Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Model Tuning
Model Tuning
CoE/ARB Workshop
On
Transition from Analog to Digital (Digital Terrestrial Television:
Trends, Implementation & Opportunities)
Tunisia Tunis , 12 15 March 2012
M. Hakim EBDELLI
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Encoder
Video
Audio
Data
Encoder
CA
Injection
MUX
Video
Audio
Data
Mpeg
MUX
Service
Information
Coverage
Zone
Network Adapter
Content
Provider A
?
Analog
TV
SI Management
Network
Network Adapter
Content
Provider B
Combiner
Modulator
Amplifier
System parameters
Sites parameters
Receiver and RX
conditions
Environment and
propagation conditions
Why consider
propagation?
Whats Propagation
models,
Fresnel zone, etc.?
What are
propagation
effects?
Link budget?
Allotment/Assignments
Regional TX Site
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Contents
Propagation models
Coverage planning
Gap fillers
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Radio transmission
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Classical physics
Coulomb (1736-1806)
Galvani (1737-1798)
Volta (1745-1827)
Ampere (1775-1836)
Faraday (1791-1867)
Henry (1791-1878)
Maxwell (1831-1879)
Heaviside (1850-1925)
Tesla (1853-1943)
Hertz (1857-1894)
Popov (1859-1906)
Marconi (1874-1937)
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What is EM field?
A pair of vectors E and H
(Magnitude, Direction, Orientation)
: wavelength
F [ Hz] F [ Hz] F[ MHz]
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Polarization
Its the orientation of the wave's electric field at a
point in space
Linear polarization
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Circular polarization
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Radio propagation
Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves when they are
transmitted, or propagated from one point on the Earth to another, or into
various parts of the atmosphere.
Affected by :
The phenomena of Reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption and scattering.
The daily changes of water vapor in the troposphere and ionization in the upper
atmosphere due to the Sun
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Propagation effects
Reflection
the abrupt change in direction of a wave
front at an interface between two dissimilar
media so that the wave front returns into the
medium from which it originated.
Reflecting object is large compared to
wavelength.
Diffraction
The mechanism the waves spread as
they pass barriers in obstructed radio
path (through openings or around
barriers)
P.526 : Propagation by diffraction Approved in 2009-10
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Scattering
a phenomenon in which the direction (or
polarization) of the wave is changed when
the wave encounters propagation medium
discontinuities smaller than the wavelength
(e.g. foliage, )
Results in a disordered or random change
in the energy distribution
Refraction
Redirection of a wavefront passing
through a medium having a
refractive index that is a
continuous function of position
(e.g., a graded-index optical fibre,
or earth atmosphere) or through a
boundary between two dissimilar
media
Absorption
The conversion of the transmitted EM energy into another
form, usually thermal.
The conversion takes place as a result of interaction
between the incident energy and the material medium, at the
molecular or atomic level.
One cause of signal attenuation due to walls, precipitations
(rain, snow, sand) and atmospheric gases
Session 6 : Radio wave propagation and planning
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Ionospheric reflections
The ionosphere is transparent for
microwaves but reflects HF waves
There are various ionospheric
layers (D, E,F1, F2, etc.) at various
heights (50 300 km)
Over-horizon communication
range: several thousand km
Suffers from fading
Ionospheric reflectivity depends
on time, frequency of incident
wave, electron density, solar
activity, etc. Difficult to predict
with precision
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Ducting
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To achieve 100 km cell range, the required antenna height is 580 m!!!
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h R2 d 2 R
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Quiz
What is latency of signals
From HAPS (dist. 20 km)?
From International Space Station (360 km)?
From a geostationary satellite (36000 km)?
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Contents
Propagation models
Coverage planning
Gap fillers
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A propagation model :
It depends on:
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Different models
describes the average signal propagation, and it converts the maximum allowed propagation loss to
the maximum cell range.
Is a relation between the signal radiated and signal received as a function of distance and other
variables
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where:
) [dB]
OR
where:
f :frequency (MHz)
d :distance (km).
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Fresnel Zone
Fresnel zones are loci of points of constant path
length difference of /2 (1800 phase difference )
The radius of an ellipsoid at a point between the transmitter and the
receiver can be approximated by:
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d1
d2
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Quiz
Max. radius of the 1st Fresnel zone:
Frequency = 3 GHz (= 0.1m)
T R distance =4 km
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Okumura-Hata model
Suited for mobile transmissions and it is based on extensive empirical
measurements
Frequency: 150 MHz to 1500 MHz / Mobile Station Antenna Height: between 1 m and 10 m
Base station Antenna Height: between 30 m and 200 m / Link distance: between 1 km and 20 km
Parameters
Lu
hB
hM
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Unit
dB
m
m
Parameters
f
CH
d
Unit
MHz
dB
km
Significance
Frequency of Transmission
Antenna height correction factor
Distance between Base station and MS
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Okumura-Hata model
For Suburban Areas
Presence of man-made structures but are not so high and dense as in
the cities
Lsu[dB] Lu 2 (log(
f
)) 5.4
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Broadcasting, land mobile, maritime mobile, and certain fixed services (e.g. P-MP)
Applicable over land paths, sea paths and/or mixed land-sea paths
Between 1-1 000 km length
Effective transmitting antenna heights less than 3 000 m
The method is based on interpolation/extrapolation from empirically derived field-strength
curves as functions of distance, antenna height, frequency and percentage time.
