30. 05 31. 05. 2014.

I
...I didn't say it would be easy... I just said it would be the truth...
Morpheus, Matrix

Name:

Code:

1
1
1.00794

18
2
4.00260

0.28

He
13

4
6.941 9.01218

Li

Atomic number

1
1.00794

Be

H
0.28

Atomic weight

Na

6
10.811

Atomic symbol
Covalent radius,

11
12
22.9898 24.3050

14

15

1.40

17

16

7
8
9
10
12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797

Ne

0.89

0.77

0.70

0.66

0.64

1.50

13
14
15
16
17
18
26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066 35.4527 39.948

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

1.17

1.10

1.04

0.99

1.80

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.9381 55.845 58.9332 58.6934 63.546
65.39 69.723
72.61 74.9216
78.96 79.904
83.80

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

1.46

1.33

1.25

1.37

1.24

1.25

1.24

1.28

1.33

1.35

1.22

1.20

1.18

1.14

1.90

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
85.4678
87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064
95.94 (97.905) 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.41 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.29

Rb

Sr

55
56
57-71
132.905 137.327

Cs

Fr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

1.43

1.37

1.36

1.34

1.34

1.37

1.44

1.49

1.67

1.40

1.45

1.37

1.33

2.10

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.08 196.967 200.59 204.383
207.2 208.980 (208.98) (209.99) (222.02)

Ba La-Lu

87
88
89-103
(223.02) (226.03)

Zr
1.60

Ra Ac-Lr

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

1.59

1.43

1.37

1.37

1.35

1.36

1.38

1.44

1.50

1.70

1.76

1.55

1.67

At

Rn
2.20

104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
(261.11) (262.11) (263.12) (262.12)
(265)
(266)
(271)
(272)
(285)
(284)
(289)
(288)
(292)
(294)
(294)

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

Uut

Fl

Uup

Lv

Uus

UUo

2.25

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
138.906 140.115 140.908 144.24 (144.91) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.04

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

1.87

1.83

1.82

1.81

1.83

1.80

2.04

1.79

1.76

1.75

1.74

1.73

1.72

1.94

1.72

89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
(227.03) 232.038 231.036 238.029 (237.05) (244.06 (243.06) (247.07) (247.07) (251.08) (252.08) (257.10) (258.10)
(259.1) (260.1)

Ac

Th

Pa

Np

1.88

1.80

1.56

1.38

1.55

)
Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

1.73

1.74

1.72

1.99

2.03

Fm

Md

No

Lr

1.59

3
th

The 44 IChO Theoretical Examination. The official English version

7,5%
29

, :
1.
( 1923. .)
(;
- ). , ( =
0,886 gcm-3), ,
( 1; 1 2) . .

( 1).
1.
1
2

U (V)*
66,90
14,87

3
4

U (V)
26,76
44,60

* U ;
0,5 m

2.
) 1.
(r = 0,49 m)
,
1 2 ( = U/d, F = qE; E- , U-, d-, q ).

 2.
( 1906. .) ( 2)
( ). ,
.
( ),
1 . ,
, 2.


1,76 108 g-1.

2.

3.
)
()?

) . ),
9,1 10-20 .

3.
( 1908. .) -
. (.
; )
( ) ( 3;
). , - .
( ) -
(7N14) 3 . .
pKa = 1,74.
)

( 1), 2000
. .
1-3 3.
4 ?

4.

 4.
, -
4Be9 ( 4).
.
, (
1935. .).
() 939,565 V/c 2 (
).
- ( - 10,3 ).
) ?
.

) ( ) ? (1 = 1,61019
V).

) - . )
+ 12Mg23.

) 1 ( 1) N O1 ,
2 ( 2) NO2 ?
1 t 1
2 ?

7,5%
27

,
. .
) 0,100 mol 0,100
mol 1,00 dm3.
.

) 0,0100 mol
0,0100 mol 100 cm3.

) 0,100 mol 0,100

mol 1,00 dm3.

