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Lecture - 1: The Contents of This Lecture Are As Follows
Lecture - 1: The Contents of This Lecture Are As Follows
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 VARIOUS TERMINOLOGY USED IN PSYCHROMETRY
2.1 Vapour Pressure
2.2 Saturation Vapour Pressure (SVP)
2.3 Gas Constant of Unsaturated Air
2.4 Specific Heat of Moist Air
2.5 Latent Heat
2.6 Sensible Heat
2.7 Sigma Heat and Total Heat
2.8 Density of Humid Air
REFERENCES
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
You might have experienced that in rainy season, clothes take longer time to dry
compared to summer days or even moderate winter season. Do you find any
reason behind such phenomenon? If we ask this question to a lay man, he may say
that, it is because of higher temperature during summer. But, what about the
moderate winter days when temperature is lower compared to rainy season? Let
me tell you that this phenomenon is governed by psychrometric properties of air. In
psychrometry, we learn about the thermodynamic behavior of air-water vapour
mixture. In rainy season, air has relatively more water vapour content (air has
more relative humidity) compared to those of summer days or moderate winter.
Thus, it is the water-vapour content of air (relative humidity) in combination with
temperature which decides the time required for drying of clothes. Again, one may
ask that, how can we say that air has more water vapour (relative humidity) during
rainy season? Obviously we have many apparatus using which we can say about
the water-vapor content of the air. But, to prove this, let us take example from day
to day life. There are many substances around us which has the property of
absorbing water content from atmosphere. One such substance is table saltused
in our home for cooking purpose. You might have noticed that table salt become
wet during rainy season if kept open to atmosphere. While it does not happen in
summer days or moderate winter days because air has less water-vapour content.
It is very interesting to know that chemically water-vapour is not a constituent of
air. We have already learnt about the composition of dry air earlier. But,
atmospheric air is not dry and has water-vapour mixed homogeneously with it. This
water-vapour component of atmospheric air keeps on varying. It may vary from 0
to 4 % in composition. There are various terminologies that we need to discuss to
understand the concepts involved in psychrometry. Let us discuss them.
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= + ..(1)
Where,
Pb = total barometric pressure (kPa)
Pd= partial pressure due to dry air (kPa)
e = Vapour pressure or Partial pressure due to water vapour (kPa)
Hence, vapour pressure is defined as the partial pressure of water vapour present
in a certain volume of air. It can be calculated using the following equation.
= 0.000644 ( ) (2)
Where,
e = vapour pressure (kPa)
esw = saturation vapour pressure at wet bulb temperature (kPa)
Pb = barometric pressure (kPa)
td = dry bulb temperature ()
tw= wet bulb temperature ()
It is also called actual vapour pressure(AVP).
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= 610.6 (
17.27
237.3+
)Pa
(3)
Where,
es =saturation vapour pressure (Pa)
t = temperature (C)
At this point let me tell you that SVP is independent of pressure but SVP increases
with increase in temperature. This is because water-vapour holding capacity of air
increases with increase in temperature.
(1 + )
Where,
Rm = gas constant of the moist air
Hence, we can write the gas constant of moist air as
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/()
1+
..(4)
Equation (4) indicates that for moist air, gas constant is the sum of gas constants
of dry air and water vapour in proportion to their relative masses in the moist air.
This is true for any homogeneous mixture of gases.
2.4 Specific Heat of Moist Air
Like gas constant of moist air, we can apply the same formula (Eqn. 4), for
evaluating the specific heat of moist air. In other words, we can write the specific
heat of moist air as the sum of the specific heat of dry air and specific heat of water
vapour in proportion to their relative masses in the moist air.
We know that, for gases two types of specific heat exist- specific heat at constant
pressure and specific heat at constant volume. The expressions for two types of
specific heats of moist air are given below.
a. Specific heat at constant pressure
Cpm =
Cpd +XCpv
1+X
.(5)
where,
(J/(kg K)
Cvm =
Cvd +XCvv
1+X
(6)
where,
Cvm = specific heat of moist air at constant volume
(J/(kg K))
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Change of state
Solid to liquid
Liquid to solid
Liquid to vapour
Heat added/removed
Added
Removed
Added
Vapour to liquid
Removed
Note:
In general while solving problem, Latent heat of evaporation or vaporization is
taken numerically equal to Latent heat of condensation. Also, latent heat of fusion
is taken numerically equal to latent heat of solidification. Note that they are taken
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equal in general, but they are not the same. The reason is that, they change to
some extent by temperature or pressure.
substance also. For example, the latent heat of condensation of water vapour is
2260 kJ/kg at 100C, but it is equal to 2460 kJ/kg at normal air temperature. You
might be surprised by this example, especially when we talk of latent heat of
condensation at normal temperature.
.(7)
Where,
= latent heat of vaporization / evaporation (J/kg)
t = temperature (C)
Therefore
Cpd in the above equation is the specific heat of dry air (J/kgC)
For water, it involves change of state. One of the way is to heat water is shown in
Fig. 1
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Thus , the total heat required to heat the mixture upto taking 0 as the datum
line is given by
( + + + )
In terms of enthalpy H, the above equation can be rewritten as
=
= + + + ( )
This is called the total heat of moist air taking 0 as the datum.
Sigma heat, S is given by total heat of moist air less the heat of the liquid.
Numerically it is given by
=
= + 1005
(1+)
( + )
kg moist air/m3
We know that for any gas, at constant temperature, volume and pressure
Gas constant
Therefore,
18
28.97
= 0.622
()
= = +0.622
(
)
()
=
( 0.378)
( 0.378)
/3
287.04
We can also find apparent density of moist air in terms of dry air, given by
=
( )
287.04
/3
Some of the constants to be used in solving numerical problems are listed in Table
2.
Table 2 Value of different constants
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11.
Constants
Specific heat of air at constant pressure
Specific heat of air at constant volume
Specific heat of water vapour at constant
pressure
Specific heat of water vapour at constant
volume
Specific heat of water
Specific heat of ice
Latent heat of fusion of ice
Latent heat of condensation of water vapour
at 100
Latent heat of condensation of water vapour
at normal air temperature
Gas constant of dry air
Gas constant of water vapour
Atmospheric pressure, 1 atm
Values in SI
1005 J/kg
718 J/kg
1884 J/kg
1422 J/kg
4187 J/kg *
2094 J/kg
335 kJ/kg
2260 kJ/kg
2460 kJ/kg
287.04 J/kg K
461.50 J/kg K
101. 325 kPa
REFERENCES
Banerjee S.P. (2003); Mine Ventilation; Lovely Prakashan, Dhanbad, India.
Hartman, H. L., Mutmansky, J. M. & Wang, Y. J. (1982); Mine Ventilation and Air
Conditioning; John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Le Roux, W. L. (1972); Mine Ventilation Notes for Beginners; The Mine Ventilation
Society of South Africa.
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Calcutta, India.
Vutukuri, V. S. & Lama, R. D. (1986); Environmental Engineering in Mines;
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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