H THNG LM NGUI

1. Tm quan trng ca h thng knh ngui

Thi gian lm ngui chim khong 60% thi gian chu k khun,
v th vic lm sao c th gim thi gian lm ngui nhng vn
m bo tnh k thut v cht lng sn phm l rt quan trng.
Nhit chy ca nguyn liu nha thng thng vo khong
150C 300C, khi nguyn liu nha c a vo khun nhit
cao ny, mt lng nhit ln t nguyn liu nha truyn vo vt liu
khun v thng qua h thng lm ngui gii nhit khun. Nu h
thng lm ngui v mt nguyn nhn no , h thng lm ngui
cha a kp nhit ra khun mt cch hu hiu, lm nhit trong
khun khng ngng tng ln, lm tng chu k sn xut.

V vy, phi tnh ton, thit k c mt h thng gii nhit ph hp

v m bo yu cu k thut.
Gi cho khun c nhit n nh nha c th gii nhit
u
Gii nhit nhanh, trnh trng hp nhit gii khng kp, gy
nn hin tng bin dng sn phm gy ra ph phm
Gim thi gian chu k, tng nng sut sn xut
2. Mt s cht lm ngui
Cht lm ngui thng dng
Cht lm ngui
Cht
chng
ng
bng
(glycol/nc)
Nc chng lm lnh hoc nc
gia nhit
Du truyn nhit
Gia nhit in

Nhit lm vic (C)

-20 0
0 90
90 200
150 450

3. dn nhit ca kim loi

Gi tr dn nhit ca mt s kim loi lm khun thng
dng
Vt liu khun
dn nhit (W/m.K)
Thp Ni Cr
30 60
Thp khng r (12 15%Cr)
13 18
Nhm
197
4. Cc thnh phn ca h thng lm ngui trong khun p
nha

H thng
lm ngui
trn khun
Cch b tr

TRONG
Collection manifold: b cha dung dch lm ngui

Supply manifold: ng cung cp cht lm ngui

Pump: bm
Regular Cooling Channels: knh lm ngui
Hoses: ng dn
Baffle: vch lm ngui
Temperature controller: b iu khin nhit

5. Quy lut thit k knh dn ngui

a/ Cc quy lut thit k knh ngui
m bo ngui ng u ton sn phm. ch n nhng
phn dy nht ca sn phm.
Knh dn ngui nn gn mt lng khun c th gii
nhit tt hn.
ng knh ca rnh dn ngui nn khng i trn ton b
chiu di knh dn trnh s ngt dng s lm trao i nhit
khng tt.
Thit k ng nc sao cho c mt u vo v mt u ra
Nn chia knh lm ngui thnh nhiu vng lm ngui. Khng
nn thit k chiu di knh dn ngui qu di dn n mt p
v tng nhit chnh lch gia u vo v u ra tng qu
3C
Dng nc lm mt phi chy lin tc v mang nhit t ni
c nhit cao sang ni c nhit thp.
B tr ng nc theo kiu ni tip hoc song song hay va
ni tip va song song quan trng l phi ph hp vi quy lut
dng chy.
Nhit u vo v u ra cng t chnh lch cng tt m
bo trong khong
1 5C
Tnh ton tit din l nc sao cho ngun nc cung cp
cho c h thng.
8 P.T 1/8 hoc 10 P.T 1/4
Cn u tin thit k ng nc cho nhng v tr trn sn phm
c thnh dy t ngt
Cn lu lm mt cho c nhng tm khun quan trng, mc
d ni khng c sn phm VD tm tch xng keo ca
khun 3 tm.
Knh lm ngui phi c khoan c nhm to dng chy
ri gip trao i nhit tt hn dng chy tng 3-5 ln.
Dng chy ri c t trng bi s Raynold (Re). Theo bng:
S Raynold

Trng thi dng chy

Re > 10000
2300 < Re < 10000
100 < Re < 2300
Re < 100

Chy ri
Chuyn tip
Chy tng
ng

S Raynold c th tnh theo cng thc sau:

=

p.U.d

p : khi lng ring ca lu cht. (kg/m3)

d: ng knh knh lm ngui (m).