) 1,0010-2 mol 1,0010-5

mol 1,00 dm3.

) 1,0010-7 mol
1,0010-7 mol 1,00 dm3.
.

) 0,100 mol
, 0,100 mol 0,100 -
1,00 dm3.

) 0,100 mol
, 0,100 mol - 1,00 dm3.

(3) = 1,75 10-5, (F2) = 5,75 10-2, 1(34) = 7,11 x 10-3,

2(34) = 6,34 x 10-8, 3(34) = 4,20 x 10-13, 1() = 9,10 x 10-4, 2() =
4,30 x 10-5.

 3
1
6

2
12

3
12

7,5%
30

...
1. 600 mg .
,
5,0 mmol NaOH.
6,0 mmol - .
, ,
. ,
,
. -.
,
3,0 mmol . ?

2. - 0,01 moldm-3
- pH 1,0, -.
- (0,01 moldm-3) 1,0 moldm-3
, - pH 9,0.
Zn(CN)42-. ( .)

3. - -
0 C. .
, ,
.

Ca(OH)2
CaSO4

0 C (g/100 g H2O)
0,1850
0,1752

 4
1
4

2
2

3
4

4
4

5
6

6
4

7,5%
24

(II) [Co(H2O)6]2+ .
[CoCl4]2-.
(II)
. :
(1) [Co(H2O)6]2+ + Cl-

[CoCl(H2O)5]+ + H2O

log K1 = 0,77

(2) [CoCl(H2O)5]+ + Cl-

[CoCl2(H2O)2] + 3 H2O

log K2 = 2,77

(3) [CoCl2(H2O)2] + Cl-

[CoCl3(H2O)]- + H2O

log K3 = 2,51

(4) [CoCl3(H2O)]- + Cl-

[CoCl4]2- + H2O

log K4 = 2,06

1) 0,561 [Co(H2O)6]2+ 2,05 Cl-,

[CoCl4]2-?

 :
, .

[Cl-]0/[Co2+]0 50, .
50 .
2) (1) (4).
?

.
:
ln K =

r H
+ c1
RT

c1 . r H
. ,
: (II) ,
:
K = c2 [Cl ]0

c2 .
. :

1
2

t / C
50,2
38,2

[Cl-]0 / M
0,219
0,194

3)
.

( 655 nm)
( 513 nm),
. , 513 nm
():

513 nm / M-1 cm-1

5,09
4,97

4) 513 nm 0,034 M
0,041 M 1,05 cm?
. .

(II)
(II) . , (III)-

(III)- ,
(II). :
[Co(H2O)6]3+(aq) + eH2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e-

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq)
2 H2O(l)

E = +1,82 V
E = +1,78 V

log ([Co(NH3)6]2+) = 4,9

( [Co(H2O)6]2+ + 6 NH3

[Co(NH3)6]2+ + 6 H2O)

log ([Co(NH3)6]3+) = 33,7

( [Co(H2O)6]3+ + 6 NH3

[Co(NH3)6]3+ + 6 H2O)

5) () .
2 [Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq)

2 [Co(NH3)6]3+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

6) ( )
99,9% (II)
(III), - 0,050 pH
= 4,50? .
RT
2,303 = 59, 2 mV .

F
, = +0,98 V.

 5
1
7

2
8

3
6

4
4

5
10

7,5%
35

,
,
: ,
( ).


, .
:
CHO
CH3I
NaOH/H2 O

1.

MgBr
THF

2. H2 O, H

H2SO4

OH

1) , . ,
.

 .
25 .

(: .)

25 , , : () = 0,79 g/cm3, ()
= 1,00 g/cm3 () = 1,00 g/cm3.

.
,
, .
,
25 . , .
. 1),
C8H10O2 .



1:

2:



3:

29,6 mL 85,0
mL

35,1 mL 212,8
mL 71,8% ()

11,2 L , 1,26 L
3,48 L

9,27 L , 3,47 L
3,91 L

.
,
,
. . ,

.


