Department

Of Mechanical
Engineering
RIET, Jaipur

SYNOPSIS
Major Project
On

SOLENOID ENGINE

GROUP MEMBER
Lokesh Kumar Meena (Leader)
Pavan Kumar Kumawat
Mahendra Kumar Meena
Kamal Kishor
Vivek Kumar Sharma
Himanshu Narela

GROUP LEADER
LOKESH KUMAR MEENA

INTRODUCTION
Solenoid is the generic term for a coil of wire used as an electromagnet. It also refers to any
device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using a solenoid. The device creates
a magnetic field from electric current and uses the magnetic field to create linear motion.
Common applications of solenoids are to power a switch, like the starter in an automobile, or a
valve, such as in a sprinkler system.

A solenoid consists of a coil and a moving metal rod, also known as armature or plunger. The
operation of solenoids is based on conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, and
therefore solenoids are being considered as electromechanical actuators. Normally, the coil is a
copper wire wound with a tiny pitch and placed in a metal (iron-based material) case, also known
as a C-frame. The C-frame is a supporting structure that also contributes to the magnetic field
produced by the coil. Applying an electrical current to a solenoid coil generates a magnetic field
or flux with intensity proportional to the current. The magnetic field pulls the plunger in. The
reason for the plunger attraction is a ferromagnetic material with high magnetic permeability,
whereas air which has very low magnetic permeability. Pulling the plunger inside closes the air
gap and intensifies the field concentration inside the solenoid 1.

The plunger (armature) of the solenoid can only be attracted by the magnetic field, hence the
solenoids can only generate force in one direction. Normally when the solenoid is in rest the
plunger is kept far from the coil using a spring. However, solenoids have been used as servo
actuator in engine mount application. Arzanpour and Golnaraghi 2)have replaced the plunger of a
solenoid with a permanent magnet and retrofitted it inside an active engine bushing. It enables
them to both attract and repel the actuator and create sinusoidal motion with it. Also Mansour et.
al. 3) have replaced the spring of a solenoid with a stronger one and gave the solenoid a bias
current to use it as a servo actuator

LITERATURE SURVEY
The growing energy crisis has caused many people to try to convert gasoline engines to run
batteries. I discovered a method to convert a garden tractor engine to operate on a car battery.
Then I had a patent search made. I had not been influenced by other inventions. Several patents

regarding electrifying engines have been granted. My invention differs from all I saw in several
ways. I found no patent using a double length solenoid tube having two separate coils to produce
power on the down stroke and the up stroke. I found no patents using the flywheel or crankshaft
pulley to host devices used in electrical switching systems to have the magnets pulling on every
stroke. I found no patents that claimed to have a working model. My conversion method does all
of the above listed, and the conversion can be made with parts easily obtainable.

REFERENCE
Search
1.

"Solenoid". Online Etymology Dictionary.

2.

http://nukephysik101.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/finite-length-solenoid-potential-andfield.pdf

3.

D. Howard Dellinger, L. E. Whittmore, and R. S. Ould (1924). "Radio Instruments and

Measurements". NBS Circular (National Bureau of Standards) C74. Retrieved 2009-09-07.

Faculty Member
1.Mr. Vinod Singh Yadav (HOD ME)
2. Mr. Sharad Shrivastav(Guide teacher)
3.Mr. Raghav Singh
4.Mr. Mahesh Janghir

Abstract:
An electro-magnetic reciprocating engine and method for converting an internal combustion
engine to an electro-magnetic reciprocating engine wherein the cylinders are replaced with
nonferromagnetic material and the pistons reciprocally disposed therein are replaced with
permanent magnet pistons. An electro-magnet is disposed at the outer end of each cylinder. A

