 1
150.0 mL of 0.2105 M nitric acid was added in excess
to 1.3415 g calcium carbonate. The excess acid was
back titrated with 0.1055 M sodium hydroxide. It
required 75.5 mL of the base to reach the end point.
Calculate the percentage (w/w) of calcium carbonate
in the sample.

CALCULATION

1.EXTRACT INFORMATION
HNO3
V=150.0 mL
M=0.2105 M
CACO3
Mass= 1.3415 g
NAOH
M=0.1055 M
V=75.5 mL

2. Write balanced equation

2HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O ------ 1
HNO3 + NaOH

NaNO3 + H2O ------- 2

2 mole of HNO3 react with 1 mole of CaCO3

1 mole of HNO3 react with 1 mole of NaOH

3. Calculate no of mole
Initial amount HNO3:
No of mole of acid = 0.2105 x 150
= 31.575 mole acid.
Excess acid
No of mole of excess acid = 0.1055 x 75.5
= 7.965 mmole acid

mole of acid reacted with CaCO 3 = ( 31.575 7.965 )

= 23.61 mole acid
4. Mole ratio
2 mole of HNO3 react with 1 mole of CaCO3
Thus,23.61 mole of HNO3 react with (23.61) mole of CaCO 3
mole of CaCO3 = x mole acid
= x 23.61
= 11.805 mole CaCO3.

5. Find mass
Gram CaCO3 = mole x molar mass
= 11.805 x 10-3 x 100
= 1.1805 g.
6.Find percentage
weight CaCO3
% CaCO3 =
=

weight of sample
100
1.1805
1.3415 100

= 87.99 % (w/w)

A 0.500g sample containing Na2CO3 is analyzed by adding

50.0ml of 0.100M HCL, a slight excess, boiling to remove
CO2, and then back-titrating the excess acid with 0.100M
NaOH . If 5.6ml NaOH is required for the back titration,
what is the percent Na2CO3 in the sample?
Molar mass for Na2CO3 = 106
Answer: 47.1%

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