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4. When the load absorbs all the power transmitted, it means that the load
impedance is
equal to Zo of the line.*
11. What connecting link is used to transfer energy from a radio transmitter to
its antenna located on the mast of a ship?
Transmission line.
12. What term is used for the end of a transmission line that is connected to a
transmitter?
Input end, generator end, transmitter end, sending end and source.
13. What term is used for the end of a transmission line that is connected to an
antenna?
Output end, receiving end, load end, and sink.
16. What type of transmission line is often used to connect a television set to
its antenna?
Twin-lead.
22. Losses caused by skin effect and I 2 R (power) loss are classified as what
types of loss?
Copper loss.
23. What type of losses cause the dielectric material between the conductors to
be heated?
Dielectric loss.
25. Two types of waves are formed on a transmission line. What names are given
to these waves?
Incident waves from generator to load. Reflected waves from load to
generator.
27. A non-resonant line is a line that has no standing waves of current and
voltage on it and is considered to be flat. Why is this true?
The load impedance of such a line is equal to Zo.
29. What is the square of the voltage standing wave ratio called?
Power standing-wave ratio (pswr)
D
Zo = 276log ( )
d
32. Determine the characteristic impedance for an RG-59A coaxial cable with the
following specifications: d=0.025 inches, D=0.15 inches, and dielectric
constant of 2.23
72 ohms
138 D
Zo = log( )
√Єr d
33. Determine the characteristic impedance for an RG-59A coaxial cable with the
following specifications: L=0.118uH/ft and C=21pF/ft
75 ohms.
L
Zo = √
C
34. For a given length of RG 8A/U coaxial cable with a distributed capacitance
of 96.6pF/m, a distributed inductance of 241.56 nH/m, and a relative
dielectric constant of 2.3, determine the velocity of propagation and the
velocity factor;
2.07x10^8m/s; 0.69
1 Vp
Vp = Vf =
√LC C
35. For a transmission line with an incident voltage of 5V and a reflected
voltage of 3V, determine the reflection coefficient and the SWR.
r=0.6, SWR=4
Er
Γ=
Ei
Ei + Er
SWR =
Ei − Er
37. Using TDR, a transmission line impairment is located 3000m from the source.
For velocity of propagation of 0.9c, determine the time elapsed from the
beginning of the pulse to the reception of the echo.
22.22us
38. Determine the impedance of λ/4 line to match 600ohm feed to 75 ohm antenna.
212 ohm
Zo = √ZLZL
39. If a cable has a velocity factor of 0.8, what length of cable is required
for a 90 degree phase shift at 100 meters?
0.6 meters
L
θ = 360
λ
40. The scientist who profounded the theory of electromagnetic radiation James
Maxwell*
50. The radio wavelength known as ______ falls within the medium frequency range
hectrometric waves*
55. The gain in the direction of one of the major lobes of the radiation
pattern.
Directivity gain*
56. Form of unwanted radiation working against the main beam caused by feeding a
parabolic reflector with an isotropic source.
Backlobe radiation*
65. In antenna, the area where the signal strength is very low.
Null*
78. When a wave is reflected from a surface, energy is transferred. When is the
transfer of energy greatest?
When the incident wave is nearly parallel with the surface.
80. A refracted wave occurs when a wave passes from one medium into another
medium, what determines the angle of refraction?
The density of the two mediums, and the velocity of the waves.
81. What do we call the field that is created between two rods when a voltage is
applied to them?
ELECTRIC FIELD.
82. When current flows through a conductor, a field is created around the
conductor. What do we call this field?
MAGNETIC FIELD.
83. An induction field is created around a conductor when current flows through
it. What do we call the field that detaches itself from the conductor and
travels through space.
RADIATION FIELD.
86. What three factors determine the type size and shape of antenna?
Frequency of operation of the transmitter, amount of power to be radiated,
and general direction of the receiving set.
87. If a wave exactly the length of an antenna from one end to the other and
back during the period of 1 cycle, what is the length of the antenna?
One-half the wavelength.
88. What is the term used to identify the points of high-current and high
voltage on an antenna?
Current and voltage loops.
89. What is the term used to identify the points of minimum current and minimum
voltage on an antenna?
Current and voltage nodes.
90. The direction of what field is used to designate the polarization of a wave?
Electric Field.
91. If a wave’s electric lines of force rotate through 360 degrees with every
cycle of RF energy, what is the polarization of this wave?
Circular polarization.
92. What type of polarization should be used at medium and low frequencies?
Vertical polarization
93. What is an advantage of using horizontal polarization at high frequencies?
Less interference is experienced by man-made noise sources.
96. A radiating source that radiates energy stronger in one direction than
another is what type of radiator?
Anisotropic radiator
97. A radiating source that radiates energy equally in all directions is known
as what type of radiator?
Isotropic radiator
99. What terms are often used to describe basic half-wave antennas?
Dipole, doublet and hertz.
103. What is the simplest method of feeding power to the half-wave antenna?
To connect one end through a capacitor to the final output stage of the
transmitter.
107. Which has a wider frequency range, a simple dipole, or a folded dipole?
Folded dipole
109. What is the primary difference between the major and minor lobes in a
radiation pattern?
Major lobes have the greatest amount of radiation.
113. How is directivity of a collinear array affected when the number of elements
is increased?
Directivity increases
114. What is the primary cause of broadside arrays losing efficiency when not
operating at their designed frequency?
Lower radiation resistance
115. When more that two elements are used in a broadside array, how are the
elements arranged?
Parallel and in the same plane.
