4 Oscillations and Waves

4.1 Kinematics of SHM: velocity, displacement, accelerations..

4.2 energy chanes
4.3 Forced oscililations, resonance, natural frequencies
4.4 travellings longitnadulan , representing waves with rays,
wavefronts..
4.5 wave properties, reflection, superposition refraction and
diffraction

Kinematics of SHM
a=-2x
Acceleration proportional to displacement
SHM: A particle disturbed from its fixed equilibrium experiences an
acceleration that is proportional and opposite.
F=-kx=ma a=-k/m a . 2 = k/m
Displacement:

x=x0sin(t+)

v=dx/dt
v=x0cos(t+) ;
Maximum velocity:
v0=x0
Maximum acceleration: a0=2x0
Velocity:
v = x 02x 2

x=x0cos(t+)

Velocity:

=2/T = 2f.

f=1/T

Energy Changes in SHM

1
EP kx2
2
1
Ek mv2
2
1
max E k mv02
2
1
max EP kx02
2
So at any time EP+EK=maxEK=maxEP

v=-x0sin(t+)

Forced Oscillations and Resonance

Damping: Oscillations with resistance forces.
4 types
Light underdamping
Heavy underdamping
Critical damping
Overdamping.
Light damping has more oscillations that heavy damping
Heavy damping reduces the oscillations more quickly
Critical damping brings system to equilibrium state as fast as
possible without oscillations.
Overdamping brings system to equilibrium state, - but more slowly.
Underdamping reduces oscillations exponentially
Natural frequency (of vibration): frequency of system in the absence
of resistance forces or external forces.
Natural amplitude (of vibration): amplitude of system.
Resonance: fD=f0
Frequency of external force=natural frequency
Examples

4.4 Wave Characteristics

Wave:
a disturbance. Travels in a medium (which can be a
vacuum). Transfers energy and momentum.
Propagation = direction
Transverse waves:
Longitudinal waves:

disturbance is perpendicular to propagation

disturbance is along the propogation

Wavefronts = crests
Ray= direction of direction
v=f=/T because f=1/T
displacement-position graphs...

4.5 Wave Properties

INTERFERENCE: Result of superposition of waves
d1-d2 = n
for consrtuctive
d1-d2 =(n+1/2) for destructive
Refraction SECTION 4.3 Q8, Q10
Total internel reflection when theta 2 =90