U : vn tc c trng ca dng chy (m/s).
: h s nht knh lm ngui (m2/s).

Cn xem xt bn c hc ca tm khun khi khoan cc knh

lm ngui.

b/ Ch khi thit th knh dn ngui

Cc knh lm ngui phi t cng gn b mt khun cng tt
nhng cn ch n bn c hc ca vt liu khun
- ng knh knh lm ngui phi ln hn 8mm (8 hoc 10)
- Nn chia h thng lm ngui ra nhiu vng lm ngui trnh
cc knh lm ngui qu di dn n s chnh lch nhit ln
- c bit ch n vic lm ngui nhng phn dy ca sn
phm
- Tnh dn nhit ca vt liu lm khun cng rt quan trng
- Lu n hin tng cong vnh do s co rt khc nhau khi b
dy sn phm khc nhau
Lu rng cc knh lm ngui c thit k cch nhau t nht
3mm. Vi nhng knh di hn 150mm, th khong cch an
ton gia cc knh l 5mm
-

6/ Gii nhit cho khun:

Lm ngui khun ch yu l lm ngui tm khun, lm ngui li,
lm ngui cht v lm ngui lng khun
a. Gii nhit cho tm khun:

Yu cu k thut:
-

Cc knh lm ngui c thit k cch nhau t nht 3mm.

Vi nhng knh di hn 150mm, th khong cch an ton
gia cc knh l 5mm
Lm ngui trong tm khun l 1 trong nhng h thng
lm ngui thng thng nht v ch yu c dng cho
cc sn phm nh

b. Gii nhit li:

Cch n gin nht l lm li bng vt liu c dn

nhit cao nh ng hoc ng berilium, nhng c nhc
im l bn thp

Hoc dng h thng lm ngui c bit, kiu rut g y nc

ln theo ng xon, khi ln ti nh th nc s chy xung.
Dng cho nhng trng hp m lng khun cn gii nhit nh
m cao, kh a nc ln

Rut g

Gii nhit li kiu rut g

-

Mt phng php gii nhit tt khc l t cc knh ngui trong

li
u im ca phng php ny l nhit c th in khin c
bng s tng gim dng cht lng lm ngui chy qua knh. Nu
c s lp ghp trn phn th phi c 1 tm nh ti t trc,
t trc nt chn mm trnh lm hng li

c. Gii nhit cho cht:

Cc cch thit k gii nhit cho cht:
-

Thit k 2 knh ngui gn cht

Gii nhit trc tip ln cht
Thm 1 cht ng bn trong cht

d. Gii nhit cho lng khun:

Ni chung lng khun c th lm ngui tt v c s truyn
nhit n cc phn khc ca khun

7/ iu khin nhit khun:

a. Tnh ton lu lng nc cn thit gii nhit cho
khun
Tiu chun xc nh trng thi dng chy l t s gia lc
qun tnh v lc ma st nht ca lu cht v c gi l s
Reynold (Re)
Re

.U.d

Trong :
: t trng ring ca cht lm ngui (kg/m3)

U: vn tc trung bnh ca dng cht lm ngui (m/s)

d: ng knh knh lm ngui (m)
: h s nht knh lm ngui (m2/s)
b. Xc nh ng knh knh dn cht lm ngui:
Da theo kinh nghim trong sn xut khun, ng knh
knh lm ngui c s dng trong bn sau:
B dy thnh
sn phm

ng knh
knh lm ngui

8 10

24

10 12

46

12 14

Khong cch t
tm knh lm
ngui nh
thnh sn
phm

Khong cch
gia 2 tm
knh dn ngui

2 2.5d

2 3d

c. Tnh lu lng nc lm ngui:

- Lu lng nc lm ngui c tnh theo cng thc sau:

p 2 g D5
8 L

Trong :
p: Tn tht p dc ng trong knh dn
ngui
g: H s gia tc trng trng (g = 9.81 m/s 2)
L: Tng chiu dai knh ngui
D: ng knh knh ngui
: H s tn tht
-