The calculation procedure also includes corrections to the results obtained from this
interpolation/extrapolation to account for terrain clearance and terminal clutter obstructions.
The propagation curves represent field-strength values for:
1 kW (e.r.p.) at nominal frequencies of 100, 600 and 2 000 MHz, respectively, as a function of various
parameters;
Some curves refer to land paths, others refer to sea paths.
Interpolation or extrapolation of the values obtained for these nominal frequency values should be used
to obtain field-strength values for any given required frequency
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Time variability
h2=10m
To allow for values of h2 different from the height represented by a curve a correction should be applied according to the
environment of the receiving/mobile antenna. The method for calculating this correction is given.
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In cases where the radio path is over both land and sea the estimate of mixed-path field strength should be made using the given
method
The propagation curves represent the field-strength values exceeded for 50%, 10% and 1% of time. A method for interpolating
between these values is given.
Mixed-path method
The method takes account of the effective height of the transmitting/base antenna, which is the height of the antenna above
terrain height averaged between distances of 3 to 15 km in the direction of the receiving/mobile antenna. For land paths shorter
than 15 km where the information is available the method also takes account of the height of the transmitting/base antenna
above the height of representative clutter (i.e. ground cover) at the location of the transmitting/base station
The field strength versus distance curves are given for values of h1 of 10, 20, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1 200 m. For any values
of h1 in the range 10 m to 3 000 m an interpolation or extrapolation from the appropriate two curves should be used,
For land paths, improved accuracy of predicted field strengths can be obtained by taking into account terrain near the
receiving/mobile antenna, if available, by means of a terrain clearance angle.
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Transmitter setup
Receiver setup
Drive test
Transmitter dismantle
3: Data processing
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2: Propagation test
Equipment required
Antenna selection
Channel selection
Power setting
Route planning
Test site selection
Measurement averaging
Report generation
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CW Transmitter
Base Station test antenna
Accessories : Including flexible coaxial
cable/jumper, Power meter, GPS,
compass, altimeter
an omni-directional antenna is
preferred
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antenna selection:
Channel selection:
Power setting:
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Route planning:
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Transmitter installation
A complete set of 360 photographs
of the test location (at the test
height) and the antenna setup should
be taken for record
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Dismantling Equipment
It is recommended to reconfirm the transmit power
(as the pre-set value) before
dismantling the transmitter
setup
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Report Generation
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Contents
Propagation models
Coverage planning
Gap fillers
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Regional plans
Network quality
Technology choice
System parameters
identification
Planning criteria
identification
Service area
identification
Transmitting
equipment availability
Link budget
Radiation characteristics
identifications (link
budget)
Conformity check
Coordination
Regional
plans
Frequency plans
Equipments and antenna characteristics
coverage presentations
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Link Budget
The link budget calculations estimate the maximum allowed
signal attenuation between the Transmitter and Receiver
antennas. The maximum path loss allows the maximum range
to be estimated with a suitable propagation model.
The range gives the number of sites required to cover the
target geographical area.
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Link Budget
dBm
dBm
ERP/EIRP [dBm]
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Radiation characteristics
Its TX power and antenna selection
Radiation characteristics can be derived from the specifications of
each Plan entry in the GE06 Agreement (Maximum allowed in the
GE06 Agreement)
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It depends on:
Requirements: High power site, Repeater (gap filler), small/big city, highways, border site
Bande: UHF, VHF, L-band
Maximum allowed in the GE06 Agreement
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Different:
Coverage quality.
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Generally less (-), more (+) or more or less neutral (0) contribution
Low TX power
High TX power
Investment costs
Operational costs
Space requirements
+
+
+
+
0
+
0
-
directional
Channel 23
Channel 57
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The vertical radiation pattern shows maxima and minima (nulls), causing considerable field
strength variations within a few kilometers from the site.
In the direction of nulls, reception may be problematic close to the transmitting site. This is more
apparent with portable, mobile or handheld RX where high field strength values are required.