116. As the spacing between elements in a broadside array increases, what is the
effect on the major lobes?
They sharpen
118. Where does the major lobe in the end-fire array occur?
Along the major axis
120. What two factors determine the directivity pattern of the parasitic array?
Length of the parasitic element (tuning) and spacing between the parasitic
and driven elements.
121. What two main advantages of a parasitic array can be obtained by combining a
reflector and a director with the driven element?
Increased gain and directivity.
126. To radiate power efficiently, a long-wire antenna must have what minimum
overall length?
One-half wavelength.
128. What is the polarity of the currents that feed the V antenna?
Opposite
130. What is the primary reason for the development of the turnstile antenna?
For omnidirectional vhf communications
131. Microwave antennas and low-frequency antennas are similar in what ways?
Operating principles and electrical characteristics
133. What term is used to express the measurement of the degree of mismatch
between a line and its load?
Standing-wave ratio (swr)
134. What type of antenna radiates in and receives energy from all directions at
once?
Omnidirectional
135. What is the term that is used to describe narrowness in the radiated beam of
an antenna?
Antenna directivity
136. What characteristic allows the same antenna to both transmit and receive?
Reciprocity.
138. Microwaves can be reflected and focused in the same way as what other type
of waves?
Light waves.
145. What type of antenna has all elements connected to the same energy source?
Driven array
149. A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 ohms and a loss resistance
of 5 ohms measured at the feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency.
93%
Rradiation Pout
η =
Rtotal Pin
150. Determine the efficiency with the following: Pin=1000w, I=10A, R=8ohm.
80%
151. A dipole antenna has an efficiency of 85%. Calculate the gain in decibels.
1.43 dBi
G(dBi) = 10logG; G = Dη; where D = 2.14dBi or 1.638
152. The ERP of a transmitting station is 17W in a given direction. Express this
as an ERP in dBm so that it can be used with the path loss equation. Also
find EIRP.
ERP=42.3 dBm; EIRP=44.44dBm
𝐸𝑅𝑃
𝐸𝑅𝑃(𝑑𝑏𝑀) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔
1𝑚𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃(𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 𝐸𝑅𝑃(𝑑𝐵𝑚) + 2.14𝑑𝐵
156. Find the electrical field strength for a signal power of 100W at a distance
of 10 km away.
5.48mV/m
√30Pt
Є=
r
157. A 5kW power, produces a field intensity of 50 uV/m at the receiver, what
field intensity will be received if the power is raised to 20 kW?
100uV/m
159. A taxi company uses a central dispatcher, with an antenna at the top of a
15m tower, to communicate with taxi cabs. The taxi antennas are on the roofs
of the cars, approximately 1.5m above the ground. Calculate the maximum
communication distance: (a) between the dispatcher and a taxi (b) between
taxis
(a) 21km (b) 10.1km
d = √17hT + √17hR
160. In the right-hand rule for propagation, the thumb points in the direction of
the E field and the forefinger points in the direction of the H field. In
what direction does the middle finger point?
Direction of wave propagation.
161. Which two composite fields (composed of E and H fields) are associated with
every antenna?
Induction field and radiation field
162. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is found stored in the
antenna?
Induction field.
163. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is propagated into free
space?
Radiation field
164. If a transmitting antenna is placed close to the ground, how should the
antenna be polarized to give the greatest signal strength?
Vertically polarized.
165. What is one of the major reasons for the fading of radio waves which have
been reflected from a surface?
Shifting in the phase relationships of the wave.
167. Which layer of the atmosphere has relatively little effect on radio waves?
Stratosphere
169. What is the best type of surface or terrain to use for radio wave
transmission?
Radio horizon is about 1/3 farther.
170. What is the primary difference between the radio horizon and the natural
horizon?
Seawater.
171. What three factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave
to reduce attenuation?
(a) electrical properties of the terrain (b) frequency (c) polarization of
the antenna
175. What factor determines whether a radio wave is reflected or refracted by the
ionosphere?
Thickness of ionized layer
176. There is a maximum frequency at which vertically transmitted radio waves can
be refracted back to earth. What is this maximum frequency called?
Critical Frequency.
177. What three main factors determine the amount of refraction in the
ionosphere?
(a) density of ionization of the layer (b) frequency (c) angle at which it
enters the layer
178. What is the skip zone of a radio wave?
A zone of silence between the ground wave and sky wave where there is no
reception.
179. Where does the greatest amount of ionospheric absorption occur in the
ionosphere?
Where ionization density is greatest
182. What are two main sources of emi with which radio waves must compete?
Natural and man-made interference
183. Thunderstorms, snow storms, cosmic sources, the sun, etc., are a few
examples of emi sources. What type of emi comes from these sources?
Natural
185. What are the two general types of variations in the ionosphere?
Regular and irregular variations.
186. What is the main difference between these two types of variations?
Regular variations can be predicted but irregular variations are
Unpredictable
187. What are the four main classes of regular variation which affect the extent
of ionization in the ionosphere?
Daily, seasonal, 11-year, and 27-days variation.
188. What are the three more common types of irregular variations in the
ionosphere?
Sporadic E, sudden disturbances, and ionospheric storms.
190. How does fog affect radio waves at frequencies above 2 Gigahertz?
It can cause attenuation by absorption
191. How is the term “temperature inversion” used when referring to radio waves?
It is a condition where layers of warm air are formed above layers of cool
air.
193. In what layer of the atmosphere does virtually all weather phenomena occur?
Troposphere
194. Which radio frequency bands use the tropospheric scattering principle for
propagation of radio waves?
VHF and above.