Tn tht p dc ng trong knh dn ngui ( p) c nh

ngha nh sau:

p = Pvo Pra
Pvo, Pra: p sut vo v ra khi h thng lm ngui
-

ng knh knh ngui D: vic tnh ton ng knh knh ngui

rt quan trng. H thng gii nhit c lm vic hiu qu hay

khng ph thuc rt nhiu vo ng knh knh ngui. T cng

thc trn, vit li nh sau:

8 L Q2 1
5
2g
D

Theo cng thc trn, ng knh knh ngui t l nghch vi

tn tht p trong knh ngui. Nu ng knh knh ngui gim th
din tch trao i nhit ca knh ngui v khun gim lm cho tn
tht p tng ln ng k. Nhng ng knh knh ngui qu ln th
s nh hng n bn khun, cng nh cc b phn ca h
thng y c b tr trn khun
Theo thc nghim, c th chn lu lng nc ti thiu yu
cu tng ng vi ng knh knh ngui nh bng sau:
ng knh knh ngui (mm)

Lu lng nc ti thiu
(lt/pht)

2,84

10

3,41

14

5,11

16

5,68

20

6,82

25

9,46

H s tn tht: i vi dng chy ri th h s tn tht

c xc nh ch yu da vo thc nghim v ph thuc
vo cc yu t sau:

Re
D

Trong :
: nhm tuyt i
D: ng knh knh lm ngui

d. Tnh ton thi gian lm ngui:

Thi gian lm ngui ti thiu c tnh theo cng thc sau:

-

Vi dy thnh ca sn phm t 1-> 14 mm, nhit

thnh khun di 600C:
Tc = Smax x (1 + 2 x Smax)
Smax: thnh dy nht ca sn phm

Trng hp nhit thnh khun cao hn 60 0C th thi

gian lm ngui cng thm 30%:
tc

4 t t
h2
ln M W
2

t E tW

Trong :
h: chiu dy sn phm
: khuch tn nhit
T = Tc + 30% * Tc
- Trng hp tng qut:
tE: nhit sn phm v c chn theo bng sau:
Loi
nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

tE(0C)

82

118

93

116

170

tW: Nhit khun, i vi 1 s loi nha c th chn theo

bng sau:
Loi
nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

tW(0C)

57

82

79

41

85

tM: Nhit chy do c chn theo bng sau:

Loi
nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

tM(0C)

238

302

260

243

260

khuch tn nhit c tnh theo cng thc sau:

K
Cp

Loi nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

K
(W/m.0K)

0.264

0.19

0.246

0.246

0.25

CP: nhit dung ring ca nha v c chn theo bng sau:

Loi nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

CP
(J/kg.0K)

1314

1298

1252

1741

4400

: khi lng ring ca nha v cho theo bng sau:

Loi nha

ABS

PC

PC/ABS

PBT

Nylon

(kg/m3)

1040

1200

1120

1310

961

8/ Kim sot nhit khun:

-

Nhit khun l thng s quan trng nht nh hng chu k

nh hnh v cht lng sn phm
Thi gian lm ngui c xc nh ch yu da vo nhit
khun
p ng c tnh cht sn phm, c bit l tnh nh hnh
th cn phi xc nh nhit khun t c

9/ Cc loi h thng tn nhit

a) H thng lm ngui vi vch ngn thng (Baffle system)
Khoan nhng l pha mt sau ca tm core, trong l b tr mt vch ngn
thng ng to nn mt dng chy trong tm core. y ca nhng l khoan ny
c nt kn bng nhng nt plugging

b) H thng lm ngui kiu vi phun (Fountain system)

H thng kiu vi phun cho nng sut cao hn so vi kiu vch ngn v gip phn b
gii nhit u khp khun

H thng lm ngui 1 vi phun

H thng lm ngui a vi phun

Vi h thng ny, nc lm ngui s i vo gia v r sang hai bn nn kh nng gii

nhit rt u
c) Kiu angled hold system
Vi thit k ny, c mt nguy c l phoi t cc hot ng khoan c th b mc kt ti
cc nt giao ca cc l, do hn ch dng chy ca nc lm mt thng qua li. Nn
kim tra cc knh ngui m bo chng c thng sut khng b bt k chng
ngi vt cn tr dng chy trc khi tin hnh p phun.