To cure reception problems near the site the following two solutions can be applied:
1. Null-fill, but at the cost of some additional gain;
2. An antenna with a lower number of tiers and consequently less gain.
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Combiner
Modulator
Amplifier
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Reception modes
Portable Indoor RX
Fixed reception;
Portable reception (indoor and outdoor);
Mobile reception.
Fixed
RX
Portable outdoor RX
Mobile RX
III
31 dB
21 dB
IV/V
37 dB
25 dB
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Reception modes
For selecting the RX mode the following guidance can be
given:
Public broadcasting services often have a universal coverage obligation and
require nearly full coverage. In practice, in most countries, the universal
coverage obligation is related to fixed reception.
In situations where fixed analogue TV reception is common practice, fixed
DTTB reception is facilitated if the existing receiving antennas can be used
In situations where (almost) no rooftop antennas are present, installing
rooftop antennas may form an obstacle for accepting DTTB services. Indoor
portable reception, at least for main population centers should then be the
aim.
In situations where DTTB has to compete with wired services such as cable TV
or IPTV, portable reception gives an important advantage.
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Coverage probability
The percentage of locations in a small area (say 100 by 100 m) where reception is possible with a
certain receiving installation.
When the required signal strength of analogue television is decreased below the required value,
the picture is still visible but becomes gradually noisier. For that reason it is common practice to
plan analogue TV services with a location probability of 50%. However a characteristic of digital
television is the sharp degradation of quality when the signal to noise ratio and signal to
interference ratio drop below the required values. To ensure good DTTB coverage quality, a high
percentage of receiving locations should obtain satisfactory reception.
Coverage quality is related to the reception mode (fixed, portable, mobile) for which the service is
planned
The minimum median field strength values (Emed) for fixed and portable reception given in the
GE06 Agreement are based on a location probability of 95%
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With 95% location probability, in general good reception can be obtained. Location percentage less than 90% may well lead
to complaints.
For portable reception, location probabilities as low as 70% are sometimes used as a basis for coverage assessment. A
number of measures can be taken on the receiving site to improve reception. For example, it is possible to move the
receiving antenna to an optimal position.
For mobile (vehicular) reception often a location probability 99% is chosen.
Session 6 : Radio wave propagation and planning
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Polarization
The choice of polarization of the transmitting antenna depends in principle on:
The RX mode, with fixed reception generally H polarization is chosen. If portable, mobile or
handheld reception is a major requirement, V polarization is recommended because:
Portable, mobile and handheld receiving antennas are generally vertically polarized,
At low receiving height the field strength with V polarization is higher than with H polarization.
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C
: RF SNR at the RX input required by thesystem(dB)
N
Aa : effective antenna aperture (dBm)
G : antenna gain related to half dipole (dBd)
: wavelengt h of the signal (m)
Lf : feeder loss (dB), F : Receiver noise figure (dB)
k : Boltzmanns constant (k 1.38 10 23 J/K)
T0 : absolute temperature (T0 290 K)
Cl c
: distribution factor (0.52 for 70%, 1.64 for 95% and 2.33 for 99%)
c b m
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Receiver parameters
FFT size
8K
Receiving condition
Fixed
Modulation
64-QAM
Code rate
2/3
Guard interval
1/4
10.1
3.1
7.61
10
19.5
Rayleigh
21.8
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5.5
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dBV/m
55.0
5.1 dB
54.0
53.0
52.0
51.0
50.0
49.0
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
Channels 21 69
Emed 10m, 95% of locations, Fixed RX mode
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Roll-out speed, networks costs and network quality are interrelated and an
optimal balance should be chosen.
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Phase 2
Phase 1
3
2
1
Speed
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Phase 1
Good coverage of main
population centers with
many MUX ASAP
Phase 2
Network roll-out is slower
and poor coverage in areas
without competition is
acceptable.
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3
2
1
0
Speed
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Phase 1
Roll out of a few MUX with similar
coverage as for analogue TV, before
ASO and service interruptions due to
equipment failure or maintenance are
acceptable.
Phase 2
After ASO gradually more MUXs will
be rolled out and better service
availability will be obtained
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost
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4
3
2
1
0
Speed
Quality
Cost
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Contents
Propagation models
Coverage planning
Gap fillers
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Element
Fill-in TX
-75 dBW
65 dB
10 dB
75 dB
0 dBW
10 dB
10 dBW
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Contents
Propagation models
Coverage planning
Gap fillers
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Site Settings
Coverage analysis
Remedying Actions
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Site Settings
Coverage analysis
Remedying Actions
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Site Settings
Coverage analysis
Remedying Actions
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Coverage analysis
Remedying Actions
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3D
view
Coverage hole
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Site Settings
Coverage analysis
Remedying Actions
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thank you
Hakim Ebdelli
Abdeli.Hakim@cert.mincom.tn
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