RECEIVING ELEMENTS

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 Disturbances

MV PV
PROCESS

Final Control Element SP Measuring Element

CO PV
RECEIVING
ELEMENTS
TOPICS
• Types of Receiving Elements
• P&ID Symbols of Receiving Elements
• Conventional Receiving Elements
• Functional Parts of a Controller
• Control Room Arrangements
• The Computer-based Control System
RECEIVING ELEMENTS
An instrument which receives a signal from a measuring instrument
and processes it into an information usable by an operator. It can be an:

A. Indicator
B. Recorder
C. Controller
D. Alarm unit

Or any combination of these.

TYPES OF RECEIVING ELEMENTS

PI PIC
• Indicators Controllers
069 069

PR PAH
• Recorders 069 Alarm Units 069

• Computer-based System
PIC PIC
069 069
P&ID Symbols for Receiving Elements

Field mounted Front-Panel DCS PLC

mounted Integrated Integrated

XE XT XIC XV
10 10 10 10
A. INDICATORS
ISA Definition:
A measuring instrument in which only the present value
of the measured variable is visibly indicated.

Indicators:
A receiving element that receives the PV signal from the
measuring element and shows a display or reading of
the variable in actual engineering units.
Types of Indicators:
1. According to the display - Analog, Digital, Bargraph
2. According to the inputs - Scanning, Multi-channel
3. According to the scale - horizontal, vertical, semi-
circle, quarter-circle.
4. According to mounting - control room mounted, field
mounted
1. According to the display - Analog, Digital,
Bar graph
2. According to the inputs - Scanning, Multi-
channel
3. According to the scale - horizontal, vertical,
semi- circle, quarter-circle.
4. According to mounting - control room
mounted, field mounted
An example where remote indication would be practical is shown here,
in a nuclear reactor temperature measurement system:
B. RECORDERS
ISA Definition:
A measuring instrument in which the values of the measured variables
are recorded.

Recorders:
A receiving element that receives the PV signal from the measuring
element and stores the historical values of the variable in a graphical
and/or tabulated manner, on paper or a memory media, and may have
a display showing the measured values.
TYPES OF RECORDERS
1. According to the recording format - Trend, Log
2. According to the inputs - Multi-channel, Multi-
point, n-point
3. According to the construction - circular-chart,
strip-chart, paperless, data logger
IMPORTANCE OF RECORDING
1. As a guide to the operation of a process by
observation of the trend of variables.
2. As a troubleshooting function by analyzing or
locating the possible source of the problem.
3. As a source of management information in
measuring past performance
SPEED OF RECORDING
1. Circular – Continuous pen tracing, 24hrs / rotation,
7 days/rotation

2. Strip Chart- continuous pen tracing or printing, 20

to 25 mm/hr.

3. Paperless & Data Logger- Interval sampling of

valves according to operator selection.
Circular Chart Recorders

Strip Chart Recorders

Paperless Recorders

Data Loggers
C. CONTROLLERS
ISA Definition:
A device which operates automatically to regulate a controlled variable.

Controllers:
A receiving element that receives the PV signal from the measuring
element and shows the value on a display or recording media, and
calculates an output as a correction to maintain the PV at the required
value called setpoint.
TYPES OF CONTROLLERS
1. According to the capacity - Single-loop,
Multi-loop
2. According to display - Analog, Digital,
Recording, Blind
3. According to size - 1/4 DIN, 1/2 DIN, etc.
4. According to technology - Pneumatic, Electric,
Electronic, Digital, Microprocessor-based
TYPES OF CONTROL OUPUTS
1. CONTINUOUS:
Current, Pressure

2. DISCONTINUOUS:
On/Off, Z pos., Time proportion
TYPES OF CONTROL SETPOINTS
1. LOCAL, INTERNAL
-A setpoint adjusted by the operator

2. REMOTE, EXTERNAL, CASCADE

-a setpoint adjusted by signal input to the controller

3. PROGRAM or PROFILE
-a setpoint that changes automatically with respect to time,
by a pre-arranged instruction during configuration.
TYPICAL CONTROL PANEL WITH
CONVENTIONAL INSTRUMENTS
COMPUTER-BASED PROCESS CONTROL
SYSTEMS
COMMON COMPUTER-BASED CONTROL
SYSTEM
• DCS- Distributed control system
• PLC- Programmable Logic Controller
• SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
• PAC- Programmable Automation Controller
• DAS- Data Acquisition System
• SER- Sequence of Events Recorder
A computer-based control system is a system that functions as a multipoint
indicator, recorder, alarm & multi-loop controller in one unit.
• Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) – usually
computers connected to a set of input/output (I/O)
devices. The computers are programmed to respond to
inputs by sending outputs to maintain all processes at
setpoint.
Distributed Control System (DCS) – are controllers
that, in addition to performing control functions , provide
readings of the status of the process, maintain databases
amd advance man-machine-interface.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in
industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy,
oil and gas refining and transportation
HMI- Human Machine Interface
BASIC FUNCTION OF ANY COMPUTER-BASED
PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
• Measure process variables- analog & discrete
• Condition the measured process variable
• Perform PID & other calculations
• Generate the output signal
• Regulate the variable at the desired setpoint PLUS
• Record the process variable-trend & log
• Annunciate & record alarm status
• Perform continuous diagnostics
• Provide operator prompts PLUS other features
QUESTIONS?