L su v nh th c th tin hnh gia cng bng phng php EDM. y l mt la

chn t tin hn nhng cng c gi tr chi ph cho vic lp t cc knh lm mt nh
hn, li phc tp hn.

d) H thng gii nhit dng l tng bc (Stepped hole)

H thng ny th d thit k hn so vi h thng Angle hole, nhng nhc im
ca h thng ny l sau khi nhng l c khoan phi bt mt u li iu
chnh dng chy; tuy nhin i khi, chng c th b hng dn n r r

e)

H thng lm ngui dng xon c

H thng lm ngui c bit, kiu rut g y nc ln theo ng xon, khi

ln ti nh th nc s chy xung. Dng cho nhng trng hp m Cavity cn gii
nhit nh m cao, kh a nc ln.

f) Cc dng gii nhit khc

Dng thanh gia nhit Heat Rod, nc lm lnh s truyn nhit cho nh gii
nhit cho khun v Heat rod cng ng vai tr l li khun

Tnh nng ca heat pipes cng ging nh thanh gia nhit heat rod nhng n khng
ng vai tr ca li khun

Cch n gin nht l lm li bng vt liu c dn nhit cao nh ng hoc ng

berilium, nhng n c nhc im l bn thp.

S tm tt thit k h thng lm ngui li khun (core)

Thit k kiu lm ngui cho khun

B rng li khun

Kiu lm ngui

3mm
5 8mm
8 40mm
>40mm
Ln hn

Lm lnh bng kh
Thanh nhit, ng nhit, ng berry
Kiu vi phun
Kiu xon c
Xon c i v vi phun

H THNG NH V - DN HNG

C rt nhiu phng php nh v hai tm khun. Phng php c chn ph

thuc vo hnh dng chi tit, chnh xc ca sn phm, thm ch c tui th d kin
ca khun. C vi cch chn sau y:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Khng s dng nh v trong khun

Cht dn hng bc dn hng
Kha cn gia lng khun v li khun
Kha cn gia nhm lng khun v li khun
Kha nm
Kt hp 2 vi 3,4,5 hoc 6

1. Cht dn hng v bc dn hng

Chc nng chnh ca cht dn hng v bc dn hng l a khun sau vo khun
trc thng hng vi nhau. Cht dn hng nm khun trc v bc dn hng nm
khun sau.
di ca cht dn hng phi di hn ming ghp cao nht trnh hng hc khi
ng khun c bit l khi lp rp
Cc loi cht dn hng

Loi khng vai

Cc loi bc dn hng

Loi c vai

Loi trn

Loi c vai

Loi khng
vai t bi
trn

Loi c vai t
bi trn

C cu nh v
-

Thng thng cc cht dn hng c th gi c mt thng hng s b,

nhng vi khun chnh xc th dung sai ca cc cht dn hng v bc dn hng
l qu ln v th cn b nh v
i vi loi sn phm ln, nht nh phi dng b nh v. Trong trng hp ny,
khun phi chu lc p mt bn, c bit khi khun cha in y v cc cht dn
hng khng th chu c cc lc p mt bn ny.

C cu nh v mt cn

 a,b : bc nh v mt cn chun
c : c th tho v lp trn mt phn khun.
1 & 6:vt, 2 & 9 : bc nh v chnh xc mt cn
3 : tm khun c nh
4 : cht nh v chnh xc mt cn
5 : tm di ng
7 & 8 : vng m

C cu nh v chnh xc bng mt vt

V tr cht & bc dn hng :

Thng dng cc cht c ng knh khc nhau trong
khun, vi khun cht dn hng th mt cht phi c
ng knh khc hoc l x dch so vi cc cht ( l ) cn
li.