.
- .
1903. .
,

.
- .
- ,
250 cm3 ,
.
8,00 cm3 -, 6 cm3 10% -
( ) 2 cm3 ,
. -
0,1177 g , 50 cm 3
. 7,03 cm3.

?

6 .

(VI)- (
).
pH , 3
.
250 cm 3 . 10,00

cm3 14,89 cm3

.
mg L ,
2,05 L?
- 3), 0,0500
.

: ,
(III)-.
. , . ,
, 70,30%
() . ,
. ,

(III)- 75 ,
76,34% .
460 , 79,78%
(III)-. 500
1560 ,
. , .

+3.
5) .

7,5%
26

, , - ,
. ,

. 1,
, - 2-2-. 2--2- . 2
. 3
6 , , -,
.
) ()
, 1,0 g
,
.

) ,
:

) p- (1--4-) -
-.
() .

) p- - .
, ,
-.
.
.
.

) p- -
. - .
),
, ( 1:1:1)
- .

) (10 g) -, 54,2% (
) 50
. -.
-. -
(
). 10% ( - , 4,56 g).
- (
; 6,47 g
). 1H NMR 1 (
3 : 1, 2, 3;
- ).
1, 2, 3 () . 2
1H NMR
.

 1.

 2.

 7

3
3

-
2

13

7,5%
48

?

, ( )
.
.
) Aspergillus, Penicillium
Byssochlamys. .
, .
, ,
O

O
O
O

,
. , 2,73 m,
. .
1:1 - .
. , , C7H5O3Cl,
2,73 m. 2
-, 783,
= ( , .
CCl). -
1:1, .
O

COOH

, , .

) - .
Aspergillus Penicillium. , ,
, , . .
, () .
. C11H9ClO5.
.
OH

K2CO 3, dimetil-sulf at,

aceton

ref luks, 12 h

1) KMnO4,
KOH, H 2O
ref luks, 24 h
2) H 3O+

Cl

1) Litijum 2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidid
(3,3 ekvivalenta), tetrahidrof uran,
-50 oC, 4 h
E
2)

H3O +
razblaena

BCl 3, CH 2Cl 2
Z

0 oC, 2 h

-50 oC, 1 h

-2,2,6,6- ,
.

N-

Li+
-
. - . NMR
.
.
( 1 = 1,83, 2 = 9,13). 1,00 g
-
136 cm3 (..), - .
NMR D2O, ,
.
, , , , , -.

) ,
. -, .

?
.
.
-
, .
.
167, 181. 13 NMR
sp2 .
-,
-. .

7,5%

36

.
, ,

X.

1

:
20 mg 5 ml .
,
, (50 mg) (2 ml).
,
(20 ml).
- (3 100 ml).
(100 ml),
- - .
1 ml -
. 1.

 1
():
(i) 25,18 1
1 = 655924868;
(ii) 25,87 2
2 = 327962434;

, ,
.
n- .
n- 100 ,
. (RI) 800, 900 . 2
e n-

DB-1
.

 2
() 1 2 ( )
.
*

RI 1790 1 1825 2.

2

. . C
. ,
, "-",

,
0,5 nm "" ( 3).

 3

1 2.
10 ml 60 C,
1,6 g .

, .

, .
.

75,56% , 12,59% 11,85%
. NMR
4 4.

4
() 1 2.
() 1 2?
1, 2? .
5

() 1 2?
() , 1 2, ?
.
() .

3

20 mg , 0,1 ml g 10
mg a e
1 3 .
30 min 37 C .
, 1 ml
. 5
.

5
() ?
()
.
()
.

4

50 mg
1. 1 ml -, 100 l
1 2 50 mg/ml.

:
(i) 25,18 1 = 774537948;
(ii) 25,87 2 = 501235920.
6

() ?
*

1 2 ,
()-() 1 -2, 2 -.

5

. (20 mg)

.
6. 3
21,79 min 1725.

6
() . .