switching and timing apparatus is operably connected between a DC electrical power source and
the electro-magnets whereby the creation of a magnetic field about said electro-magnet will
interact with the magnetic field about the permanent magnet pistons to effect reciprocal motion
of said pistons within the cylinders. Oil rings are provided around said pistons whereby
lubrication can be effected in the same manner as provided in an internal combustion engine.
A method of converting piston driven engines to operate on electricity. The head is removed
from the engine. A solenoid tube, approximately twice as long as the stroke of the engine piston,
for identification purposes, called a Double Length Solenoid Tube or DLST is fitted with flanges
approximately on each end and in the middle, and is wound with suitable wire in layers from end
flanges to middle making two separate magnetic coils on the DLST a bar, which can be
temporarily magnetized, for identification purposes is called the power magnet, PM is attached
to a rod, which cannot be magnetized, for identification purposes, called the Power Rod, PR is
fastened to the top of the engine piston . When the engine piston approaches Top Dead Center,
TDC, the PM is in the top half of the DLST approximately at this position the bottom magnetic
coil is energized pulling the PM and the PR down; pushing the engine piston down; turning the
crankshaft from 0 degree to 180 degrees. When the engine piston is at Bottom Dead Center,
BDC, the PM is as close to the center of the crankshaft as it can be. The top coil is energized,
magnetically pulling the PM the PR and the engine piston up; turning the crankshaft from 180
degrees to 360 degrees, completing the cycle. Therefore, by using a double length solenoid tube
with two coils, a solenoid magnet bar pushes down on the downstroke and pulls up on the
upstroke to the engine piston delivering power to the crankshaft on every stroke. Included in
specifications is an electrical switching system, two cooling systems and a lubrication system.
This method can be applied to any piston driven engine.

Group Member:
Lokesh Kumar Meena
Pavan Kumar Kumawat

Mahendra Kumar Meena

Kamal Kishor
Vivek Kumar Sharma
Himashu Narela

Group Leader:
Lokesh Kumar Meena

Project Guide:
Mr. Sharad Shirivastav

CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

A solenoid is a coil of wire in a corkscrew shape wrapped around a piston, often made of iron. As
in all electromagnets, a magnetic field is created when an electric current passes through the

wire. Electromagnets have an advantage over permanent magnets in that they can be switched on
and off by the application or removal of the electric current, which is what makes them useful as
switches and valves and allows them to be entirely automated.

Fig: Solenoid Engine

Like all magnets, the magnetic field of an activated solenoid has positive and negative poles that
will attract or repel material sensitive to magnets. In a solenoid, the electromagnetic field causes
the piston to either move backward or forward, which is how motion is created by a solenoid
coil.
In a direct-acting valve, electric current activates the solenoid, which in turn pulls a piston or
plunger that would otherwise block air or fluid from flowing. In some solenoid valves, the
electromagnetic field does not act directly to open the conduit. In pilot-operated valves, a
solenoid moves the plunger, which creates a small opening, and pressure through the opening is
what operates the valve seal. In both types, solenoid valves require a constant flow of electrical
current to remain open because once the current is stopped, the electromagnetic field disperses
and the valve returns to its original closed position.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of converting piston driven engines to operate on electricity. This method can be used
on alternating current, AC, or direct current, DC, on engines with any number of pistons. The
means of providing this conversion is by making a solenoid tube approximately twice the length
of the stroke of the engine piston. The double length solenoid tube is wound with suitable wire;

two separate magnetic coils are wound from approximately opposite ends to the middle. A bar,
which can be temporally magnetized and is approximately the length of the stroke of the engine
piston, is connected at one end to a rod, which cannot be magnetized; the other end of the rod, is
connected to the top of the engine piston. The length of the rod is approximately the length of the
stroke of the engine piston. The double length solenoid tube is fastened over a cylinder; if a
plurality of cylinders are used, each should have its own approximately double length solenoid
tube. When the bar is in the top part of the tube, the bottom coil is energized pulling the bar into
the bottom part of the double length solenoid tube, pushing the engine piston down, turning the
crankshaft 180 degrees, when the bar and its piston connections are in the bottom part of the
double length solenoid tube, the top coil is energized, pulling the bar and its piston connections
up, turning the crankshaft completely the 360 degree cycle. The engine piston or pistons and the
crankshaf.